preface
The Korean War broke out in June 1950 and ended in July 1953. The two sides involved in the war were mainly Chinese and North Korean troops and the United Nations army led by the United States, and the two sides fought fiercely in the Korean region for three years, both of which suffered heavy casualties.
In fact, this war could have ended early, reducing casualties on both sides, and the two sides had already launched armistice negotiations many times when the war was going on, but most of the negotiations ended in the unreasonable trouble of the United States, and the war has been fought, which has also given birth to some battles that have shocked and remembered the world.
The Battle of Shangganling is one of the representatives
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In this battle, our volunteer army, through tacit cooperation with the Korean People's Army, killed and wounded 25,000 UN troops, which greatly damaged the UN army, and after this battle, US President Truman was forced to step down.
Pictured: Korean War
Pre-war negotiations: The United States is unreasonable, and the armistice negotiations are deadlocked
On June 23, 1951, in the face of the two belligerents who had already killed the red eye, Malik, the Soviet representative to the United Nations, took the lead in proposing a ceasefire between the two sides, arguing that the belligerents should first cease fire and truce and withdraw their troops from the 38th Line.
Regarding Malik's idea of an armistice, both China and the United States affirmed it. A week later, Kim Il Sung, commander-in-chief of the Korean People's Army, and Peng Dehuai, commander-in-chief of the Chinese Volunteer Army, responded to uncommissioned requests for an armistice, saying the two sides could negotiate an armistice. As a result, the first armistice negotiations between the two sides were held on July 10 in Kaesong on the 38th Parallel.
Photo: Marshal Peng Dehuai
However, the first armistice negotiations did not go well, mainly because the United States always put forward some unreasonable demands, and these demands are absolutely impossible for China and the DPRK to accept.
First of all
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During the negotiations, the United States noted that in order to avoid the use of military equipment by the DPRK and China for the purpose of attacking, it is therefore forbidden for the DPRK and China to repair and rebuild the airfield during the ceasefire;
second
The two sides may send each other's personnel to the rear of the other side for reconnaissance.
This is actually prepared for the next step of the US military, which shows that the US military's negotiations are not sincere;
third
Both sides withdrew from territory controlled by the other.
In this, the Americans are also deliberate, about the withdrawal of troops,
The Sino-DPRK coalition forces proposed that the boundary be thirty-eight degrees north latitude, and both sides should withdraw from the cross-border area, our army retreated on the western front, the AMERICAN army retreated on the eastern front, and the east and west were straightened first and restored to the pre-war state. However, the US negotiators only talked about the Western Front, that is, our army's withdrawal strategy, and did not mention anything about their own withdrawal strategy on the Eastern Front, and their attitude was: The Chinese and DPRK coalition forces withdrew from the 38th Line, and before they crossed the 38th Line on the Eastern Front and crossed the area occupied by the 38th Line, the US military would not retreat.
Pictured: The scene of a battle
These unreasonable proposals were immediately rejected by our representatives.
The two sides have launched a fierce dispute over these issues, but the differences between the two sides are too large, and the efficiency of negotiations is very low. The attitude of the US representatives in the course of the negotiations was extremely arrogant, and during the negotiations, the US side repeatedly sent planes to invade the mainland's airspace, and the purpose of them was to exert pressure on the Chinese and North Korean sides.
In this regard, the position of the Chinese and DPRK deputies is very firm, that is, no matter how arbitrary the US military is, we will resolutely not compromise.
The two sides were at loggerheads over the withdrawal of troops, and at this moment, Harrison, the negotiator of the United Nations Army, directly announced that the armistice negotiations would be adjourned indefinitely! Let the cannons and machine guns debate! Negotiations between the two sides have broken down and fighting will begin again.
Pictured: U.S. forces refuse to repatriate prisoners of war
However, the performance of the US military on the battlefield was obviously not as tough as they were at the negotiating table, and their army was torn apart by the Sino-North Korean coalition forces and paid huge casualties. So the representative of the Us side sent us another request for armistice negotiations, and the two sides began to negotiate an armistice.
However, the performance of the US military at the negotiating table this time was extremely negative, in order to speed up the efficiency of the negotiations, during the stagnation of the negotiations, our volunteer army launched a counterattack on the front many times, and achieved great victories, the US army was gradually defeated, in order to stop the advance of the volunteer army, they could finally put down their bodies and negotiate with us well.
The two sides reached agreement on the demarcation line, and more importantly, the arrangement of prisoners was at stake.
Pictured: UN forces torturing and killing prisoners of war
In fact, the issue of the treatment of prisoners of war is not a very complicated matter, because such issues are supported by international law. But the representative of the United States ignored the law,
Some ridiculous ones were also presented
The principle of "one-for-one" exchange and "voluntary repatriation". They did not hesitate to use force to force the prisoners of war to refuse to return, and even used tanks to carry out a terrible killing of those prisoners of war who ignored the persecution of the US army.
