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Looking for the Northern Song Dynasty Shen Kuo's "Map of Counties and Counties under Heaven"
Wanbang
The Song Shi Yiwen Zhi written by the Yuan Dynasty Detuo wrote that the Northern Song Dynasty "Shen Kuo's "Map of The Counties and Counties of Tianxia" was destroyed. To this day, almost all experts and scholars who study the History of the Song Dynasty fully agree with the conclusions drawn by the Northern Song Dynasty scientist Shen Kuo, who was ordered to draw in 1075, submitted in 1087, and praised by Song Zhezong in the following year, and has disappeared by the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty.
Since 1987, the author has repeatedly studied the rubbings of the "Nine Domain Shouling Map" stele in the Rongxian Wenmiao Temple, and after analysis and argumentation, he believes that the version on which the "Nine Domain Shouling Map" stele is based is the small map of the "Shouling Map" drawn by Shen Kuo, or the "Nine Domain Shouling Map" preserves the original basic appearance of the small map of the "Shouling Map" compiled by Shen Kuo. My paper was written in 1990 and published in the 1991 Issue 1 of Sichuan Surveying and Mapping Magazine, and it has been more than 30 years since I received any dissenting opinions. The author argues from the size, proportion, name, content, drawing, relationship between Shen Kuo and Wang Cun, and many other evidences, and explains that Shen Kuo's "Shouling Map" is "a large map with one axis, one zhang and two feet high, one zhang wide, one axis of small figures, and eighteen axes of zhulu figures." "It's all political district maps." Shou "Shou" refers to the state official "Tai Shou", "Ling" refers to the county official "County Order", "Shou Ling Tu" is equivalent to today's "Administrative Division Map", referred to as "Political District Map", "Nine Domains" refers to the "Domain of Kyushu" that is, "China" meaning. The author's analysis, research and restoration of the "Nine Domain Shouling Map" is equivalent to the archaeological discovery of the Song Dynasty map, and the small map of the "Shouling Map" drawn by Shen Kuo of the Song Dynasty, who has been dead for more than 900 years, has been displayed again in front of the world. At the same time, it also confirms the map-making system of the Song Dynasty and the historical facts of the central government issuing maps of the national political districts to the states at that time, and overturns the erroneous conclusion that the Yuan Dynasty was "Shen Kuo's "Tianxia County Map" in the "History of the Song Dynasty" and died".
I. Shen Kuo, an outstanding scientist of the Northern Song Dynasty
Shen Kuo, a native of Qiantang, Hangzhou, Zhejiang. Born in 1031, died in 1095. He was erudite and accomplished.
He has made research and made great contributions to the natural and social sciences such as geography, geology, cartography, toponymy, and philology, as well as medicine, painting, calligraphy, and collecting. His publications include "Mengxi Pen Talk" (including "Continuation Talk" and "Supplementary Pen Talk"), "Changxing Collection", "Su Shen Liangfang", "Shou Ling Tu" (also known as "Tianxia County Map") and so on. Shen Kuo was a Jiayou Jinshi who had done jixian school theory and history museum review. In the second year of Hehe (1055), donghai county was vacant, and Shen Kuo was ordered to take his place.
In 1072, he used the hierarchical weir method to measure the water level difference of the 800-mile canal, and the accuracy had reached "minutes" (about 3 mm). Shen Kuo shanghun instrument, scenery table, floating leak (astronomical, measuring, timing instrument), Zhao Wei Pu zao new calendar, in 1075 Shen Kuo was envoyed to the side (to inspect the border with the Khitan border), in 1076 Shen Kuo was instructed to compile the "Shou Ling Map", after twelve years of hard work, five drafts, in 1087 compiled into the "Shou Ling Tu" (also known as "Tianxia County Map"). Among them, from 1080 to 1082, he served as a governor of Zhizhou (present-day Yan'an) and also served as a slightly pacificated envoy of Yanzhou (鄜延路). Shen Kuo's "Mengxi Pen Talk" records many important contents and information in geography, geology and maps. For example, it is recorded that he found fish and mussel fossils on the mountains in northern Shaanxi, recorded "oil", recorded the Yun Mengze in Hubei, the mirage in the East China Sea, the earthquake, the dragon wind, etc., and also recorded the compass "often slightly east, not all south." He found that the magnetic declination angle was more than 400 years earlier than in Europe, and he was the first to make three-dimensional maps from wax and wood chips. He compiled and drew a total of 20 "Shou Ling Maps", including 1 large picture, 1 small map, and 18 various road maps. In 1088, he was rewarded by Emperor Zhezong of Song, and the following year Shen Kuo's "Shou Ling Tu" was awarded nationwide. Shen Kuo is recognized worldwide as a famous scientist of the Song Dynasty of China.
