The main reasons for the warlord wars between the various warlords in the Republic of China were that the domestic political system was chaotic in the late Qing Dynasty, competing for power and profit from each other, and facing a frenzy of great powers dividing up China abroad. The Qing government was eager to change this situation and train the new army on a large scale, but because the Qing government had no absolute control over these new armies, a series of local warlords were formed after the fall of the Qing Dynasty.
The warlords who occupy all parts of the country have their own origins, some of them are developed from the families of former Qing soldiers, some are powerful figures in the army, some are educated or influenced by advanced military concepts in the West, and the last type of warlords are developed by bandits who occupy the mountains as kings, and some are representative of Zhang Zuolin in the northeast. Warlords believe in force, compete for territory, rely on the military, and the conflict of interests between each other has caused war and chaos for many years.
Coupled with the fact that Western thought did not form a completed and enforceable system after entering China at that time, nor did it achieve a truly influential core figure, the utopians had a major failure to apply the Western system as if they were full of compliance, but none of them had responsibly studied how to localize measures. When there is no ability to build a new world, it arrogantly smashes the old system that is struggling. The warlords and the soon-to-come scuffle had in fact directly declared the bankruptcy of Western institutions and Enlightenment ideas in China.
When the Northern Expedition came again, the revolutionary army led by Chiang Kai-shek defeated the Zhi and Anhui clans, and Zhang Zuolin of the Feng clan was also killed by the Japanese on the way back from Beijing to Shenyang, and Zhang Shaoshuai also quickly believed in the Three People's Principles and worshiped Chiang kai-shek as his godfather. Li Zongren of the Gui clan had obeyed the orders of the Nationalist Army, Feng Yuxiang of Shaanxi and Yan Xishan of Shanxi had also bowed down to his subjects, and the Chiang-style Kuomintang had become a formal unification of China. The new chinese communist party also began to take the stage at this time. I am afraid that only the latest and most radical changes in thinking can touch this aging country.