The US side can be described as extremely rogue in the negotiations on the prisoner of war issue, and the negotiations between the two sides have also come to a standstill because of the UNREASONABLE troubles of the US side, and the battle is about to break out!
Negotiations broke down, and the two sides fought fiercely on Ganling
On May 12, 1952, U.S. Army Commander Mark M. Admiral Clark succeeded Ridgway as the new commander of the United Nations Army. As soon as Clark took office, he launched an air raid on my volunteer positions. Since then, the United States has unilaterally announced an indefinite adjournment of the meeting, and the negotiations have been interrupted again. Since then, the military operations of the United Nations army have become more and more active, which poses a serious threat to our volunteer army.
Pictured: The war on Shangganling
In order to break the strategic attempt of the US army, the volunteer army gathered the strength of eight armies, took the lead in launching an attack on the UN army, relying on tacit tactical coordination, the counterattack was very effective, as of October, the volunteer army launched a total of nineteen attacks on the UN position, at a relatively small cost, wounded, killed and captured thousands of enemy troops.
In order to turn the tide of the war, the American general Van Vleet proposed a new round of battle plans, that is, to launch an attack on the Upper Ganling area, which was quickly approved by Clark.
Shangganling is the forward position of the Five Sacred Mountains, which are more than 1,000 meters above sea level and are the highest peaks in the central line area of our army, so they are of great strategic significance. On October 14, the United Nations army gathered 60,000 troops and launched a fierce attack on the Volunteers' positions of Wushengshan and Shangganling with more than 300 artillery pieces, more than 40 tanks and more than 50 aircraft. On the first day of the battle alone, the United Nations army threw 300,000 shells into this position of only four square kilometers, an average of five shells fell every second, and in the face of such a fierce attack, even if the volunteers took shelter in the tunnels, some soldiers were still shocked to death by the huge impact of the shells.
Pictured: Volunteers on the Five Holy Mountains
After a burst of artillery fire, the United Nations army gathered four battalions of troops to launch a charge against the volunteer positions, they thought that after a wild bombardment, the positions should be full of corpses, but they did not expect that the volunteers were almost unharmed, as if they had been prepared for the bombing.
Little could the UN forces have imagined that just days before the battle began, a staff officer in the South Korean army defected and defected to the volunteers. He told the volunteers in detail about the next strategic intentions of the US army, telling them that the US army would launch an attack on the Shangganling area next.
Therefore, in order to cope with the sudden attack of the US army, the volunteer army has long sent troops to garrison here, which is unexpected by the US army.
The United Nations army first launched an attack on two highs near Shangganling, and they first launched a charge against the seventh position on the height, where only one squad of the Volunteer Army was stationed, and they relied on tenacious perseverance to repel four enemy attacks, but they were outnumbered, and finally the position was still captured by the enemy.
Pictured: Intense fighting
After occupying Position Seven, the enemy relied on fierce fire to occupy positions Eleven, Two, and Seven on the heights, but they made a mistake in attacking the last Position Nine, and were repeatedly repulsed by the volunteers, suffering heavy losses. After a day of fierce fighting, the UN forces were ultimately unable to capture Position Nine.
On another high ground, a battalion of the ROK army divided into three roads and launched a charge at the eighth position of our volunteer army on the high ground, but under the stubborn resistance of the volunteer army, the ROK army was gradually defeated, and the US army saw the situation and dispatched bombers to throw napalm bombs at our army's position, and the fire in our army's position was everywhere, and the ROK army launched a charge again under the cover of artillery fire, and finally there were only three people left in the eighth position and there was no food and ammunition, and it was unable to fight again.
They were stopped by Rok machine guns on the way to retreat, and the situation was very critical.
At the moment of this thousand gunshots, Sun Ziming, a soldier who was unconscious next to the ROK army's machine gun, suddenly rose from the ground and picked up the three grenades beside him and returned to the enemy, and Sun Ziming was also the first of many warriors and warriors who died with the enemy in the Battle of Shangganling.
A test of will, the Un army suffered heavy casualties!
Thereafter, the Volunteer Army and the United Nations Army
You came and went to engage in a tug-of-war, and our army's positions were breached by the enemy again and again, and again and again we organized our forces to retake them, and the positions were full of corpses.
On the fifth day of the battle, our positions were once again occupied
The United Nations occupied, and in order to regain the position, the volunteers began to secretly send troops to the tunnel. The next night our volunteers organized three companies, supported by artillery, to launch a counterattack against the American troops occupying the heights, but because the American firepower was too strong, the volunteers were difficult to advance, although they organized many explosions but were unsuccessful.
