I am Tang Di, a history buff. Welcome everyone [attention] I, let's talk about the past and the present, and discuss the general trend of the world. Gentleman I, just to learn and make friends!
When we think of the Alliance of Liaoyuan, the first impression in our minds is the peace agreement signed with the Liao State that took place in the Northern Song Dynasty. But you can think of the Spring and Autumn Period, which preceded it more than 1500 years ago, there was also a Liaoyuan Alliance. This time was an alliance meeting between Jin and Qi to bridge the gap and consolidate the anti-Chu alliance in the Central Plains, and it was also the culmination of Jinping's hegemony, and the prestige of the Jin state once again spread throughout the Central Plains.
1. The background of the Alliance of Liaoyuan - the Battle of Pingyin
Just when the Jin mourning public hegemony was in full swing and had the momentum of dominating the Central Plains, in 558 BC, the 30-year-old Jin mourning duke died suddenly.
His death had a considerable impact on the evolution of Jin's internal affairs and on the development of the strategic situation in the Central Plains as a whole.
Specifically, with the death of the Duke of Jin, the temporary balance between the monarchs and subjects within the Jin State was gradually broken, and the struggle between the Qiangqing clans became increasingly fierce, so that the Jin were unable to focus on controlling the princes externally and maintaining hegemony, and led to the occurrence of the Armed Conflict between the Qi and Jin dynasties and the recovery of the power of the Chu State to a certain extent, so that the hegemony created by the emperors of the Jin State since the Jin Jing Gong through arduous efforts was shaken and disintegrated.
In 557 BC, Ji Biao, the son of Duke Mo, succeeded to the throne as Duke Ping of Jin. At that time, the rulers of the Jin state were Xun Yan (that is, Zhongxing Yan) and others, who still focused on attacking and suppressing the forces of the Chu state, so in the year when the Duke of Jinping ascended the throne, Xun Yan and Luan Yi led the Jin army to attack the Chu state, defeated the Chu army at Zhansaka (present-day north of Pingdingshan City, Henan), and invaded outside the Fangcheng of the Chu state.
The Battle of Zhansaka dealt another heavy blow to the Chu state, further consolidating the hegemonic position of the Jin state.
At this time, the Jin state was powerful and powerful, and had a clear advantage over Chu, and the state of Wu continued to attack the state of Chu from the flank. Although Chu joined forces with Qin to deal with the Jin state, it could not have a decisive impact on the strategic posture.
However, in this context, a war between Qi and Jin broke out, causing a serious split in the anti-Chu alliance in the Central Plains, and the strategic advantage of Jin over Chu suffered irreparable losses.
Since the defeat of the Qi Dynasty in the First World War, the State of Qi has always been dependent on the State of Jin and has become an important partner in the struggle for hegemony of the State of Jin. However, at this time, Qi Linggong was arrogant and arrogant, and he failed to plan far, but accepted the title of "overlord" given by King Zhou Ling, and wanted to compete with the Jin state for the position of overlord of the Central Plains.
To this end, the Duke of Qi Ling took advantage of the new funeral of the Duke of Jin to betray the covenant, and in 558 BC, he joined forces with the small states of Qi and Ju to attack the allied State of Lu, and openly reconciled with the envoys of the State of Chu.
This caused great chaos within the Central Plains Alliance, giving the chu state, which was in decline, an opportunity to reap the benefits of the fishermen.
Naturally, the Jin side could not tolerate such behavior of Qi Linggong.
First, he used political and diplomatic means to exert pressure on Qi, and in 557 BC, he presided over a meeting of Broliang (菖梁, northwest of present-day Jiyuan City, Henan) attended by Lu, Song, Wei, Cao, Zheng, Chang, and other countries, and issued a warning to Qi.
However, Qi Linggong went his own way, ignoring the threat of Jin, and in 556 BC instigated the Wei state to cut down Cao, and joined forces with the state of Qi to attack the state of Lu again. Lu and Cao both asked Jin for an emergency.
