□ Li Xuepu
Chinese garden art, with its rigorous and ingenious layout, exquisite and superb skills, beautiful scenery of mountains and rivers, the realm of birds and flowers, and the essence of poetry and painting, makes "the iris flying in the sky 'visiting the garden' rests, and the economic world's servants 'peep at the scenery' and forget to return".
Classical gardens have a history of 3,000 years, dating back to the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Historical records record that the King of Shang Tang "lived in the garden and did not quit looking at things"; King Ji of Zhou Cheng recited "Staying in Tongguan Yaotai and Rationalizing the World"; and The Duke of Qinzhuang "Every Hunt Must Be Given to the Pavilion" (see Gu Jiegang's "Ancient History Debate", vol. 144), which shows that the ancient emperors rested in the garden to enjoy themselves, and at the same time took care of the government and affairs.
Luoyang West Garden
The historical footprint of Classical Chinese garden construction, from the perspective of its establishment intentions, ideas and artistic expression methods, has experienced four periods of development: first of all, from the Shang Zhou to the Warring States Period, the garden construction of this period is characterized by the demarcation and use of natural landscapes, with fewer buildings and more lack of humanistic landscape architecture, which raise grass-eating wild animals and birds for viewing and hunting. Therefore, the attributes of the garden are mostly composed of confined components, which are manifested as naturalistic gardening techniques.
According to history, the famous imperial garden "Sand Dune Garden" in the Yin Shang Era, or "Sand Dune Garden", is a typical representative of naturalistic gardening. It was located 20 miles northeast of Pingxiang in Xingzhou (present-day Guangzong County, Hebei Province). According to the Tang Dynasty Zhang Shoujie's "History of Justice", the southern boundary of the sand dunes and the north to Handan are all palace annexes. By the time of the Shang Dynasty, the garden "harvested dogs, horse strange things, and filled the palace room; Yiguang sand dune garden, more wild beasts and birds were placed in it..." In the Spring and Autumn Warring States Period, the sand dune was still attacked by the Zhao State, and even after qin unified the Six Kingdoms, Qin Shi Huang went out on a fifth tour and "died on the sand dune platform".
In addition, the "Pickaxe Pond" of King Zhou Cheng's time and the "Lingyuan" of King Wen of Zhou both rely on natural mountains and water flows to create a naturalistic living space for entertaining purposes.
The second is the Qin, Han and Three Kingdoms periods (221 BC to 265 AD), which is the period of realism gardening. The gardening of this period was intended to imitate nature. Gardeners have evolved from simply using nature to using and transforming it. However, it still bears the traces of the previous era, and the garden is based on nature and pursues the vastness. Such as Shanglin Garden, Liang Garden, Ying'e Pond, Kunming Pond, Tailiu Pond, Zhaoxiang Garden, Imperial Garden, Maolong Garden, Bi Guiling Kunyuan, Tongquetai and Fanglin Garden in the Three Kingdoms Era, are all characterized by the wilderness of nature and the creation of a vastness.
After Qin Shi Huang unified China, he built a palace in Xianyang, thus developing a garden form with a palace room on the basis of "Yuan", also known as the Palace Garden. For example, Qin Shi Huang built a forest garden in the south of Weishui, and many palaces were built in the garden for recreation. Still in Xianyang "as a long pond, diverting water ... The soil is Penglai Mountain" ("Three Qin Records"), which created a record of artificial mountain piling. By the time of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Liu Che of the Han Dynasty had built a garden garden and expanded it on the basis of the Shanglin Garden in the Qin Dynasty in the second year of Jianyuan (138 BC). After the completion of the Shanglin Garden, the scale is magnificent, there are many palace rooms, and there are many amusement contents. The Shanglinyuan land spanned the five counties of Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), Xianning, Yanzhi (present-day Zhouzhi), Yanxian (present-day Huxian), and Lantian County, spanning 300 miles, covering almost a vast area south and southwest of the capital Chang'an.
