Shanxi has a long history, and it is known as Shanxi in the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties. The "Chronicle of History and Taishi Gong Self-Introduction" says: "Xiao He filled in Shanxi". The name of China originates from Hedong in the ancient world. With a history of more than 600 years, the Jin Dynasty has a pivotal position in the development and changes of China's history of more than 5,000 years, and is an important part of the history of the progress of Chinese civilization. At the end of the Jin Dynasty, the Six Qing encroached on the monarchy, so that the three Qing masters of Han, Zhao, and Wei divided the Jin dynasty, destroyed the Jin state, and established themselves as three princely states, known in history as "Three Jins", which is the only other name for all provinces in the country.
The history of the Three Jin Dynasties is not a continuation of the history of the Jin Dynasty
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Jin State was divided into han, Zhao, and Wei, and established itself as a state, known in history as the "Three Jins". However, the three volumes of Modern Chinese Cihai published in 2007, the Modern Chinese Dictionary compiled and published by the Institute of Linguistics of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 2012, and the three volumes of Modern Chinese Cihai compiled and published by the Shanxi Provincial Education Publishing House do not see the word "Three Jins".
The ancestors of the Zhou Dynasty were houji who was given the title of Prince Yao, with the surname Ji (姬) and the name abandoned. In 1046 BC, his descendant Ji Fa Keshang established the hereditary Central Dynasty Zhou Dynasty, called King Wu of Zhou, who reigned for 4 years and died. In 1042 BC, Crown Prince Ji Ji succeeded to the throne as King Cheng of Zhou, reigning for 22 years. When was the Jin Dynasty established? When was Tang Shuyu crowned as the Prince of Jin? The history books rarely contain explicit records, but the "Records of History" record two interesting facts: One is that when King Wu of Zhou met with the mother of King Cheng of Zhou, he dreamed that the Emperor of Heaven said to him: "I let this girl be a boy, named 'Yu', and then sealed Tang Di to him." This girl did indeed give birth to a boy, and the palm pattern had a "Yu" character, so she named it "Yu"; the second was that after the death of King Wu of Zhou, there was a rebellion in Hedong, and his brother Zhou Gong (Ji Dan), who had destroyed the shang with King Wu of Zhou, led the army to quell the rebellion. When King Cheng of Zhou was young, he took a piece of tung leaf and cut it into the shape of a gui and handed it to his brother Yu, saying, "Thus you are crowned as a Tang Jun." Upon hearing this, Shi Yi requested that he be crowned emperor on a chosen day. King Zhou Chengwang said, "I was talking to him about playing. Shi Yan said urgently, "The Son of Heaven has no jokes." Therefore, King Cheng of Zhou enfeoffed Tang land to Yu.
Tangdi is located in Hedong in the ancient world. The "Chronicle of History" says: "Tang is a hundred miles to the east of the (Huang) Hefen (water). In the early days, Emperor Yao was sealed here, called Tang Yao, and later moved to Xiangfen Tao Temple. The "Chronicle of History" says: "Therefore, Tang Shuyu's surname is Ji Shi , and the character is Yu. "In 1020 BC, Tang's uncle Yu died, and his son Ji Xie succeeded to the throne, and Tang became Jin. The "Chronicle of History" says: "Uncle Tang (Zhi) Zi Xie was the Marquis of Jin. The "History of the State of Jin" says: "Tang Shuyu's reign was generally the same as that of King Cheng of Zhou. According to this calculation, the ancient Tang State (Jin) was founded and Tang Shuyu was first enfeoffed as the Prince of the Tang Kingdom, about 1042 BC. If king Wei Lie of Zhou enfeoffed Han, Zhao, and Wei as princes in 403 BC, the history of the Jin state is 639 years; if the Jin Jinggong was killed (352 BC) and the Jin state was completely destroyed, the history of the Jin state is 690 years. This is roughly consistent with the more than 600 years of jin history recorded in many historical books; from 403 BC to the fall of the Marquis of Han, Zhao, and Wei in 221 BC, the three kingdoms of Han, Zhao, and Wei lasted for 182 years. For example, the history of the Jin Dynasty and the three Jin Dynasties total 872 years. Why do history books contain more than 600 years of history in the History of the Jin Dynasty? The History of the Jin Dynasty also only records the history of the Jin State for more than 600 years. These may indicate that the history of the Jin State for more than 600 years is the history of the Jin State; the 182-year history of han, Zhao, and Wei as the three Jin Dynasties is not a continuation of the history of the Jin State.
