Chen Baisha had a great influence on Guangzhou Academy
Qu Dajun, the sage of Southern Guangdong, once said that Lingnan culture "began to burn in the Han Dynasty, blazed in the Tang dynasty and song, and illuminated in the four directions of the Ming Dynasty."
This is indeed the case. After the middle of the Ming Dynasty, with the southward shift of the economic center, the academic center also gradually moved south, and the Lingnan culture finally spewed out, emitting a mighty light and shining in all directions.
At the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, governments, prefectures, and counties all set up official schools, while the development of academies stagnated. This situation lasted from the beginning of Hongwu to the Hongzhi period (1368-1505), when Emperor Mingxiaozong confessed: "There is no academy system in this dynasty. ”
In those 137 years, in addition to the reconstruction of the Lianxi Academy destroyed at the end of the Yuan Dynasty in Yaozhou, only one new academy was opened in Guangzhou, that is, the Chongzheng Academy opened in the second year of the Ming Dynasty (1437). The academy was originally the Lianxi Ancestral Hall, and the site of the courtyard was the back street of the capital at that time, which was a government-run academy.
It was also at this time that a cultural giant appeared in Guangdong - Chen Xianzhang. It is precisely because of his appearance that Lingnan culture has ascended to the center of the Chinese cultural stage, and only after the middle of the Ming Dynasty did the miracle of Guangzhou Academy being in a blowout shape.
Chen Xianzhang (陈献章), courtesy name Gongfu, was a native of Baishali, Xinhui County, Guangzhou Province (present-day Baisha Subdistrict, Pengjiang District, Jiangmen City, Guangdong Province), known as "Mr. Baisha". He was an outstanding thinker, educator, calligrapher, and poet of the Ming Dynasty, and the only Confucian in the Lingnan region to worship Confucius.
Chen Xianzhang was the founding father of the Ming Dynasty's mind science and had a great influence in the country. In the nineteenth year of Chenghua (1483), Emperor Mingxianzong ordered Chen Xianzhang to enter Beijing, and when passing through Guangzhou, the people of Guangzhou welcomed him in the middle of the road, and thousands of onlookers. Historical records record: "Baisha was first recruited to Guangdong, the car was from the south of the city to fantai, tens of millions of viewers, hundreds of dozens of people who looked at it, women and children in the city, all called 'Chen Daotong', and its touching people were. ”
According to legend, Chen Xianzhang once lived in Guangzhou, and there is still a place name called "Baisha Ju" on Beijing Road in Guangzhou. He also lectured at the Xitai Jingshe near the Nanhai Temple, and wrote poems such as "Yuri Pavilion Cidongpo Rhyme". Although Chen Xianzhang had never run a college in Guangzhou, his ideas had a huge impact on the academies in Guangzhou and even in lingnan.
Zhan Ruoshui uses the academy as a base to promote "heart learning"
Zhan Ruoshui is another cultural giant that appeared in the Lingnan region after Chen Xianzhang in the Ming Dynasty.
Liu Boji, a close friend, said in "The Evolution of the Guangdong Academy System": "Since Zhengde... The greatest meritorious person who advocated the atmosphere of the academy was Wang Yangming in Lingbei and Zhanruoshui in Lingnan. Wang Yangming learned from conscience, traveled between Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, and the academy was full of prosperity. If Zhan Ruoshui's life footprints go, he will build a college to worship the white sand. For this reason, the academy system flourished with the influence of the development of science. ”
The blowout period of the Ming Dynasty Academy began during the Zhengde period and reached its peak during the Jiajing and Wanli years. Wang Yangming had the greatest influence on the academies in the Lingbei region; the prosperity of the lingnan academies was the greatest contribution to Zhanruoshui. If Zhan Ruo is a high-level student, he will build a college to gather disciples to give lectures, and build a White Sand Shrine in the academy.
The reason why Zhan Ruoshui "built a academy to worship the white sand" is, on the one hand, because Chen Xianzhang is his mentor, so he uses the ancestral hall to express his nostalgia and gratitude for Chen Xianzhang. On the other hand, it is to carry forward the study of the heart, cultivate talents, and change customs and customs.
