The Jurchens were an ancient people of southern China whose range of activities was roughly in today's Yunguichuan and Liangguang regions. They are of the same ethnic group as the ancient Pu and The Servants, who lived in the Jiannan Plateau and the upper reaches of the Min River in southern Sichuan during the pre-Qin Dynasty, and were the common ancestors of today's ethnic minorities such as the Mulam, Buyi, Dong, and Shui.
Today's descendants
By the Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the main areas of activity of the Jurchens were squeezed by the Han and continued to move south. By the time of the Tang Dynasty, the Jurchen clans in the southwest region began to diverge, forming three large tribes. The first is the Jiannan officials in Zhengzhou, which are distributed in Jiannan Province, and have close contact with the Han people; The second was the mountainous areas distributed in Zhengzhou, and the control of the imperial court was relatively loose; The third is the various departments of the staff distributed in the governor's mansion of Yongzhou and the protectorate of Annam in Lingnan Province.
First, the basic situation of the Tang Dynasty's staff
The Tubo and Nanzhao regimes, located in the southwest and at the same time as the Tang Dynasty, posed a great threat to the territory of the tang dynasty's southwest region. In order to resist this threat, the Tang Dynasty set up the governor's mansion in the southwest region, set up the Qiang prefecture in the minority areas, and established the Annam Du Protectorate and the three governors' mansions of RongZhou, YaoZhou, and Yaozhou to ensure the security of the southwest frontier.
Staff
The Jurchens were an important ethnic minority in the southwest region of the Tang Dynasty, and managing them well was of great significance to the stability of the frontier areas of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty adopted different governance methods for the officials in different regions, and adopted the national unified policy of Zhengzhou to govern the Jiannan officials living in the Sichuan Basin; For Ge Yuan, who live in the mountains of Zhengzhou, flexible policy governance is adopted to meet their political and economic demands as much as possible; For those in remote areas, the system of bondage was used, and while satisfying their political demands, if they were still in confrontation with the imperial court, they were resolved by means of military strikes.
Most of the Jiannan officials of the Tang Dynasty lived in bazhou, Meizhou, Yizhou and other areas with many Han people, these states and counties were the Zhengzhou of the Tang Dynasty, and there were many Han people, and the officials living in these places were incorporated into the administrative system of the country by the Tang Dynasty, and the officials in these areas were politically synchronized with the local Han nationality and jointly accepted the governance of Zhengzhou officials. This approach is conducive to both the management of the state and the development of the staff themselves. Therefore, the Jiannan people living in these areas were gradually assimilated by the Han people, and merged with the Han people in history to become a part of today's Han people.
The '''Hole'' in the Life of the People
The group of Officials living in the Lingnan region is mainly Dongbian, and they are a powerful ethnic group among the Jurchens. They are called ''Dong'' because they live as tribes and live surrounded by mountains on all sides, forming an isolated and isolated plain. They called this small plain '''' so ''
Second, the political governance of the Tang Dynasty to the People
In the Tang Dynasty, Lingnan Province had jurisdiction over five governorates, including Guangzhou, Guizhou, Rongzhou, Yongzhou, and Jiaozhou, collectively known as the "Five Pipes of Lingnan". One of their main tasks was to control the barbarians and other ethnic minorities in the Lingnan region.
Li Jing, the God of War of the Tang Dynasty
In the fourth year of Wude in the Tang Dynasty, Li Yuan ordered Li Jing to be the envoy of Lingnan Xuanwei, passing through Lingnan. By the following year, Chang Zhen, Deng Wenjin, Ning Xuan, Li Hui, Feng Ang, and other separatist forces that were entrenched in the Lingnan region had all fallen. The Tang Dynasty's approach to the governance of ethnic minorities in the Lingnan region was "that is, their tribes were listed in prefectures and counties. Its greater one is the Governor's Mansion, and its chief is the Governor and the Assassin History, all of which are hereditary, and the name is "Qiangyun".
