Recently there was a hit TV series
The Age of Awakening
I also watched an episode without landing, and I was really enjoyable. After watching it, I also felt a lot, and I have to say that this drama is still worthy of his Douban score. This drama leads everyone to relive that era, the era when countless benevolent people were looking for a way out to save China.
There's a clip in it,
Easy white sand
say
"Leader of the Revolutionary Party, founder of the Republic."
Dr. Sun Yat-sen
, being toyed with by various warlords"
So is this the real situation? Do you really understand the scuffle between warlords? What happened to them? Today, let's take a brief look at that history.
I believe that when you first learn modern history, you should be like me, your mind must be chaotic, especially the warlords fighting each other, fighting around completely confused. Today you beat me, tomorrow I beat you, and I can't tell who is the eldest and who is the second. Don't worry, let's sort it out slowly.
This also has to start from the Sino-Japanese War, why go back so far, and you listen to me slowly. The Qing government was defeated in the Battle of Jiawu, and it was a big defeat, and the Beiyang Marine Division, which had been painstakingly cultivated, was completely destroyed. After being beaten up fiercely by little Japan, he also had to cut the land to pay compensation, and he had to endure being sucked by the Western countries before, and now he was smoked by a small island country, and it was loud and painful, not only that, but also had to apologize to him.
Stills from the | Age of Awakening
It is tolerable, it is intolerable, and the Qing government is a little angry, thinking about why it can't defeat little Japan, first of all, there are no fewer people than them, and secondly, the equipment is not worse than how many of them, how can it not be defeated? The Qing government thought that it might be a problem with the military system, so it began to form a completely new army, the New Army.
This is the predecessor of the later warlords. Perhaps the Qing government at that time would never have thought that they were digging their own graves.
It may be that the Qing government was frightened, but the Qing government had laid a bloody foundation on this new army. At that time, the Qing government could be said to be quite poor, and under such circumstances, it was willing to pay such a big price to train the new army, which showed the determination of the Qing government and the importance attached to the new army.
This army can be said to be a Westernized army, in terms of military training, equipment, military system is completely Western characteristics, the combat effectiveness of this army can be imagined, at least the Qing government at that time may not be able to find a stronger team than the new army. Moreover, the salaries of this army are also much richer than those of other armies, which is really a bloody expense.
Here we need to briefly talk about the composition of the new army, the recruitment criteria of the new army are much stricter than before, let's talk about age, basically between 16 and twenty years old, too big, too small do not, and then do not have a bad physique, do not want to be a scoundrel, do not commit crimes, and give priority to intellectuals. Judging from the criteria for recruiting troops, we know that the combat effectiveness of this army cannot be poor.
Seeing this, do you feel that the Qing government is a bit dead, and dare to recruit so many intellectuals? The Qing government at that time would never have imagined that the army it had cultivated would one day defect and turn around and shoot itself.
Pictured| Qing Dynasty soldiers in Western military uniforms
If this unit is trained in a Western-style manner, intellectuals will certainly have a great advantage, and basically the officers are mostly intellectuals. Intellectuals are relatively quick to accept new things, and their ideas are no longer so ignorant, and under the specific historical conditions of the time, such people are not revolutionary and who will revolutionize. I have begun to observe a moment of silence on behalf of the Qing government.
The legendary man came. Calculated
Yuan Shikai
It became the superintendent of the new army at that time, and the training of the Beiyang new army was basically organized by Yuan Shikai. Yuan Shikai will not let go of this opportunity, he seized the opportunity to cultivate and form his own small gang, in just a few years Yuan Shikai trained a new type of army, when the younger brothers he cultivated later became the main force of the Beiyang Group, for example
Duan Qirui
，
Feng Guozhang
Xu Shichang
Cao Kun
And other people these are the later Beiyang gangsters.
The Qing government is really rotten, step by step inevitably towards decay and decline, countless benevolent people are seeking the road to save the country, and Yuan Shikai is accumulating his own strength step by step. This balance will eventually be upset.