According to the "Book of Han and Old Yi", "There are hundreds of beasts raised in the garden, and in the spring and autumn of the Tianzi shooting and hunting garden, there are countless beasts." Among them, there are seventy palaces, allowing thousands of rides. It can be seen that the tradition of shooting and hunting amusement is still maintained, but the main content is already the garden pool of the palace building. According to the Guanzhong Chronicle, there are 36 gardens, 12 palaces, and 35 views in the Shanglin Garden. Such as Jianzhang Palace, Xuanqu Palace, Inudai Palace, Lackey View, Horse View, Fish and Bird View, Elephant View, White Deer Temple, Grape Palace, Fuli Palace, Chengguang Palace, Chuyuan Palace, etc. There are also many ponds in the Shanglin Garden, which are recorded in Kunming Pond, Pickaxe Pond, Ancestral Pond, Elk Pond, Niushou Pond, Pu Pond, Jicao Pond, Dongpi Pond, Danglu Pond, Dayi Pond, Lang Pond and so on. Among them, Kunming Pond was chiseled by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in the fourth year (119 BC), in the southwest of Chang'an, with a circumference of 20 kilometers, a column of guan rings, and a building and a boat more than ten meters high, with a flag planted on it, which is very spectacular.
In ancient times, some gardens and gardens related to the emperor were of greater help to the landscape garden with their cultural significance and background. For example, Lintong Lishan Mountain, in addition to the long-famous Eight Scenic Spots of Guanzhong, Lishan Evening Illumination, as well as the long-flowing Lishan Hot Springs and the palace pavilions and pond swamp trees that have been rebuilt in the past, there are also countless vicissitudes and rumors. When visitors see the ruins of the beacon tower here, they will recall the farce of the princes of the Zhou Youwang Beacon Theatre in that year.
In the Jiangnan gardens that have survived to this day, many of the owners of the garden are the literary celebrities of the time, and some are helped by famous poets and painters to arrange the design, which itself has a heavy cultural color. Ru mengxi garden, commemorating the famous scholar Shen Kuo of the Northern Song Dynasty.
Zhenjiang Mengxi Circle
Shen Kuo was a man of letters and an official, and his knowledge was extremely profound, "in astronomy, Fang Zhi, legal calendar, music, medicine, and divination, all of which have been discussed." With the change of history, most of these works have died, but the "Mengxi Pen Talk" written in the garden in his later years has been handed down, which is especially respected by people. The three words "Mengxi Garden" engraved on the forehead of the HanBai Jade Gate on the garden frontage are the handwriting of contemporary bridge expert Mao Yisheng. Mai Sill entered the garden, and the middle hall hung a frontal portrait of Shen Kuo wearing an official uniform. The two couplets are written and written by the calligrapher Xiao Xian, "A Generation of Si Tianjian, Qianqiu Says Mengxi". Stepping into the backyard, the mountains and stones are exquisite, the new huang is beautiful, and the trees are covered with greenery. Up the stairs, there is the Shen Kuo Memorial Hall. A small stream in front of the hall was set up according to the pattern of "Water Out of the Gorge, one of the middle of the ring", which is the famous Dream Creek.
Speaking of the word "Mengxi", Shen Kuo also has a long and affectionate narrative in "Dream Creek Self-Memoirs". It turned out that when he was about 30 years old, he had dreamed several times that when he traveled to a place, there was a hill full of flowers, like a cloud covered with brocade, and tall trees covered the sky. There is a clear stream at the bottom of the mountain, which makes him very happy. More than ten years later, Shen Kuo was guarding Xuancheng, and a Daoist told him about the beautiful landscape of Jingkou (that is, Zhenjiang), and it happened that the Yi people had an old garden to sell, and Shen Kuo listened to his heart and gave the Daoist 300,000 yuan to buy this garden. Later, Shen Kuo was deposed for his sins, traveled everywhere, and when he passed through Zhenjiang, he went to the garden he bought, and suddenly saw that it was the place where he was swimming in his dream, and he was very surprised and sighed: "My fate is in the end." So the family moved to Zhenjiang, with the inscription "Mengxi". Although the scenery of Mengxi Garden is simple, the meaning is very deep. This ancient garden also has a certain status in cultural history.