Zhan Ruoshui, Ziyuan Ming, Table Character Minze, Number Ganquan. Chenghua was born in the second year (1466) in Shabei Village, Ganquandu (present-day Xintang, Zengcheng, Guangzhou). He lost his father at an early age, was raised by his mother, began to enroll at the age of fourteen, and went to Guangzhou at the age of sixteen to study.
In the fifth year of Hongzhi (1492), Zhan Ruoshui successfully passed the township examination, but unfortunately the next year's meeting could not be tried. At this time, he did not choose to continue to prepare for the exam, but was introduced to Chen Xianzhang's door and performed the disciple ceremony.
Under the careful teaching of Chen Xianzhang, Zhan Ruoshui suddenly became enlightened, enlightened for three years, put forward the purpose of "embodying heavenly truth everywhere", and advocated that heavenly truth can be recognized everywhere. Chen Xianzhang said happily: "The daily use of heaven is embodied everywhere, and with this whip, why can't it be the best place of the ancients." So he used the Jiangmen Fishing Platform as a mantle and passed it on to Zhanruoshui. And gave a poem: "Mo Dao golden needle does not pass on, Jiangmen wind and moon fishing platform deep." ”
In the eighteenth year of Hongzhi (1505), Zhan Ruoshui once again participated in the examination and entered the high school, and successively served as the nanjing guozi supervisor of wine, the Nanjing libu shangshu, the official shangshu, and the bingbu shangshu. The official zhizheng erpin did not return to his hometown until he was 75 years old.
The ruins of Lotus Academy, photo by Deng Weiguo
How many academies has Zhan Ruoshui created?
Although Zhan Ruoshui was a high official of the imperial court, he seemed to be more inclined to the latter in terms of the "trade-off" between famous courtiers and Shuo Ru. His main achievements in life were his educational and lecturing activities.
The history books record that Zhan Ruoshui "lived a devoted and diligent life, taught disciples everywhere, taught every day without learning, and disappeared from the world from the tourists." His life education activities can generally be divided into four periods:
1. After Zhan Ruoshui passed the entrance examination, he gave a lecture in the capital. At that time, Wang Yangming was also lecturing in The Capital, and the two were in charge of the altar.
After the age of 50, Zhan Ruoshui took advantage of the opportunity of guarding the funeral of his mother in his hometown for three years to build Yungu Academy and Dake College in Xiqiao Mountain, and personally enrolled students to give lectures.
3. After passing the age of Hua Jia and before retirement, Zhan Ruoshui mainly lectured in Nanjing.
4. After retirement and before his death, Zhan Ruoshui traveled all over the country to give lectures.
How many academies did Zhan Ruoshui create in his lifetime? Some say more than twenty, some say more than thirty, and some say more than forty. According to Qu Dajun's Guangdong Xinyu, Zhan Ruoshui built thirty-three academies in his lifetime:
"In Shabei Township, there are Ganquan, Dugang and Liandongguan Valleys. In Zengcheng and Longmen, there are Mingcheng and Longtanguan Valley. In Yuhuicheng (Guangzhou), there are Tianguan, Xiaoyu, Baiyun, Shangtang and Pujianguan Valley. In Xiqiao, there are Dake, Cloud Valley, and Tianjieguan Valley. Luofu has Zhu Ming, Qingxia, and Tianhuaguan Valley. Qujiang has Hat Peak, and Yingde has Qingxi and Lingquanguan Valley. Nandu has Shinsen, Tongjin, and Huihuaguan Valley. Liyang has Zhanggong Cave Mouth and Ganquanguan Valley. Yangzhou has a city out-of-town nest and a Ganquan Mountain Pavilion Valley. Chizhou has Jiuhua Mountain and Zhonghuaguan Valley. In Huizhou, there are Fukuyama and Doosan Kate valleys. Wuyi has six cacti and one song Wang Zhanhui Lecture Hall Valley. Nanyue has the Ziyunguan Valley. ”
"Guan Gu" means to live in its pavilion and eat its valley, which means to provide students with food and accommodation. Zhan Ruoshui was the supreme secretary of the water, and usually lived a simple life, but when he established a college, he did not hesitate and poured out his bags.