2. Introduction to the "Nine Domains Shou Ling Map" stele
In the 1950s, I saw the complete "Nine Domains Shouling Map" stele at the Confucian Temple in Rongxian County, Sichuan. The stele is on the west side of the north wall of the Dacheng Hall of the Temple of Literature, more than two meters high, and the inscription on the forehead of the stele is the pattern of the Erlong Play Bead and the fist dajie book "Nine Domains Shou Ling Tu". In the middle of the stele is a map marked with the positions of east, west, south and north, and the lower part of the map is a map about the size of a walnut, which is heavily weathered. In 1964, the Sichuan Provincial Museum (now the Sichuan Museum) was missing the stele and the base of the stele. In 1987, I borrowed a rubbing of the stele, and I only had maps and drawings, not the stele. That's when I started to draw the map, changing the yin map to a yang map. This was easy to modify and clearer, and at the same time began the restoration, analysis and research of the "Nine Domains Keeping Order Map" stele. In 3 years, I consulted more than ten kinds of documents, such as "Rongxian Zhi" (Qianlong and the Republic of China), "Jiading Fu Zhi", "Yuanfeng Jiuyu Zhi" (Song Dynasty Wang Cun), "Yuhai" (Song Dynasty Wang Yinglin), "Mengxi Pen Talk" (Shen Kuo), "Song History" (Yuan Dynasty Detachment), "Song Hui Essential Compilation", "Science History Collection" 1980 No. 3 Series, and began to write papers. The stele of the Nine Domains Shou Ling Tu was carved and erected by Emperor Changzong of the Northern Song Dynasty in the third year of Xuanhe (1121). The back of the stele is engraved with the two characters of "Lianyu", which is the book of Shi Weijian of Shaoxing Jiweimei Mountain, and Xue Zhongyong of The East of the County. It shows that the stele still stands on Lianyu Mountain (that is, the place where the Temple of Literature was built in Qianlong later, north of the sports field of the present-day RongXian Middle School during the Shaoxing period of the Southern Song Dynasty). The size of the stele in the "Nine Domains Shouling Map" is based on the size recorded in the "Chronicle of Jiading Province" and the size of the actual map, map, and embedded part of the stele in the Sichuan Provincial Museum, and the size of the stele that is spliced together. The height of the stele is 154 cm (2 cm above the figure, 128 cm high on the map, and 24 cm in the figure), the actual stele is 21 cm, and it is estimated that the height of the stele is 38 cm, the width of the stele is 112 cm, the width of the figure is 101 cm, and the left and right sides are 5.5 cm, and the cornerstone of the stele no longer exists. The thickness of the stele is 19 cm, and there are 3 ×3×6 cm mortise holes at the midline of 28 cm on both sides of the top of the stele, which indicates that there is a stele (the provincial museum curator Jacques personally measured), and the picture is vertically arranged, a total of 42 lines, full of 10 characters. The chart (with reference to the county chronicle and prefectural chronicle, with punctuation) is as follows:
According to Ban Gu's "Geographical Chronicle": The Yellow Emperor Fang Wanli, painting wild sub-prefectures, and obtaining the ten thousand areas of the country of a hundred miles. Yao was flooded, and the world was divided into twelve states. Yuping water and soil, still made Kyushu, column five. Zhou Jue was of the fifth rank, from the duke to the vassal Gai Qian eight hundred kingdoms. The Zhou Dynasty declined, the princes turned to destroy Lingyi, and as for the Warring States, the world was divided into seven. Qin merged with the four seas, changed the ancient system, and began as a county. More Han and Jin split, to the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen, the world under the heavens merged into one, Fan County 170, county 1,200. Tang Gaozu changed the county to a prefecture, Ran Haiyu was initially determined, the power system was a prefecture, And Emperor Taizong began to merge with the province, dividing the world into ten provinces, and by the time of the Kaiyuan Dynasty, there were eight out of three hundred and twenty and five hundred and seventy-three counties. And five generations of mourning, separated from the ten kingdoms, the number of counties can not be questioned. Saint Song Longfei, the world is restored and one, so far for more than a hundred years, during which the abolition of the prefecture and county is not common, the inheritance of the imperial dynasty "Shou Ling Tu" several copies, but its abolition of the county, many have not been corrected, and the state and county are looking forward to it, rarely detailed. Today, it is based on the Chronicle of the Nine Domains. I would like to follow Zhiyun: Within a state, the first state seal, the second and the side counties, lift each other up, and confuse each other. Total Twenty-five Roads, Jingfu Four, Subfu Ten, Prefecture Two Hundred and Forty-Two, Army Thirty-Seven, Prison Four, County One Thousand One Hundred and Twenty-Five. Zhizhi contains its own division between east and west, south and north, and is corrected by the rare book, and because of the order, it is named after the Imperial Dynasty's "Nine Domains Shou Ling Map". It is like Shao Shengjian recovering the state county, many people who do not carry it, do not know the evidence, so they do not record the clouds. Xuanhe three years, the year of the year of the ugly November Nong Peng Shuo eight days of the emperor asked the doctor to know rongzhou junzhou guan gou shen xiao yu qing wanshou palace and manage the internal persuasion of agriculture to give purple gold fish bag right heavy standing stone. Minister Song Changzong.