In 1911, Sun Yat-sen led the organization and launched the Xinhai Revolution, which seemed to be a crumbling wall, and the Xinhai Revolution pushed hard for the last. Subsequently, the provinces declared independence, and Yuan Shikai saw that the opportunity had come, and also took the opportunity to take the throne.
Because Yuan Shikai was powerful and relatively prestigious at that time, the Nanjing government established by Sun Yat-sen was not strong enough, and Yuan Shikai was quite sleek in his handling of affairs, swearing to die to defend the republic, and Sun Yat-sen gave up the position of president to Yuan Shikai.
After Yuan Shikai became the president, he began to swell a little, looking like I was the first in the world, and the heroes of the world did not pay attention to it. The president could no longer satisfy him, and he had thought about the emperor's addiction. This time it was a poke in the honeycomb.
Pictured| Yuan Shikai
On December 12, 1915, Yuan Shikai announced that I was going to become emperor, a move that annoyed countless Chinese.
At that time, the Beiyang government, that is, the Beiyang warlords, all listened to Yuan Shikai, but the southern warlords were in charge of their own homes, and although they were not as strong as Yuan Shikai, they would not obey Yuan Shikai's orders. As soon as everyone heard that Yuan Shikai had become emperor, they were all anxious, and while scolding Yuan Shikai in their mouths that Yuan Shikai was not a thing, they also declared independence one after another, and the southern warlords did not buy Yuan Shikai's account at all, and to put it bluntly, they were to tell the people of the world: You Yuan Shikai is something, I don't believe it.
In particular, Yunnan, led by the generals led by Cai Yi, took the lead in declaring independence, and took the people and horses to beat Yuan Shikai. The history is called the Patriotic Movement.
At this time, Yuan Shikai panicked, thinking that the world was under his control, but he did not expect that there were still too many people who disobeyed. There was no way Yuan Shikai could only pretend to be a joke, quickly apologized to the people of the world, abandoned the imperial system, and restored the era name of the Republic of China. After all, being an emperor is not as important as your own life.
Yuan Shikai was more and more angry the more he thought about it, and his anger became a disease, plus he was cursed by countless people every day, and he died not long after. It is in response to that sentence: Many unrighteous deeds will kill themselves! In layman's terms, this sentence is - deserved!
Yuan Shikai's story has come to an end, the Beiyang government has no one who can unify the orders, no one obeys anyone, the so-called government seems to have become a stage, it is you who sing, we appear.
Warlords in the south also took the opportunity to expand, grabbing territory everywhere. At this point, the country entered a new era - the era of warlord chaos began. Hearing this, everyone has some clues.
Let's first briefly introduce the division of warlord factions. To put it simply, those who occupied the northern territory were once called the northern warlords of Yuan Shikai's younger brother, and those who occupied the southern territory and disobeyed Yuan Shikai were called southern warlords. It was then divided into factions according to the place of origin of the warlord leaders. Let's briefly introduce a few of the main factions:
Beiyang faction
The representative figures of the direct warlords (Hebei) are: Feng Guozhang, Cao Kun,
Wu Peifu
Sun Chuanfang
et al. After all, he was Yuan Shikai's loyal younger brother, and after Yuan Shikai's death, the power of the direct warlords was the strongest.
Representative figures of the Anhui warlords (Anhui) are: Duan Qirui,
Xu Shuzheng
Jin Yunpeng
et al. After Yuan Shikai's death, the younger brother of the Anhui clan felt that he was the most qualified heir of Yuan Shikai, and he was also the first to gain power, and the Anhui clan claimed to be orthodox in Beiyang, and the political power was quite powerful.
Representative figures of the Fengzhi Warlords (Northeast) are:
Zhang Zuolin
Chang
Zhang Zuoxiang
Yang Yuting
Zhang Zongchang
et al. The Warlords of the Feng clan have always firmly controlled the three eastern provinces in their hands, just as the so-called northeast is in hand, and they can eat and drink without worry. Moreover, the warlords of the Feng clan can make their own weapons, which is very powerful.