The Book of The Chronicle of Heavenly Officials says: "The three families are divided into Jin. Zhang Shoujie was righteous: "In the twenty-sixth year of King An of Zhou (376 BC), Marquis Wu of Wei, Marquis Wen of Han, and Marquis Jing of Zhao jointly destroyed Jin Jing (Hou) and divided the land. "This may be the origin of Shanxi's nickname of the Three Jins."
The Six Secretaries system was the bane of the demise of the Jin Dynasty
During the reign of Marquis Wen of Jin, the power of Xiaozong of the Jin Dynasty was already extremely strong. In 745 BC, Marquis Zhaohou of Jin made his uncle Chengshi Yu of Quwo the title of Prince of Jin, later known as Quwo Huanshu, and after several battles with Xiaozong's forces, Huan Shu won, and King Zhou was given the title of Prince of Jin, known as the Duke of Jinwu. His son Wei Zhu succeeded to the throne in 677 BC and was called duke of Jin. In order to prevent the recurrence of the mistakes of the "Quwo Dai Wing", he once again besieged and killed the princes of the office, moved the capital to Yu Dai, and took the "non-continuation of the group of princes" as a national policy.
Duke Xian of Jin was a very accomplished monarch. The "Han Feizi Nan II" says: "When the Jin Dynasty was dedicated to the Gong Dynasty, it was seventeen and thirty-eight", and its territory was expanded. However, in his later years, he favored Li Ji and caused the "Li Ji Rebellion", forcing the eldest son Shen Sheng to commit suicide, and the second son Zhong'er was forced into exile in the Eight Kingdoms of Di, Wei, Qi, Cao, Song, Zheng, Chu, and Qin for 19 years. In 636 BC, with the help of Duke Mu of Qin, Zhong'er returned to the Jin State from the Qin state and became the Duke of Jin. At the age of 62, he was still ambitious, quelling rebellions, stabilizing the situation, reforming maladministration, raising the meritocracy, promoting profits and eliminating harms, benefiting the people, enabling the prosperity of the state, economy, and military, and helping King Xiang of Zhou quell the coup d'état led by his half-uncle Gan Gong. In 632 BC, at the Battle of Chengpu, the Jin state defeated the alliance armies of Chen, Cai, Zheng, and Xu organized by qiangchu in the south, and achieved hegemony. King Xiang of Zhou granted him the right to "monopolize conquest" and made him an ally of the princely states under the heavens. As a result, the Jin state dominated the side. King Hui of Zhou Liang said, "The Jin Dynasty is not strong in the world. However, Duke Wen of Jin inherited his father's system of three armies and six secretaries, and the six secretaries of Han, Zhao, Wei, Fan, Zhi, and Zhonghang each had their own territories, and their power was expanding day by day. On the one hand, Liu Qing maintained the hegemony of the Jin state, and on the other hand, it encroached on the jin monarchy and land. By the time of the Jin Dynasty, the power of the Jin state tended to weaken. The six secretaries also encroached on each other's territory, and their power gradually became stronger and dictatorial, and the Jin monarch gradually weakened and could not be controlled. During the Jin Dynasty, the Zhi clan organized Han, Zhao, and Wei to attack the Fan and Zhongxing clans, forcing the Er clan to flee. In the seventeenth year of the Jin Dynasty (457 BC), the four families of Han, Zhao, Wei, and Zhi divided up all the fiefdoms of the Fan and Zhongxing clans. Among the four clans, the Zhi clan had the largest territory and the strongest power, and demanded from Han, Zhao, and Wei the fiefdoms of the Er clans that they had obtained. Han and Wei were afraid to meet Zhi's demands, but Zhao flatly refused and was forced to flee to Jinyang. The Zhi clan organized Han and Wei to attack unsuccessfully. Afterwards, Han and Wei agreed on the lessons of the past, the lips and teeth were cold, the auxiliary cars were dependent on each other, and the Zhao clan could still survive without dying. If the Zhao clan dies, it will die later. Therefore, Han, Zhao, and Wei Sanqing jointly attacked Zhi and destroyed the entire Zhi clan. King Weilie of Zhou enfeoffed Han, Zhao, and Wei as princes in 403 BC. At this time, the Jin state was still alive, and the Duke of Jin still succeeded to the throne in order, coexisting and coexisting with the other three kingdoms, but all the affairs of the dynasty were decided by the other three kingdoms. The "History of the Jin Dynasty" says: "At the time of the Duke of You, Jin was afraid, anti-Korean, Zhao, and Wei princes. Unique Dai, Qu Wo, Yu are all into the Three Jins". "Filial piety, Zi Jing Gong gong and wine." "History" Yun: "In the second year of the Duke of Jing, marquis Wu of Wei, marquis of Han, and marquis jing of Zhao were divided into three places after the destruction of the Jin Dynasty. This was the last time that the three kingdoms of Han, Zhao, and Wei were divided into Jin, so that there was no place for the Jin state to worship its ancestors. Jin Jinggong was demoted to a commoner, and after repeated relocations, he was placed under The Tuen Liu of Korea. Han Hou also instigated Jinggong's concubine Han to kill Jinggong. At this point, the Jin state was completely destroyed.
Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty was a great historian who conducted in-depth research on the history of the rise and fall of successive dynasties and the rise and fall of the Jin state for more than 600 years, and believed that han, Zhao, and Wei divided the Jin dynasty, destroyed the Jin state, and was crowned as a prince, which was a painful historical event. The zizhi tongjian, the first chronicle of China compiled about 1500 years after the fall of the Jin dynasty, began with the destruction of the Jin dynasty by Han, Zhao, and Wei. After he was well versed in history, he said: "Now the Jin Dynasty despised his king and divided the Jin kingdom, and the Son of Heaven neither despised nor favored him, so that the list of princes was a name that could not be kept and abandoned." The gift of the first king, Yu Si is finished! ”
If Han Zhao and Wei had merged and not separated, perhaps the history of unifying China at that time with the same track and the same book and the same text could have been rewritten. Sima Qian and Sima Guang appreciated the unification of Greater China, but they were only saddened by the destruction of the Jin state.
The three Jins are not the same as the three Qins
First, the nature of the two is different. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the three Qing masters of the Jin dynasty, Han, Zhao, and Wei, divided the territory of the Jin state, killed the Duke of Jin jing and destroyed the Jin state, and established each of them as independent princely states; "Three Qins" was Xiang Yu before the fall of the Qin Dynasty, and the former Qin general Zhang Handan was made the Yong King, Sima Xin was made the King of Sai, and Dong Gengfeng was made the King of Zhai. The "Three Kings" were not independent "kings", but were only the names of the local governors at that time, and all government orders were subject to Xiang Yu. The Three Jins only refer to the three kingdoms of Han, Zhao, and Wei; the Three Qins are not the three kingdoms of Yong, Sai, and Zhai, but refer specifically to the three regions of Western Qin, Eastern Qin, and Northern Qin, collectively known as the "Three Qins".
Second, the scope of rule and management of the two is different. The capital of Korea in the Three Jin Dynasties was moved from Yang Yi (Yu County) to Xinzheng, Henan; the capital of the Zhao State was moved from Jinyang to Handan; and the capital of the State of Wei was moved from Anyi to Kaifeng (known as Daliang in ancient times), adjacent to Luoyang, the capital of the Zhou Dynasty. The territory of the Three Kingdoms included not only the whole of Shanxi, but also most of the area north of the Yellow River in Henan Province; the western, central and southern regions of Hebei Province; parts north of Qinling mountains and west of Hua County in Shaanxi Province; and a small part of the southern and western ends of Shandong Province. The Yong King, on the other hand, administered the central and western parts of Shaanxi Province (including a small part of present-day Eastern Gansu Province); the King of Sai administered the eastern part of present-day Shaanxi Province to the Yellow River region; and the King zhai administered the northern part of present-day Shaanxi Province, which is collectively known as the "Three Qins". The three regions of Sanqin, with the exception of Dong'an in Gansu Province, were all within present-day Shaanxi Province.
The three Jin Dynasties, as it is known in history, are the three countries that are completely independent after the complete decoupling of the Three Qing Masters of the Jin Dynasty and the Jin State. Its territory spanned the five provinces of Jin, Ji, Henan, Qin, and Lu. In addition to the whole territory of Shanxi, it also includes most or parts of the other 4 provinces. Geographers call the Central Plains most of Henan Province and the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, such as the western part of Shandong Province and the southern part of Shanxi Province, and the Three Jins are historical names.
Third, Shanxi has a long history, and its name predates many other provincial names and is consistent. Since the Warring States period to the present, it has been called Shanxi. Sanjin is another name for Shanxi, not the collective name of the three regions of Jinzhong, Jinnan and Northern Jin that many people mistakenly think.
This article is reprinted from Shanxi Daily
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