On the back of the stele of the Nine Domains Shou LingTu, there are two large characters of "Lian Yu" about half a meter square. The fallen section is "Shaoxing Jiwei Meishan Shi Wei Jian and Book, Gun Shou He Dong Xue Zhongyong" (Note: Xue Zhongyong was supplemented according to the "Rong County Chronicle"), indicating that during the Southern Song Dynasty Shaoxing, the "Nine Domains Shou Ling Map" stele still stood on Lianyu Mountain (north of the playground of the present-day Rong County Middle School) northwest of Rongzhou City. During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, when Rong County moved to build the Temple of Literature, the stele of the Nine Domains Shou lingtu was placed in the west of the north wall of the Dacheng Hall. There was originally a "spirit coffin" stele on the north wall of the East Fu Corridor of the RongXian Confucian Temple. The next paragraph is Shen Boyi's book. The "Chronicle of Rong County" reads: "Boyi, Bracket also." It was the fourth year of Chongning (1105) in the middle of the official Rong (county order). On the back of this stele is a stele of Yang Zhongshu, which was smashed during the Cultural Revolution.
By the way, the author once saw that in the east of the north wall of the Dacheng Hall of the Rongxian Confucian Temple, there is a stele of the "Square Object Map" painted by Li Tao of the Southern Song Dynasty, which is about one meter high and about tens of centimeters wide. The base map of the stele is a map of the Song Dynasty, engraved with the Yellow River, the Yangtze River and the coastline, as well as the names of the prefectures. Property symbols include rice, wheat, millet, beans, cotton, silk and so on. Remember that there is a cotton symbol near Yeongju. Li Tao was a native of Danlin County, a historian, and an official in Rong County. He carved the "Square Object Diagram" for teaching in the palace. The monument was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution.
3. Shen Kuo's "Shou Ling Tu" and Rong Zhou's "Nine Domain Shou Ling Tu" stele
1． The name is the same
Tao Yuanming
Shen Kuo was instructed to compile and draw the "Shou Ling Map", also known as "Tianxia Prefecture County Map" and "Tianxia County Map". RongXian "Nine Domains Shouling Map" stele, also known as "Nine Domain Map" stele, "Shou Ling Tu" stele. It's all "Political District Map".
2． The content is consistent and based on the same basis
The "Shou Ling Map" compiled by Shen Kuo was compiled and drawn according to the "Chronicle of the Nine Domains". It must reflect the contents of the government, prefecture, army, supervision, county and other political districts contained in the contents of the Nine Domains Chronicle in order to be called the "Shou Ling Map".
In 1121, Rongzhou Taishou Song Changzong carved the stone according to the "Ancestral Imperial Dynasty Shouling Map", and at the same time according to the "Nine Domains Chronicle" after correcting the "Nine Domains Shouling Map", and also fully reflected the content of the Northern Song Dynasty's governments, prefectures, military, supervisors, counties and other political districts on the map, and then named the Imperial Dynasty "Nine Domain Shouling Map".
