Yangzhou Ten Days, also known as Yangzhou Tucheng.
It refers to the inhumane treatment of the residents of Yangzhou who were desperately resisting when the Qing army went south
slaughter
Let's go. Because the massacre lasted for ten days, it was also called the Ten Days of Yangzhou.
According to some historical records, after the destruction of the city of Beijing, the Ming government did not completely collapse, but chose to go south and occupy half of southern China
Should be days
(present-day Nanjing) established the Ming Dynasty for the capital,
Historically known as the Southern Ming Dynasty. At this time, Yangzhou was within the control of the Southern Ming
First, the passage of the ten days in Yangzhou
In the first year of the Southern Ming Dynasty (1654), Nurhaci was the fifteenth son
Dodo
Led the Qing army south and killed all the way to Yangzhou.
The Ming dynasty official stationed in Yangzhou at this time was the famous patriotic general Shi Kefa.
At first, Dodo tried to get Shi Kefa to surrender mainly, supplemented by military means, but Shi Kefa refused to surrender. Therefore, the Qing government took military measures to forcibly capture the city of Yangzhou.
The war did not last long, surrounded by Qing troops
Yangzhou
It was only a week to yangzhou city. Yangzhou, at that time, had an important economic position, the economic development was good, and the income of the people as a whole was relatively high.
For such a rich area, the Manchu Qing army "did not kill enough to relieve hatred, did not rob the property is not enough to fill their own pockets", began to burn and loot the city of Yangzhou.
The Manchu Qing army can be described as mad, according to historical records, the Manchu Qing Dynasty
Post a notice
The way to assure the people of Yangzhou city that if they surrender their property, they will be spared. However, when the people really handed over their property, they were also killed by the Qing army.
They were in teams of 50 or 60 men, tied with ropes, and stabbed to death with spears.
Those who did not hand over their property were even more slaughtered.
Once they encounter the Hanmin of Yangzhou, they are killed regardless of age or child. The Qing army would also set fire to houses. For a time, the entire city of Yangzhou became a hell on earth, with rivers of blood flowing everywhere, and the corpses of the people of Yangzhou were lying everywhere, and some of the corpses were even more mutilated.
Because of the heavy rain, some of the residents whose houses were set on fire survived the heavy rain. In order to avoid being pursued and killed, some people hid in garbage heaps and ruins, and were also discovered by the Qing army and stabbed to death one by one.
On the sixth day after the destruction of the city, the Qing army received an order from King Yu to stop the massacre, and the Qing army began to take over.
However, some of the Qing troops had reached the point of madness and did not stop killing, and the Manchu Qing government did not effectively deal with these Qing troops.
On the tenth day, the massacre officially ended.
According to records, the slaughter of the city killed more than 800,000 people.
After the massacre, Duo Duo dedicated a total of 103 talented women in Yangzhou to the Qing rulers.
thereinto
Shunzhi
The emperor won ten,
Dolgun
Get three, Zilharan get three, and so on.
Two. Verification of the authenticity of the event
Did Yangzhou really exist in history on the Tenth Day? Because it occurred in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the history books recognized by everyone at this stage are Ming history.
There is no record of the Ten Days of Yangzhou in the history of the Ming Dynasty, but some other historical books have been found, such as Wang Xiuchu's "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou", "Yangzhou City Shou Ji Strategy", "Ming Ji Nan Luo" and so on.
In "Ci Hai", the Ten Days of Yangzhou are also included.
Among them, Wang Xiuchu's "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou" is the most detailed, but also the most objective and fair.
For the Yangzhou Ten Days Incident, there are mainly the following doubts in history:
The first doubt: whether Yangzhou Tucheng really exists.
The main representative of the denial of existence is the president of the Beijing Manchurian Society
Yan Chongnian
。 He believes that the Ten Days of Yangzhou are nothing. Because at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty and the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was no official record of the Ten Days of Yangzhou, and it was not moved out until the anti-Qing atmosphere was strong in the Guangxu period, which was obviously to create an atmosphere against the Qing.
However, most people recognize the existence of the Ten Days of Yangzhou.
The reason why there is no official record is also very reasonable. First of all, the ten days of Yangzhou is not a glorious thing, and secondly, the early Qing Dynasty daxing
literary inquisition
Articles and books of a neutral nature were burned, not to mention things that were not conducive to the Qing government.'
Wang Xiuchu did not only describe the barbaric behavior of the Qing army, but also criticized the incompetence of the Ming army and the indiscriminate killing of innocents. Some of the Ming army also participated in the massacre, and some relied on killing the people and cutting off their heads to pretend to be the heads of the Qing army to ask the Ming government for credit. Wang Xiuchu's "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou" is of great reference value.
At present, most people recognize the article and also believe that the Yangzhou Ten Days exist.
Another clue to the existence of the Ten Days of Yangzhou is that the Qing army carried out massacres more than once during the conquest of the Central Plains, including Zhenjiang, Guangzhou, Jiangyin, Jinhua, Changshu, Andeo many other cities.
Therefore, the slaughter of the city by the Qing army is not a small probability event, and the ten days of Yangzhou should exist, and this conclusion has also been recognized by the vast majority of historians.
The second doubt: How many days has Yangzhou slaughtered the city in total?
People say it's five days, and some say it's ten days. On the fifth day of Tucheng, Prince Yu ordered that tucheng be stopped, so Tucheng should last for five days.
However, according to Wang Xiuchu's "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou", even if Prince Yu ordered it, the Qing army in Yangzhou did not strictly implement the order, and killings and rapes continued to occur.
So the slaughter of the city did not last only five days, but lasted ten days.
The third doubt; the number of people killed.
At present, the commonly used number is 800,000 people, but the specific number is not so much. Because Yangzhou City is difficult to have 800,000 residents, even in the current Yangzhou area, including subordinate counties, rural areas and other more than 4.5 million people.
There are less than 800,000 people in Yangzhou' urban area, and even 800,000 residents cannot all be killed.
Eight hundred thousand is just an imaginary number.
Historically, three, six, nine, and eight hundred thousand are mostly imaginary numbers, just to describe the number of numbers. Therefore, the 800,000 in the ten days of Yangzhou only emphasizes the massacre of the Qing army and the large number of people killed.
The fourth doubt: Tucheng is only the Qing army slaughtering the city, whether the Ming army has also slaughtered the city.
According to the "Ming Dynasty Southern Sketch", before the Qing army occupied Yangzhou, the Ming army defender Gao Jie carried out a massacre. Wang Xiuchu's "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou" also has records of the Ming army's corrupt discipline and indiscriminate killing of innocents. Therefore, the tragic situation in Yangzhou for ten days was the result of the joint efforts of the Qing army and the Ming army.
Three. Ming army combat situation
However, Shi Kefa did refuse to surrender, but whether there was any stubborn resistance remained to be questioned. Judging from the "Ten Diaries of Yangzhou" and the time of the Qing army's attack, the Ming army actually did not cause too many casualties to the Qing army.
summary:
In the tenth day of Yangzhou, the Qing army carried out a terrible massacre in the city of Yangzhou. Although the massacre was ordered to stop on the fifth day, it did not stop the criminal acts of the Qing army. The claim that 800,000 people were slaughtered only describes the scene of the massacre of a large number of corpses in the wilderness. Although the massacre of the Qing army did have this, the discipline of the Ming army also aggravated the misfortune of Yangzhou.