Seeing that diplomatic sanctions could not produce results, the Jin monarchs decided to take advantage of the fact that the Qi-Chu alliance was not yet very consolidated, and used military means to strike a thorough blow, in order to punish Qi Ling's public and private passage with the Chu state, invading the allies, and "abusing their dangers, taking the burden of their people, and abandoning the alliance and abusing the gods", so in 555 BC, the curtain was opened on the Battle of Pingyin in Qi and Jin.
In the summer of the seventeenth year of King Ling of Zhou (555 BC), the State of Jin first sent troops to attack the Wei State, and began to carry out its obligations as an ally and launched a military operation to save the Alliance and rebels.
Wei Guo was naturally no match for Jin, and soon surrendered to Jin.
In October of the same year, the Duke of Jinping then commanded the forces of 12 countries, including Jin, Lu, Song, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Ju, Qi, Teng, Xue, Qi, and Xiaoyi, to attack the State of Qi, and the coalition forces soon marched into qi territory.
2. The Great Victory of the State of Jin and the Desire of the State of Qi to Destroy the Country
According to the situation that the main force of the Qi army was exhausted to meet the battle and the capital city of Linzi was empty, the jin army headquarters formulated a campaign guideline for attacking Pingyin with the main force, holding the Qi army head-on, and using another one to detour along the border of Lu and Ju to bypass the Yimeng Mountains and attack the Qi capital Linzi from the rear. The deployment was established, and the main force of the Jin coalition army launched an attack on the Qi army, giving the Qi army a lot of damage.
Then, on the one hand, through fan Xuanzi, the deputy general of the Chinese army, he revealed to Qi Dafu the news that the Jin army was taking advantage of the false attack on Qidu to deter the opponent; on the other hand, he also let the army plant more banners, spread the army' formation, and drag the chai to raise dust to confuse the Qi army and intimidate the enemy. (This trick is not very familiar, Nagasaka Slope Zhang Fei used)
Qi Linggong learned of the attack on the capital by the Jin coalition army, and was worried, and saw that the Jin army was strong and could not resist, so he used the cover of night to quietly withdraw his army to the east.
The Jin forces detected that the Qi army was running away at night, so they entered Pingyin on the first day of November, and then launched a fierce pursuit.
In the process of pursuit, the Jin army repeatedly defeated the Qi army's rear troops, captured Qi Yong's generals, Guo Zhi, and others, and destroyed the Qi army's attempt to block.
Then, the main force of the Jin coalition army arrived at Linzi City, and after meeting with the Jin, Lu, and Juquan attacking Qi troops who had arrived there earlier, they launched a fierce offensive against Qidu, successively breaking through the gates of Linzi and burning Southern Guo, Eastern Guo, Western Guo, and Northern Guo.
Seeing that the city was about to fall, Qi Linggong led his troops to break through and fled to Youtang (present-day Mo nan, Shandong). After Jin Pinggong and Xun Yan attacked Linzi, they still led the combined forces to continue to pursue, hoping to give Qi a complete blow.
On the eighth day of december, the combined forces of the princes reached Weishui (in present-day Weifang, Shandong), and after hearing that the Chu state was fighting Zheng to save Qi, and fearing that the rear would be threatened, they stopped pursuing and withdrew their troops to the west.
The Battle of Pingyin between Qi and Jin was thus over.
3. The Alliance of the Abyss
The Battle of Pingyin between Qi and Jin was caused by Qi Linggong's attempt to gain hegemony, betray the alliance and attack the allies. Qi Linggong was not a wise lord, and he had no talents to assist him, and his national strength was far inferior to that of Jin, so his attempt to compete for hegemony was doomed to failure.
It was only his foolish move to look at the situation enough to disrupt the strategic pattern of the Central Plains, bring certain unfavorable factors to the overall strategic situation of the Jin state to dominate the Central Plains, and provide Chu with the opportunity to recover its strength and compete with the Jin.