3． The map scales are basically consistent
Shen Kuo's "Shou Ling Map" counts 1 large map, 1 small map, and 18 zhulu maps, for a total of 20 paintings. The large figure is one foot tall and two feet wide, and the ratio of height to width is 1.2:1. The small drawing is not marked with the size, it should be consistent with the large drawing, but the smaller size is suitable for issuance. The road map need not be said here. The map size of the Nine Domains Shou ling map is 128 cm high and 101 cm wide, and the height-width ratio is about 1.3:1. Although it does not completely match the ratio of height and width of Shen Kuo's large map, it is very close. Because the ancient rubbing paper is used for rice paper, the weaving and painting is used for rice paper, and the size of rice paper is often not large enough, it must be spliced, and after using ink rubbing and manual drawing, it will be telescopic and deformed, and the longitudinal and transverse deformation ratios are inconsistent, which will inevitably increase the error. However, 1.2:1 and 1.3:1 are quite close, which is why the proportions of the Nine Domains Shou ling map and shen Kuo's shou ling map do not fully match but basically match.
In addition, I calculated that the area of the Nine Domains Shou Ling Map was equivalent to one-ninth of the area of the large map of Shen Kuo's Shou Ling Map. That is to say, the area of the small map of Shen Kuo's "Shou Ling Tu" is one-ninth of the area of the large map of the Shou Ling Tu.
4． Other relevant corroboration
(1) Haizhou Donghai County exaggerated painting. In 1055, Shen Kuo was vacant due to the vacancy of Donghai County, and took the place of Donghai County;
(2) Yongxing Junlu (in present-day Shaanxi) reflects more accurately. This is not unrelated to Shen Kuo's 1080-1082 Zhiyan Prefecture and the slight pacification of the Yanlu Road and his previous orders to press the edge, and his familiarity with the place;
(3) The Jian Hu of Liangzhe Road is exaggerated. This is inseparable from Shen Kuo's reputation as a native of Qiantang, Hangzhou, and The famous Zhijian Lake during the Tang and Song dynasties;
(4) The Sichuan water system and the prefectures, prefectures, military, supervisors, and counties are quite accurate. In the first year of Kangding, Shen Kuo's father Shen Zhou served as the commander of Pingquan County in Jianzhou, and Shen Kuo followed his father to Shu;
(5) The mirages, dragons, tides, earthquakes, whirlwinds, Yellow River diversions, Shamen Island, Lingzhou salt wells, sea boats, dragon boats, etc. described by Shen Kuo in the "Mengxi Pen Talk" are often reflected in the "Shouling Map".
(6) The Leap Year map system of the Song Dynasty followed the Sui Dynasty's "Puzhao Heavenly Counties, a map of their customs and properties, on the Shang Shu." In the Tang Dynasty, the system of making maps every three or five years had both the provisions for states to submit local maps to the central government every leap year, and the system for the central government to issue national maps to the states and "order the prefectures to keep them in their possession, and record them according to the book for each leap year." Only then did Emperor Xuanhe of Song Changzong of Zhirong Prefecture in the third year have people carve the stele of the Nine Domains Shou LingTu. It was only nine hundred years later that we had the privilege of seeing the true face of the national political district map during the Northern Song Dynasty
IV. Conclusion
The "Nine Domains Shouling Map" is based on the "several copies of the "Shouling Map" issued by the imperial court, that is, the "Shouling Map" compiled by Shen Kuo Fengzhi, or the "Nine Domain Shouling Map" preserves the original basic appearance of the small map of the "Shouling Map" compiled by Shen Kuo.
In other words, it means that the 20 "Shouling Maps" ("Tianxia Counties and Counties Map") compiled by the Northern Song Dynasty scientist Shen Kuo in 1076 and compiled in 1087 did not completely disappear, but the small map of the "Shouling Map" was preserved because after the imperial court issued to the states, the Rongzhou Taishou Song Changzong "corrected it with a good book, and because of the order, the famous "Nine Domain Shou Ling Map" stele named after the Imperial Dynasty's "Nine Domain Shou Ling Map" was preserved. This monument is now 900 years old. As a surveyor and cartographer and cartographer, I studied the "Nine Domains Shouling Map" stele for 33 years, the purpose of which was to find Shen Kuo's "Shouling Map" (that is, "Tianxia County Map"), so that Shen Kuo's "Tianxia County Map" came out of the erroneous conclusion of the Yuan Dynasty and escaped the "History of Song".
Source: Tuzhi Sichuan
Text/Photo: Wan Bang (78 years old, former senior engineer and cartographer of Chengdu Map Publishing House)
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