Representative figures of the Jin Sui warlords (Shanxi) are:
Yan Xishan
Xu Yongchang
Fu Zuoyi
et al. The warlords of the Jin Sui clan can protect themselves and exist for the longest time, in layman's terms, Voldemort, and indecent development. After liberating Shanxi in the War of Liberation, he was able to follow Chiang Kai-shek to retreat to Taiwan, which was really obscene enough.
There are representative figures of the northwestern warlords (northwest region of our country).
Feng Yuxiang
Lu Zhonglin
Liu Yufen
Zhang Zhijiang
wait.
Picture | Feng Yuxiang
The big guys in the north are almost introduced, now let's look at the big guys in the south:
Southern Factions
Representative figures of the Yunnan warlords (Yunnan) are
Tang Jiyao
Luján
Dragon Cloud
et al. Among the warlords in the southwest, the power is relatively strong.
Representative figures of the Guizhou warlords (Guangxi) are
Lu Rongting
Li Zongren
Bai Chong
Jubilee and so on.
Cantonese Warlords (Guangdong)
Chen Jiongming
Chen Jitang
Hu Hanmin
In addition, there are the Sichuan Army and the Xiang Army, etc., so we will not repeat them all. In general, the warlords in the north are a little stronger than the warlords in the south.
After understanding the basic situation of the warlords, let's look at the current situation in China: Yuan Shikai stopped picking at the people's curses, and he went underground to reflect on his mistakes. Left a group of little brothers, who did not obey anyone.
Several leaders of the Beiyang warlords all felt that they were very bullish and wanted to be the boss, and if they wanted to be the boss, they had to occupy Beijing to control the Beiyang government.
In this context, Duan Qirui was the first to take the stage, and what Duan Qirui had to say was his three-created republic. Let's talk briefly.
Picture | Duan Qirui
A republic: Duan Qirui united with a group of generals with guns and people, forcing the Qing Dynasty to abdicate, and if they did not retreat, they would beat them.
Erzhu Republic: Opposing Yuan Shikai's appointment as emperor, after Yuan Shikai received a box lunch, he quickly restored the National Assembly and the Provisional Covenant Law.
Three Creation of a Republic: Zhang Xun, a little brother, still wants to make some restoration, Duan Qirui makes a small plan, and Feng Guozhang successfully crusades to restore the republican system again.
Duan Qirui always wanted to unify the country by force, and after becoming prime minister, he always worked against the president and abolished the provisional law. At this point, he annoyed Sun Yat-sen, who, in order to uphold the Constitution, rushed to Beijing with the warlords of the south and wanted to beat Duan Qirui.
Sun Yat-sen set up a new military government in Guangzhou, vowing to overthrow the fake republic, duan Qirui as soon as he heard that the warlords in the south had called again, he immediately contacted feng Guozhang, the leader of the warlords directly under his direct lineage, to help, Feng Guozhang originally did not agree with Duan Qirui's idea, he felt that peaceful reunification was right, and it was not good to fight and kill, there was no bird Duan Qirui.
In fact, the so-called Dharma Protection Movement is nothing more than the southern warlords who want to use the name of the Protector to compete for territory, and finally grab the turf, sign an armistice agreement and go back.
Pictured| Sun Yat-sen
The failure of this Dharma Protection Movement also made Sun Yat-sen thoroughly understand the true face of the warlords in the south, these warlords are just a hill of raccoons, ostensibly protecting the Fa, but in fact they are competing for territory, all for their own interests, recognizing the true face of the warlords, Sun Yat-sen resolutely decided to leave Guangzhou for Shanghai. Later, Sun Yat-sen reorganized the Kuomintang and began to cultivate his own strength, and the barrel of the gun was still firmly in his hands.
The Dharma Protection Movement failed, and the warlords in the south also retreated, but because of political disagreements, the contradictions between the direct and Anhui clans gradually deepened.
The contradictions were finally irreconcilable, and the direct lineage pulled up the Feng clan, which had been developing obscenely in the northeast, and the Anhui clan launched a war. History is called the Zhiwan War.
On July 14, 1920, the Zhi-Anhui War broke out, and the Anhui warlords led by Duan Qirui fought against the warlords of the direct lineage headed by Wu Peifu and Cao Kun and the warlords of the Feng clan headed by Zhang Zuolin.