The Jin state called a coalition of princes to attack the state of Qi, which was a strategic decision made as a last resort.
Politically, as the hegemon of the Central Plains, Jin naturally could not tolerate the Behavior of the State of Qi in betraying the alliance with Chu, and could not allow itself to interfere with the overall strategic situation of resisting Chu, so it must make a strong military response.
Since the Jin dynasty had raised an army in the name of saving the alliance and rebelling, it occupied the initiative in the war from the beginning and won the support of almost allies.
In terms of strategic decision-making, Jin is also wise and correct. Seeing that Qi's rebellion against chu had become a fact and that it was difficult to recover the situation, it immediately made a decision, taking advantage of the fact that the Qi-Chu alliance had not yet been consolidated, to quickly align its troops, to give the enemy a resolute and thorough blow, and to carry out various breaks.
As for the campaign guidance of the Jin Army, it was particularly clever and outstanding. It first placed the enemy in a passive position with a frontal confrontation and a roundabout tactic, forcing the Qi army to retreat in a hurry; then it carried out a fierce pursuit, annihilated the enemy's living forces, and formed a pinch attack on the Qi capital Linzi from the east and west, and after a fierce battle, successfully attacked Linzi; then launched a far-reaching strategic pursuit of the defeated and retreating Qi remnant army, all the way to Weishui, and in time according to the emergence of the new situation of Chu Fa Zheng, it stopped the pursuit and returned to the division to force the Chu army to retreat, so that the main enemy Chu State had no gap to take advantage of.
The Jin Army's campaign guidance of using both odds and positives, making quick decisions, and pursuing far-reaching pursuits provided a full guarantee for winning victory in the war and achieving strategic goals, and had a positive impact on the development of combat art in later generations.
Later, in the Battle of Wu Chubaiju, the Tactics adopted by the Wu Army in quick battles and quick decisions, taking advantage of victories to pursue, and creating a large number of battles, in a sense, was the inheritance and development of some of the guiding principles of the Jin Army in the Battle of Pingyin.
The Battle of Pingyin dealt a heavy blow to the State of Qi. Soon after, the Jin dynasty sent troops to attack the State of Qi, and at that time Xun Yan had died, and Fan Xuanzi (士匄) succeeded him as the chief general of the Jin Army.
When the combined forces of the Jin and Wei forces arrived at Qi'yi Graini (present-day Dong'a, Shandong), it was the time when Qi Linggong died of illness and civil unrest broke out in the State of Qi, and the Combined Forces of Jin returned to China in accordance with the principle of military etiquette such as "no mourning, no murder".
Succeeding Duke Qi Ling was the Duke of QiZhuang, who, after taking the throne, because he needed to concentrate on stabilizing the interior and was unable to compete with Jin, he took the initiative to ask Jin for peace, and temporarily returned to the strategic camp of the Jin state.
In the summer of the nineteenth year of king Zhou Ling (553 BC), the Duke of Jinping summoned the princes of Lu, Qi, Song, Wei, Zheng, Cao, Ju, Qiu, Teng, Xue, Qi, and Xiaoyi to hold an alliance at Liaoyuan (澶元, in present-day northwestern Puyang, Henan). The alliance was the culmination of Jinping's hegemony, and at that time, the Chu state of Cai was too overwhelmed by Chu to exploit and came to the Jin state, so that the prestige of the Jin once again spread throughout the Central Plains.
However, with the development of history, the struggle for hegemony among the princes has gradually entered a stage of decline at this time, and the hegemony of the Jin Ping Gong has become stronger and stronger, and it is no longer possible to reproduce the glory of the past.
The occurrence of the Luan rebellion in China, the intensification of contradictions within the Qing clan, and the attack on the depth of the Jin state by the Qi Zhuang Gong by the chaos made the Jin state weaken significantly.
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