Under his efforts and drive, Lingnan College has sprung up like mushrooms. During this period, the development speed of Lingnan College was amazing, and the number of colleges jumped to the third place in the country, second only to Jiangxi and Zhejiang.
Personally formulate the rules of the college
In the fourteenth year of Zhengde (1519), Zhan Ruoshui founded the Dake Academy in DakeFeng, Xiqiao Mountain, Nanhai, and personally formulated the rules of the academy, the "Dake Discipline Rules".
As an educator, Zhan Ruoshui's educational ideas are concentrated in the "Discipline of The Great Science".
The full text of the "Great Science Discipline" is about 6,000 words, a total of 61 articles. It includes four parts: "Dake Discipline Order", "Narrative Rules", "Discipline Map", and "Dake Shutang Training". In view of the problems existing in students' learning, he specifically explained the rules of how students should aspire, how to work hard, and how to manage their lives.
How should students aspire? The "Discipline of the Great Science" stipulates: "In order to learn, all students must first aspire, if the person who makes the room first knows his base site, it is okay." Those who aspire to the Tao, who are determined to do so, are respectful. Zhan Ruoshui takes the analogy of building a house first to lay a good foundation, requiring students to make up their minds before learning, and to "aspire to the Tao" is not to be able to do so, the Tao is the Heavenly Principle, and after the establishment, they can practice the Law that embodies the Heavenly Principle.
How should students work? The "Discipline of the Great Science" points out: "All beings must work hard and embody the Heavenly Principle everywhere." Zhan Ruoshui requires students to "embody heavenly principles" with their hearts, at will, with their bodies, with their homes, with the country, and with the world, and to focus on "embodying heavenly principles" in their daily work.
In terms of life management, the "Dake Discipline" requires students to be filial to their parents, respect teachers and leaders, and love friends. When all beings teach with the same teacher, when they get along, they must spur each other on, and they must abide by etiquette and righteousness in every word and deed.
In addition, Zhan Ruoshui disagreed with Chen Xianzhang's view that "the Tao Gou can be clear, why read more", required students to read more, and also stipulated the order of students' study of the Four Books: "Scholars must first read the Analects, the second "University", the second "Zhongyong", and the second "Mencius". ”
The "Dake Discipline Rules" regulate the devotion and daily life management of the students of Dake College, and also become Zhan Ruoshui's admonition to the students of the various colleges in the future.
Zengcheng South Fragrant Mountain surprised the ruins of Lotus Academy
The ruins of Lotus Academy, rao fangdong and Yu Hai
At the end of the Ming Dynasty, most of the academies built by Zhan Ruoshui with his life's painstaking efforts were demolished, and only one or two remained. By the Qing Dynasty and modern times, it was gone.
In 2016, archaeologists excavated the ruins of the Lotus Academy built by Zhan Ruoshui in his hometown according to documentary records in the middle of the southern foothills of The southern foothills of The xiangshan Mountain in Zengcheng.
Lotus Academy is the literature of Lotus Cave Academy.
Archaeologists confirmed that the site was the site of Lotus Academy because they had found a key piece of evidence. Among the relics excavated from the Lotus Academy that has been cleaned up, there is a red sandstone stele inscribed with "Otomi Chunquan Weng (Book)". Zhanruoshui is a ganquan, and the "quan weng" in the inscription refers to him. "Otomi" is the year, which is the twenty-fourth year of Ming Jiajing (1545), which coincides with the literature that the Lotus Cave Academy was built during the Jiajing period.
In addition, the layout structure of the academy is also consistent with the record of Zhan Ruoshui's "Records of the Creation of the Library in the Lotus Cave of Mount Eun Mei".
A few days ago, the reporter saw at the site of the Lotus Academy that the Lotus Academy was built according to the mountainous terrain and sat northwest to southeast. The building site is distributed on a five-level platform at the confluence of two streams, with a central axis symmetrical structure.