The garden should collect the beauty of the natural mountains and forests in a smaller range, so that "the eight poles can be surrounded by inches and everything can be in one dynasty", and often use the symbolism or metaphor of art to give the limited landscape image an infinite meaning, so that the general garden scenery has a higher ornamental value. For example, Yangzhou Garden is not only famous for bamboo, but its four-season rockery is also unique in domestic gardens. In the real world, the four seasons cannot appear together, and the landscaping of the Four Seasons Mountain itself contains the meaning of "there is truth and falsehood, and it is true to do false". Spring is the earliest of the year, and Spring Mountain is at the entrance of Garden Mountain. This is a set of mountain stone flower terrace landscaping: but see the bamboo bushes planted on the stage, and a few stalagmites are lit between the bamboos, which inspires tourists to think of "spring coming" with the analogy of spring shoots after the rain. Behind the bamboo forest is a window-leaking pink wall, and the light and shadow of bamboo stone are projected on the wall, and the sun moves the shadow, which is quite interesting in the spring mountain forest.
Yangzhou Garden
If the mountain stone is the skeleton of the garden, then the water and spring are the blood of the garden. During the construction of the garden, water diversion is equally important. Since the Qin Emperor Han Wu diverted water as a pond, successive gardens have attached great importance to the construction of water bodies in gardens. Because the water potential is full of changes, it has the beauty of movement and tranquility. As the Huainan Zi Ben Jingxun says: "The depth of the chiseled ground is far away, and the distance of the cliff is unbridled." Come to the stream of the valley, as the time of the curved shore. Accumulate stone to pure repair. Suppress the anger to raise the shock wave. For example, although Zhang Lun's house garden is mainly based on mountain stones, he also pays attention to the "deep stream cave" on the mountain stone.
The Sui Dynasty Emperor built the Luoyang West Garden, and the spring water in the Garden was particularly important. The "Sui Shu and Food Goods Chronicle" says: "(Emperor Jue) opened a canal to lead the valley and Luoshui, and entered from the west of the garden, while the east was focused on Luo." The Song Dynasty liu axe said in the "Sui Dynasty Emperor Haishan Chronicle" that the Xiyuan "is the sixteen courtyards inside, the gathering soil is the mountain, and the chisel is the five lakes and the four seas ... Forty miles per lake... The soil in the lake is a mountain, a pavilion hall, a vast area of thousands, and a chiseled Beihai Lu ring for forty miles, there are three mountains, set up Penglai, abbot, Yingzhou, shangdu Tai Xie cloister. The water depth is several zhang, the open narrow lake, the five lakes, the North Sea, the dragon and phoenix, the Di duo PanDong Lake" ("Qingzhuo Gaoyi , Hou ji vol. 5"). The combination of water features, mountains and buildings is so ingenious, all of which shows that water bodies have the artistic function of organizing huge garden spaces and countless natural and architectural scenes in garden aesthetics.
The water in the ancient garden is the vivid finishing touch of the garden. "The clouds and mist are steaming without attention, and the sound of the waves is shaking Daming Lake", this is a pair of yanglian engraved on the pillar of the Luoyuan Hall of Baotu Spring in Jinan, which is written for the famous sentence of the Yuan calligrapher Zhao Mengfu's Yongquan, and wrote the beauty of this spring-shaped harmony. In late autumn and early winter, because the water temperature of Baotu Spring is higher than the surrounding temperature, a layer of water vapor condenses on the surface of the water, like smoke and mist, and the sound of the spring adds more charm to this moving scenery.
Classical Chinese gardens are unique in the history of gardening in the world, and they are closely related to ancient philosophy and aesthetic thought. Today, China's garden culture has not gradually weathered with history, but has retained the spiritual core of traditional garden culture, followed the continuous growth of modern aesthetics and contemporary culture, and is walking out of a unique new Chinese garden road.