In the history of Chinese academies for more than 1,200 years, there is a college that plays an important role in the production, inheritance and development of Song Dynasty science, that is, the Yichuan Academy, which is known as the source of science and technology, which was founded by Cheng Yi, the founder of Song Ming Science.
【I】
Cheng Yi (程颐), also known as Zheng Shu (字正叔), a native of Luoyang, Henan, was born into a family of eunuchs. At the age of fourteen, he was educated with his brother Cheng Hao at the age of 14 at Zhou Dunyi, the founder of the Song Dynasty, and at the age of eighteen, he had the heart of the world and wrote to the imperial court, advising Emperor Renzong to "take the royal way as the heart, the living soul as the thought, and the worldly theory, and the extraordinary merits." At the age of twenty-four, he entered the highest national institution of learning, Taixue, and was appreciated by Hu Yan, a pioneer of Song Dynasty science, a famous educator, and thinker, with a "Treatise on what Yan Zi is good about", and Hu Yan made an exception and awarded him the status of "virgin (talented and moral unwilling to be an official)". After failing the two court examinations, Cheng Yi refused to participate in the re-examination, and since then he has devoted himself to studying the way of Confucius and Mengmeng as a "virgin".
During Cheng Yitai's study, he began to accept Lu Xizhe, who later became a famous theologian and educator, as a disciple. After the failure of the imperial examination, he opened a library at his home in Luoyang to teach apprentices. As the fame became more and more prominent and came to seek scholars, the cheng family courtyard could no longer accommodate it. Just when Cheng Yi was at a loss, he met a noble man in his life, that is, the famous politician Wen Yanbo, who had been in and out of the Four Dynasties.
Wen Yanbo is a native of Jiexiu, Shanxi, and left a beautiful talk of "irrigating floats" when he was young. At the age of twenty-one, he entered the army and the first, and in the following decades he was in the official field of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the first year of emperor Renzong of Song's reign (1049), Wen Yanbo, who had already served as chancellor in the imperial court, entrusted his friend Sima Guang to handle the work of relocating the tombs of his father Wen Huan and mother Geng from his hometown in Shanxi to Yique County (present-day LuoCun, Yichuan County, Henan Province). In September of the third year (1080) of Emperor Yuanfeng of the Song Dynasty, Wen Yanbo was sentenced to Henan Province as a lieutenant. In the autumn of that year, he formed the "Five Elders Society" with Fan Zhen, Zhang Zongyi, Zhang Wen, Shi Wei and others of Nian Gao Deshao in Luoyang, and often traveled with the famous Chinese Taoists Shao Yong, Cheng Hao, and Cheng Yi.
In the fifth year of Yuanfeng (1082), Cheng Yi wrote a letter of request for help to Wen Yanbo in order to run the school, the content of which was to use the old site of Shengshan Temple in Longmen Mountain to establish a college that taught and educated people. In order to persuade Wen Yanbo to agree, he also quoted the Tang Dynasty King Gui's allusion to "constructing a book in Xigu" in his letter. To Cheng Yi's surprise, Wen Yanbo replied immediately after receiving his letter. Replying to the letter Chinese Yanbo spoke highly of Cheng Yi's academic achievements, saying that he was "a man of his own duty, a Taoist dignitary of Haiyu, a writer of books and a proclamation, a name that is high in the world, and a disciple of a traveler, and a very prosperous return." At the same time, he told him that although longmen mountain was quiet, it was very desolate and not suitable for building a college. In the end, Wen Yanbo decided to give Cheng Yi a manor and a thousand acres of good land in the town of Minggao in the south of Yique, where he could set up a academy and write books and preach.
Cheng Yi relied on a letter from Wen Yanbo to repair the house on the Wen clan manor in Minggao Town. Because the town of Minggao is bordered by the Yi River in the east and Jiugao (mountain) in the south, he named the school where he preached and taught yigao academy. Since then, students from all over the world have come to gather at Chengmen, and Yigao Academy's reputation for cultivating peaches and pears has spread far and wide. According to Cheng Sheng, the grandson of Cheng Yi, the academy has five main rooms, which are the places for writing books and preaching; three rooms in the east and west compartments, which are where the disciples live; and one at the gate has a plaque with mr. Yigao's personal book on it. After the completion of the academy, except for more than a year when he went to Beijing to serve as an imperial teacher and a few years after he was exiled to Fuzhou, Sichuan (now under the jurisdiction of Chongqing), Cheng Yi mainly lectured and wrote books here for more than twenty years before his death. According to Cheng Yi's own account: "I read and recited before I was forty years old, studied its meaning before I was fifty years old, repeatedly deduced it before I was sixty years old, and wrote books after I was sixty years old." It can be seen from this that his theoretical writings such as "Cheng's Zhou Yi Biography", "Book Interpretation", "Poetry Interpretation", "Analects of Language", "Mencius's Interpretation" and "Spring and Autumn Biography" were all completed here, and his broad and profound theoretical ideological system was also formed here. No wonder future generations described Yigao Academy as "the place where it is called the source of the Tao." ”
【II】
After Emperor Zhezong of Song ascended the throne, the famous historian Sima Guang entered the dynasty. At his recommendation, Cheng Yi was appointed as the Storyteller of the Chongzheng Temple, specifically responsible for teaching the young Emperor Zhezong. Later, due to the dispute between the Luo Party and the Shu Party, Cheng Yi voluntarily resigned and returned to the Yigao Academy he founded to continue to engage in theoretical research and preaching activities.