The five-stage platform rises from southeast to northwest, and the platforms are connected by steps on the central axis.
The first platform is the gate tower of the College; the second and third platforms may be the Students' Pavilion of the College; the fourth platform is the lecture hall of the College, flanked by wing corridors; the fifth platform is the main hall of the College and the left and right side halls, flanked by wing corridors extending from the fourth platform.
According to the literature, it took almost three years for Lotus College to be selected from site selection to completion. According to Zhan Ruoshui's own account, in order to build the Lotus Academy, he did not count gains and losses, and he did not hesitate to devote "one or two decades of income" to this end.
The stone carvings of "Sea Wide Sky" and "Zhanzi Cave" are well preserved
"Zhanzi Cave" cliff carving
A few tens of meters northwest of the site, there is a cliff carving of "Sea Wide Sky", and although the carving traces are slightly blurred, they are still clearly recognizable. The top of the stone is also engraved with the words "Middle Main Stone", which experts speculate should be related to the architectural layout of the College, which should be located on the central axis of the Lotus College building.
On the downhill path of the lotus academy site, there is a "Zhanzi Cave" cliff carving, judging from the handwriting, the three words "Zhanzi Cave" should be written by Zhan Ruoshui. Because the word "Cham" and the word "hole" were originally two "three points of water", that is, a total of "six points of water", but if you count carefully, you will find more "several points of water".
Why is this happening? This is because Zhan Ruoshui's mentor Chen Xianzhang is the best at writing with his own Maolong pen, and the most obvious feature of writing with Maolong pen is "flying white". Zhan Ruoshui also likes to write with Maolong pen, so the "three points of water" written out are different, and it looks like there are more "a few points of water".
According to reports, at present, the cultural relics and archaeology units are actively assisting the Zengcheng District Government and the Yongning Street Office to protect and utilize the ruins of Lotus College, and related projects are in full swing. It is believed that in the near future, the public will have the opportunity to walk into the best-preserved academy site in the Lingnan area of the Ming Dynasty.
"Sea wide sky" cliff stone carving Rao Fangdong Yu Hai photo
Anecdote: Zhan Ruoshui's oldest age student is 103 years old
Zhan Ruoshui has been lecturing for decades and has nearly 4,000 students. Not only peach and plum all over the world, but also cultivated a large number of cultural elites for the Lingnan region.
It is unbelievable that even the centenarians over the age of 100 have also invested in his disciples to study mind science.
According to the "Guangdong New Language", "Ganquan lectured on Tianguan, and there was a Jian Weng, who was three years old. And ask for the study, will perform the disciple's gift, Ganquan Fu also received. Yan Weng Zhong'ai Tang sat in the south direction, and he sat in the east direction to be binzhi. ...... When Ganquan was eighty-five years old, the viewer said that he was honored with three das, and modestly gave in, and he was old in the cloth of the ceremony, and he was sincerely the wind and clouds of those who had the Tao. ”
After Zhan Ruoshui retired, he built a Zhanjia Garden on Zhanjia Avenue near The Present-day Zhengfa Road in Guangzhou as a place for his retirement. In addition, a college called "Tianguan Jingshe" was built on the side of the house.
One day, a 103-year-old man surnamed Jane came to study and performed the disciple ceremony. Zhan Ruoshui hurriedly lifted him up and asked him to sit in the master's seat and sit in the guest seat himself. At this time, Zhan Ruoshui was 85 years old, and he was also a high-ranking official and a confucian, but he gave way to an old cloth, which was a good story for a while.
In addition, there are three old men over eighty years old, who are also studying under the Zhanruo Water Gate. One is li yangzhen, 82 years old; one is called Huang Shenzhai, 81 years old; one is called Wu Tengchuan, 80 years old. The three of them traveled together under the Ganquan Gate, and Zhan Ruoshui called them "Sanhao". He also wrote a poem for them: "Yang Zhen Shinsai and Fujikawa, Sanhao at the same time and my door." Eighty heads are true, and the old man's heart is still alive. ”
There was also an old man named Yuan You, who co-wrote Zhan Ruoshui's book "Mental Diagram" with Huang Shenzhai. Above the class, the teacher and the disciple are all eyebrows and cranes. At that time, some people painted Zhan Ruoshui and five old disciples together as a picture, called "Master and Disciple Six Hao Diagram".