Among these separatist forces that surrendered and surrendered, Chang Zhen was the leader of the Jurchens and the largest political force in the Lingnan region at that time. The Old Book of Tang records that ''(Changzhen) descended from the land of Ningyue and Yulin, and began to pass through the prefectures of Jiaojiao and Aishu'.' Li Yuan appointed the governor of Zhenqin Prefecture, with his son Changchun as the History of The Thorns of LianZhou, and his clan Daoming as the History of the Thorns of Nanyue Prefecture, which produced a great consequential effect among the leaders of ethnic minorities in the entire southwest region. Shen Xun, Ouyang Shipu, and Yuan Lan, who were fellow officials, surrendered to the Tang Dynasty and accepted the rule of the Tang Dynasty, bringing peace to the southwest region.
The chief of the staff is Long Zhen
After Changzhen submitted to the Tang Dynasty, he devoted himself to the unity of the nationalities and actively contributed to the stability of the southwest frontier of the Tang Dynasty. In the seventh year of Wu De, his people, Shi Daoming of Nanyue Prefecture, and Feng Xuan, the leader of Gao prefectures, occupied Nanyue Prefecture and rebelled, and Chang Zhen personally led his troops to kill Dao Ming and others, quelling the rebellion. Under the efforts of Chang Zhen and his son Ning Zhao, who succeeded him as governor, Lingnan became an area effectively controlled by the central government of the Tang Dynasty. Although the Tang Dynasty adopted a dualistic approach to governance, and the officials were still governed by their leaders, they were since incorporated into the Unified Multi-ethnic State Management System of the Tang Dynasty.
3. The Social and Economic Management of the Tang Dynasty over the Staff
In addition to the administrative dualization of management, the Tang Dynasty also carried out a certain degree of management of the southwest region' staff in economic and social terms. According to the "General Codex - Food And Goods Codex": "According to the system, the Lingnan states tax rice: one stone and two buckets in the upper household, eight buckets in the second household, and six buckets in the lower household. If you are a beast, you will lose from half a ''' The Tang Hui Jiao also records: "All households are taxed from half a tax. Where water and drought insects are injured, four of the ten losses have been free of rent, six have been exempted from adjustment, and seven have been exempted from school service. That is to say, in the Tang Dynasty, the officials also had to pay taxes, but basically only half of the taxes paid by the Han Chinese. These taxes were collected by the chiefs of the staff (similar to the local officials of later generations) and handed over to the central government in a unified manner.
Villages of The People
Judging from the available data, the Tang Dynasty's staff paid half of the taxes paid by the Han people, which was limited to a few states and counties with a high degree of enlightenment, and most of the staff groups had a low level of economic development, self-sufficiency was not guaranteed, and it was impossible to pay taxes. The rulers of the Tang Dynasty also noticed this problem, so in the process of implementing expropriation, they also often imposed reductions and exemptions on their staff, and this reduction and reduction was basically adhered to from the beginning of the Tang Dynasty to the end of the Tang Dynasty. For example, the "General Code" stipulates: "'Those who surrender to foreign people, for ten years'", that is to say, from the beginning of becoming a household Qimin, they do not have to pay taxes for ten years, so the Tang Dynasty's tax management of the staff is still relatively relaxed.
In addition to taxation, the Tang Dynasty also carried out social management of the Staff. Due to historical reasons, the phenomenon of human trafficking in the group of officials is very rampant, which directly affects the control and control of the population by the central government, and greatly reduces the stability of the land on which the population depends. Therefore, the Tang Dynasty promulgated the "Edict on Prohibiting the Sale of Lingnan Goods to Men and Women" in the Lingnan region where the people lived in Lingnan: "If the people living in the prefectures outside the Wenling Mountains are in the same custom as the Yi beasts, the fire is cultivated and the water is scarce, the day is hungry, and they are forced to collect taxes, then the goods are sold to men and women, and the adulterers take advantage of them, and believe in their profits." 'Therefore, the central authorities have put down the ban on the people, 'Forbidden the people's traitors and sellers, and insisted on condemning them in order to eliminate their harm.'' Thereafter, it is strictly forbidden, and if the chief official violates it, he will be punished. Through these prohibitions, although the phenomenon of human trafficking among the staff cannot be eradicated, this social atmosphere has been curbed to a certain extent.
Fourth, conflicts in cultural integration
Because there are historical and cultural differences between the Han and the Yi people, there is a historical process of the Han people accepting the Han rule of the Tang Dynasty from not adapting to adapting, in this process, the two sides will inevitably cause cultural conflicts due to cultural differences, which is manifested in the political ecology is the resistance struggle of the Xiang people.