One day in the winter of the seventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (1092), Cheng Yi was taking a lunch break because he stayed up late to write, when Yigao Academy welcomed two students who had traveled thousands of miles to worship the teacher. One is Yang Shi, a Fujian general, and the other is You Shu, a Fujian Nanping man. Yang Shi was a young and intelligent teenager, known as a prodigy. At the age of eight, he can write poetry, at the age of nine, he can write poetry, at the age of fifteen he begins to study the history of the scriptures, and at the age of twenty-three he has a title in the golden list. You Yu was a young man who became enlightened, recited through his eyes, studied Confucian classics in his early years, and folded the gui in the twenty-nine-year-old Toad Palace. The two of them first studied science under Cheng Hao's door, and after Cheng Hao's death, he heard that Cheng Yi was knowledgeable and went to Luoyang to meet Cheng Yi. When they stepped into the gate of Yigao Academy, they learned that Mr. Li had not yet woken up after a nap at noon. Although Yang and You were eager to worship the teacher, in order not to disturb the rest of the husband, they respectfully stood outside the door. At this time, the cold wind blew through the clouds, and in a few moments it was snowing heavily. After about half an hour, Cheng Yi woke up from his dream, and when he learned that Yang Shi and You Shu were still standing motionless in the snow waiting to see each other, he felt from Yang and You the strong sincerity of the teacher and the hungry desire for knowledge, and from then on he regarded him as a proud protégé, carefully taught, and answered questions.
Yang and You learned to return to the south, creating a precedent for the dissemination of the "Southern Transmission of Taoism" and "Chengluo Qimin". Yang Shi first compiled and collected the "Ercheng Pure Sayings", which were divided into ten articles, such as "On the Tao", "On TheOry", "On the Book", "On Politics", and "On The Matter", which laid the foundation for Zhu Xi's later study of the ensemble of the Ercheng Theory. After that, on the one hand, he went to the southeast to establish a college, and on the other hand, he wrote books and lectures to expound the idea of the second journey. Therefore, when later generations evaluated Yang Shi, they said that he was "the one who received the biography of Lian Luo on the top, and the one who went down to Qi Luo (Yu Zhang) Li (Yan Ping) and Kaoting (Zhu Xi). "You Are Not Willing to Spread the Second Course Of Science. When Cheng Hao was serving as Fugou Zhi County, he hired You Hao as a teaching (scholar), and he took advantage of his extensive contact with Cheng Hao to compile his usual records of words and deeds into the "Quotations of Mr. Ming Dao". Zhu Xi's later compilations of the "Testament of the Cheng Clan" and the "Origin of Yiluo" and other books all used the historical materials provided by You Su. Both Yang Shi and You Shu had a mentorship relationship with Zhu Xi. Yang Shi's first disciple was Luo Congyan, the second disciple was Li Tong, and the third disciple was Zhu Xi; the first disciple of You Shu was Hu Anguo, the second disciple was Hu Xian, and the third disciple was Zhu Xi. After that, Zhu Xi took Cheng Yi Lixue as the model, and then integrated the ideas of Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Shao Yong and other theoreticians, and finally formed the Cheng Zhu Lixue with Tianli as the core. By the time of Emperor Lizong of Song, Cheng Zhu Lixue ascended to the throne of orthodox doctrine and ruled the Chinese intellectual circles for eight hundred years.
There is no accurate answer to how many disciples Ercheng taught in his tireless lifetime, but according to the inscription of Yichuan Academy, as many as ninety-three people have been recorded in the annals of history. Among these ninety-three people, in addition to Yang Shi, You Su, Xie Liangzuo and Lü Dalin, who were known as the four great disciples of Cheng Men, there were two who also made outstanding contributions to the spread and development of Ercheng Theory, that is, Zhang Yi and Yin Yan, who were carefully cultivated by Cheng Yi in Yichuan Academy in his later years. Uncle Zhang Yizi (張绎字思叔), a native of present-day Yiyang County, Henan. Cheng Yi returned to Luo from Fuling (in present-day Chongqing) and was framed by the traitor Cai Jing shortly after, but when his former disciples avoided him, Zhang Yi took the initiative to learn from Cheng Yi without hesitation. When Cheng Yi died, friends and disciples in the Luoyang area were afraid to go to the funeral for fear of being affected, and only four disciples, including Zhang Yi and Yin Yan, were fearless and personally sent him to the ground for safety. After that, he gave up his career to concentrate on compiling Cheng Yi's writings, so that Mr. Ikawa's writings that were about to be destroyed could be passed on.