Zhan Ruoshui is full of energy, and everywhere he goes, he lectures. At the age of 90, he was still on a trip to Nanyue. At the age of 94, he lectured at Longtan Academy in Longmen County, and when he lectured, he not only had a loud voice, but also played freely and thought quickly. Until the thirty-ninth year of Jiajing (1560), Zhan Ruoshui was 95 years old and was still lecturing at the Yushan Jingshe. But the years did not spare people, this year, Zhan Ruoshui died of illness in yushan Jingshe. When people heard the news of Zhan Ruoshui's death, "tens of thousands of people running inside and outside the city were weeping, and all the people at home and abroad were mourning." He was later buried in Tian silkworm ridge, and a few years later he was posthumously given the title of Prince Shaobao (太子少保) with the courtesy name "Wen Jian".
Evaluation: "The learning of Ganquan, the self-reliant also"
Although Zhan Ruoshui worshiped Chen Xianzhang as his teacher, he took a different path in scholarship and established himself as a sect. He and Wang Yangming held the altar together, but they were different. Therefore, in addition to the "Jiangmen Study Case", the "Ming Confucianism Case" is also set up as the "Ganquan Study Case". At that time, looking at the whole country, the "Ganquan Study" of Only Zhan Ruoshui could be compared with Wang Yangming's mental science. As the scholar Huang Zongxi said:
"The two families of Wang and Cham have their own purposes. Although the Cham disciples were not as prosperous as the Wang clan, they were those who studied in Cham at that time, or died in the king. Learn from the king, or die in Cham. Under the door of Yu Zhu (熹) and Lu (Jiu Yuan), they are also in and out of each other. ”
Wang Yangming and Zhan Ruoshui are close friends, and the two are like-minded and advocate the study of the heart. The first time the two met, they saw each other as before. Zhan Ruoshui said, "If Youshui looks around in all directions, you have never seen such a figure." Wang Yangming also said: "I ask for friends from the world, and I have never seen such a figure in thirty years." Wang Yangming spoke highly of Zhan Ruoshui's academic school, saying:
"The learning of the fountain, the self-satisfied." The world can not know, its knower, and suspect that it is Zen. The Ganquan, the disciples of the saints. ”
Ming Dynasty scholar Luo Hongxian commented on ZhanRuoshui:
"It spills like Lianxi (Zhou Dunyi), its gentleness resembles Ming Dao (Cheng Yi), its boldness resembles Yangming (Wang Yangming), and its self-satisfaction resembles White Sand (Chen Xianzhang)."
Qu Dajun commented on Zhan Ruoshui:
"In his lifetime, he is responsible for learning and raising talents, and where he goes, there are fine houses to support the fields, so that he can come to learn." Therefore, all the disciples who have been made have the knowledge of Mr. Li, so as to beautify themselves and benefit all people. Meng Shi takes pleasure in educating the world's talents, such as Mr. Meng, who can be said to have enjoyed itself. We are disciples of Confucius and Meng, noble and have a position, and we should take Mr. As the law. ”
Qu Dajun also said: "First Gan Quan was in the Beijing Division, and Yang Ming stressed the right learning, and the whole world calmly followed it. The Yangming sect is known as Zhejiang Zong, and the Ganquan sect is known as Guangzong. In the early days of Yang Ming, Ganquan was a man with a high lifespan, and the scholar came to the wind, and he was fortunate to have the door. Woohoo! It's a big deal. ”
Text: Guangzhou Daily Xinhuacheng reporter Zhong Kui
Photo: Guangzhou Daily And New Flower City reporter Zhong Kui (except for the signature)
Guangzhou Daily Xinhuacheng editor Dai Yujing