Pictured: Huang Jiguang's heroic dedication
At this critical moment, Huang Jiguang, a soldier of the second battalion of the 135th Regiment, stood up, and he went to carry out the blasting mission with two comrades-in-arms, and when he approached the enemy fire point, two comrades-in-arms had already died, leaving only Huang Jiguang alone. At this time, Huang Jiguang was already seriously injured, and he crawled forward with difficulty, exerting the last bit of strength in his body and throwing the grenade at the enemy. See you on the volunteers
At once, he launched a charge at the enemy's position, but at this moment, the machine guns of the US army sounded again, and bullet after bullet was fired at the volunteer soldiers.
Huang Jiguang saw the situation, immediately crawled towards the enemy fire point, and then raised his chest to pounce on the enemy, blocking the enemy's machine gun with his body, and winning precious charging time for the volunteer army.
In addition to Huang Jiguang,
In this counterattack battle, Sun Zhanyuan, the second platoon of the Seventh Company of the 135th Regiment, still held the battlefield despite his legs being blown off, and when the US and Roks launched a charge at the position, he waited for the enemy to approach, and then pulled the grenade in his hand and died with the enemy. After this battle, Sun Zhan
Yuan was posthumously honored as a first-class combat hero.
Pictured: Sun Zhanyuan hero
That night, the volunteers concentrated more than forty heavy artillery pieces and the fire of a Katyusha rocket artillery regiment and launched a fierce attack on the enemy positions. According to statistics, our army used more than 100 large-caliber heavy artillery units to shell the enemy's positions this time! The American position was seriously damaged, with heavy casualties, and the commander of the position saw the situation and thought that the Soviet army had also entered the battle.
With the support of artillery fire, the volunteer soldiers were brave and fierce, the offensive efficiency was greatly improved, and it took only twenty minutes to retake all the positions, and Huang Jiguang was posthumously honored as a special class combat hero.
A few days later, the United Nations army gathered more than thirty aircraft to bomb our positions, and with the support of strong artillery fire, once again captured some of our positions on the high ground. The volunteers of the two highlands all turned into tunnels, and the first phase of the Battle of Shanggan ended.
Pictured: Our katyusha attacks enemy positions
On October 21, the battle began again, this time the United Nations army tried everything to use aircraft and artillery to bomb the volunteers' tunnels, and even used poison gas bombs to attack, hoping to wipe out the volunteers in the tunnels. At this time, the situation of the volunteer army was very critical, not only ran out of ammunition, but also because of the attack of the poison gas bomb, the environment here was very harsh, but they did not give up holding on, in the few days of holding the tunnel, the volunteer soldiers launched more than a dozen large counterattacks, nearly a hundred small counterattacks, at the cost of 254 casualties, killed more than 1,700 enemy troops.
In the process of holding on to the tunnel, there was a very touching thing, the transporter gave an apple to the seventh company commander Zhang Jifa, Zhang Jifa was reluctant to eat, gave the apple to the soldiers, but none of the soldiers wanted to eat, and finally the apple returned to Zhang Jifa intact, and in desperation, Zhang Jifa ordered the soldiers to bite each and eat the apple.
On October 30, the volunteers began to counterattack, and at nine o'clock in the evening, more than a hundred artillery pieces of the volunteer army suddenly launched an attack on the enemy position, and the United Nations army had no time to react, and the volunteer army recaptured all the positions in one fell swoop under the cover of artillery fire. Over the next five days, the Un army launched as many as forty counterattacks, all of which were repelled by our volunteers.
Hu Xiudao, a new recruit of the Fifth Company of the Ninety-first Regiment of our Volunteer Army, held his position for a whole day and repelled dozens of enemy charges under the condition of all the casualties of his comrades- and one-man, according to post-war statistics, Hu Xiudao single-handedly killed nearly three hundred enemy troops, and Hu Xiudao was also honored with meritorious service and first-class combat heroes.
From October 30 to November 25, the United Nations army launched hundreds of attacks on our positions, all of which were repulsed by our army, and on the twenty-fifth day, the United Nations army, which suffered heavy casualties, was forced to abandon the attack, and the Battle of Shangganling ended in victory.
According to post-war statistics, the number of casualties of the United Nations army in this battle exceeded 25,000, which greatly exceeded their expectations, and the US military suffered an unprecedented blow on the international battlefield.
After the victory in the Battle of Shangganling, the enemy's strategic offensive was completely smashed, and the confidence of the United Nations army was completely lost; after this campaign, the US army never launched an attack at or above the battalion level against the volunteer army, enabling the volunteer army and the people's army to grasp the initiative in the frontal battlefield and laying a solid foundation for the final victory in the Korean War.