Yin Yanming is a native of Luoyang, Henan. He followed Cheng Yi for nearly twenty years, and he should not be judged in his lifetime, and he was the most famous among Cheng Men's disciples. According to the "Henan Cheng's Outer Book", Cheng Yi wrote the "Yi Chuan" and left it around for seven or eight years without letting it circulate, and only taught it to Yin Yan and Zhang Xuan before his death. In the second year of Jing Kang (1127), Jin soldiers attacked Luoyang And Yin Yan's entire family was killed, and only he was carried to the valley by the gatekeepers to save his life. In the fourth year of Shaoxing (1134), Yin Yan came to Fuling and settled down at the Beiyan Temple, where Cheng Yi once wrote, to gather and give lectures. Here, he went to great lengths to find "Yichuan Yichuan" and personally wrote the preface. After that, he also compiled the book "The Sayings of the Master" that recorded Cheng Yi's remarks, which played an important role in the spread of Ercheng Theory in Sichuan and promoted the sustainable development of Luoxue.
【III】
At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Zhu Lixue became the orthodox philosophy of the country, but since Cheng Yi's death, Yigao Academy has been scattered and rarely asked. After more than 200 years, the house collapsed, and only the remains remain.
During the Dade period, the Mongol general Ke Martyr Xi was stationed in the town of Minggao. During his garrison, he had close contacts with the famous theologian Chen Tianxiang, who later became the Right Scholar of Zhongshu, the famous theologian Yao Xuan, who later became a Hanlin scholar, and Lu Zhi, a famous literary scholar who later became a Hanlin Scholar. Influenced by these people, coupled with the fact that the martyrs of Ke had read Mr. Ikawa's "Yi Chuan" and "Testament", they were full of emotions and determined to study. Witnessing the tragic situation of the college, he raised his own funds, recruited migrant workers, and rebuilt it at the old site of Yigao College. It took ten years to build more than 100 buildings such as the Dacheng Hall, the Li Li Hall, the Lecture Hall, and the Nine Sages Ancestral Hall. Just when Chen Tianxiang and the others were preparing to recommend Martyr Ke to enter the Hanlin Courtyard, he was tired and drove to Hexi. Muyan Temu, the only son of Theke Martyr Xi, was then called "virtuous and literate". He inherited his father's legacy, restored the Ancient Cabinet, and collected a large number of books. In the spring of the third year of Yanyou (1316), Muyan Tiemu reported the restoration of the academy to the imperial court through Pu Daoyuan, who was supposed to be appointed to the Hanlin script (the official in charge of the Hanlin Academy). Emperor Yuanrenzong greatly praised it, personally gave the name "Yichuan Academy", and ordered Xue Youyu, a scholar of Hanlin, to write an essay, to collect the sage scholar Zhao Mengshudan, to participate in the political affairs of Guo Guan's forehead, and to carve a stone plaque to remember his deeds.
Due to the name given by Emperor Renzong, the local government attached great importance to it. Thousands of acres of school fields were allocated, and The local Xianda Wang Gubao, who was richly educated and cultivated in Bogu Tong, was selected as the chief of the mountain. Wang Gubao advocates Cheng Zhu Lixue, and his moral articles are well-known. After taking office, he continued to hire teachers, set up study rules, recruited students and apprentices, and opened teachings. Four-way toshihide came to life, and Yichuan Academy came back to life. At this time, the yuan dynasty will be exhausted, and wars and chaos in the Heluo area will continue to occur. When the Ming Dynasty settled in Nanjing, the imperial court issued an edict to ask for sages, and the Local Government of Heluo recommended Wang Gubao to enter Beijing to see the driver with the "Xianliang Fangzheng". Zhu Yuanzhang saw that he was eight buckets high, learned to be rich in five cars, and "spoke with caution and modesty", so he kept him as a servant of the Zhan Shifu, taught Hanlin orthography, and gave Prince Yiwen a teacher. Although the ming rulers attached great importance to Cheng Zhu Lixue, since Wang Gubao's departure, Yichuan Academy has once again collapsed.
In the Qing Dynasty, as the status of the Ercheng brothers was pushed above the "Han and Tang Dynasties", Yichuan Academy was also repaired, but these restorations were no longer aimed at spreading the science of science. However, because Yichuan Academy has played an important role in the production and development of Song Dynasty Science in history, the Iloilo area is known as the "Famous Area of Science". At the beginning of this century, the people's government of Henan Province not only announced Yichuan Academy as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit, but also allocated huge funds to repair it. Nowadays, it has become the "Nishan" and "Zoulu" in the Central Plains, carrying the heavy responsibility of the times of inheriting the excellent traditional Chinese culture. (The author, Li Yao, was the vice president and secretary general of the Henan Ercheng Cultural Research Institute and the secretary of the party branch of the Yichuan Ercheng Cultural Park Management Office.) ）