Datang Pingnan Map
In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, when Bazhou, Meizhou, Hongzhou, Yazhou and other prefectures were set up in the Jiannan Zhuju distribution area, some officials rebelled. According to records, at that time, the number of "Kou riot prefectures" was different. Wang Duoxin of Bazhou rebelled, and the governor of LiangZhou, Pang Wu, rebelled, and the governor of Liang Prefecture, Fuyang and Baishi County, broke the yu party Fuyang and Baishi county officials. Later, Meizhou rebelled, and Yizhou Xingtai Guo Xingfang was greatly broken. Soon after, Hong and Ya'er prefectures were broken, and five thousand men and women were captured. It was the year, and the Yizhou officials also rebelled, and the Governor Dou Rail asked to attack it. ''
These revolts and insurrections were not entirely caused by the unilateral causes of the staff. Many officials in the Tang Dynasty who governed the prefecture regarded themselves as heavenly rulers, looked down on their colleagues in their bones, and often liked to adopt simple and rude high-pressure measures when dealing with ethnic affairs, thus stimulating ethnic contradictions. Therefore, after several incidents of rebellion by the people, Tang Taizong personally issued an edict to the officials who governed the prefecture, saying: "'The officials are in danger of the mountains, and they should be gracious and trustworthy. Intimidation of the soldiers, and parents Yiye?'' After Li Shimin's repeated admonitions and serious handling of a number of corrupt officials who oppressed the staff, the contradictions between the two sides eased somewhat, and from the time of Emperor Gaozong, the resistance of the staff was rare.
Most of the officials lived in the mountains, the economy was relatively backward, and once they encountered local Officials of the Tang Dynasty who colluded with the leaders of the Staff and corrupted the law, they often rebelled. For example, during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, when Lu Zhan, the assassin of Changzhou, distributed relief grain and rice, he released grain in small buckets, and half of the staff could not get half of it, and the other half was embezzled by Lu Zhan and the local staff leaders. Under the leadership of Shi Ai, the officials attacked the granaries of Changzhou, Zifa, and Tongzhou, and robbed the government of grain and rice, and the Tang Dynasty had to send troops to suppress it. Jiannan Jiedu had Liu Zhongying personally summon Shi Ai and remove Lu Zhan from his post, which quelled the rebellion.
Quell the Tang army in rebellion
After the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty's national strength weakened, its rule over the southwest region declined, and there were also many incidents in which some chieftains among the staff united against the Tang Dynasty. The Xiyuan region rebelled under the leadership of its leader Huang Shi, repeatedly defeating the forces sent by the Tang Mu Sect to suppress them, and it was not completely pacified until the time of Tang Wenzong.
Fifth, the significance of governing the People of The Tang Dynasty
During the Tang Dynasty, it was a period of rapid development of the southwest region. The Tang Dynasty adopted the dual governance model of one hand and one carrot and one stick, set up administrative regions under the unified system, and incorporated the southwest region inhabited by the staff into the territory of the Tang Dynasty, and the Officials also received effective governance from the court, which was of historical significance for the stability of the tang dynasty's border areas and the expansion of its territory.
Under the administration of the Tang Dynasty, some of the Han people who mixed with the Han people were gradually assimilated by the Han people and became members of the Han family. Another part of the staff also broke through the restrictions of the tribe and developed towards the path of forming a single ethnic group, gradually forming today's ethnic minorities such as the Mulam and the Buyi. In the process of accepting the rule of the Tang Dynasty, the Officials also learned the advanced technology and culture of the Han people, although there were some discordant factors in the exchange of this culture, but this was only a period of cultural acceptance and adaptation and cultural conflict, and the final result was that the People of the Han Dynasty bid farewell to the history of slash-and-burn cultivation and embarked on a civilized society.
The great unification of the Tang Dynasty
The residential areas in the southwest region are connected to the borders of Nanzhao and Tubo, and their strategic position is important. Through the governance of the Jurchens, the Tang Dynasty consolidated the stability of the frontier areas, and also gave the Tangs the historical opportunity to develop together with other ethnic groups in China, which was of great significance to the development of the Jurchens and of great significance to the formation of a unified multi-ethnic state in the Tang Dynasty.
References: "Biography of Wei Shu", "New Book of Tang, Biography of Nan Man"