At the beginning, the Zhifeng coalition army did not take much advantage, and the old Duan was not a vegetarian, but after all, it was difficult to fight with two fists and four hands, and the more he fought, the more Duan Qirui retreated. The outcome of the war ended in the victory of the Allied forces. Wu Peifu, the boss of the warlord directly under the line, and Zhang Zuolin, the boss of the Feng warlord, took the stage.
Pictured| Wu Peifu
After the Zhiwan War, the Zhifeng warlords jointly gained control of Beijing, but there was no room for two tigers in one mountain, and the Zhiwan War was a lesson for the past. The contradictions between the warlords of Zhifeng have also intensified. Because the Fengzhi warlord disobeyed the direct warlord and two people fought another fight, the history called the Zhifeng War.
In the first Zhifeng War, the Fengzhi warlords did not fight and run away, and the direct warlords eventually gained control of the Beiyang government.
Zhang Zuolin was expelled from Beijing, and his heart was very dissatisfied, so he prepared to secretly join forces with the Anhui clan to beat up his direct family. Sun Yat-sen was also ready to wade through the muddy waters at this time, and he did a good job of ideological work for Feng Yuxiang. In this way, the three forces jointly decided to beat up the warlords of the immediate lineage. History refers to the Second Zhifeng War.
Two fists are difficult to defeat four hands, not to mention six hands, Wu Peifu suffered from the enemy on his belly and back, and he was defeated and retreated, and Zhang Zuolin subdued Wu Peifu. The outcome of the Zhifeng War ended in Zhang Zuolin's victory.
In the Second Zhifeng War, the direct family lost and withdrew from the political stage of Beiyang, Zhang Zuolin took Duan Qirui to the Beiyang political stage, although Duan Qirui continued to govern, he had changed from a big brother to a younger brother at this time, and the real power was in the hands of Zhang Zuolin.
At this point, the melee of the northern warlords has been almost talked about, and we will briefly summarize it.
Pictured| Zhang Zuolin
After Yuan Shikai's death, the Beiyang government was divided into several factions. The Anhui clan first took the stage to perform, and the direct family was not convinced, so they took the Feng clan to fight away the Anhui clan, and the Bong clan was dissatisfied with the direct clan but did not fight, and called the Shangwan clan to fight away the direct clan together.
Let's take a look at what the southern warlords are doing.
There are three main forces of southern warlords that are the most powerful, namely the Yunnan warlords, the Gui warlords, and the Cantonese warlords. If the war between the warlords in the north is to compete for control of the Beiyang government, then the war between the warlords in the south is to fight for territory.
We all know that Sun Yat-sen established a new military government in Guangzhou during the War of Defending france, and the Guangdong warlords supported Sun Yat-sen at the beginning, while the Yunnan and Gui warlords wanted to expand their territory and eat the guangdong region.
The Gui warlords launched several wars against the Guangdong warlords without taking advantage, Sun Yat-sen hoped to carry out the Northern Expedition to unify China and establish a real Republic of China, while the Guangdong warlords wanted to expand their territory to the west, and the Guizhou warlords wanted to eat the territory of Guangdong.
Sun Yat-sen's claims made the Cantonese warlords very dissatisfied and they were driven out of Guangdong.
As mentioned earlier when the Dharma Protection Movement failed, Sun Yat-sen recognized the true face of the warlords and began to form his own revolutionary army. After being expelled from Guangdong, Sun Yat-sen formed his own revolutionary forces, integrated, and recaptured Guangzhou.
Just as the pioneer of the Chinese revolution was preparing to continue his crusade against the warlords and unify China and establish a real Republic of China, he died of illness.
Looking back on the life of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, he has taken the revitalization of the Chinese nation as his mission and the goal of establishing a truly democratic republic throughout his life, and has struggled for it all his life. I originally wanted to write light-heartedly and humorously, but when I wrote about Dr. Sun Yat-sen, I couldn't write it with ease and humor.
Sun Yat-sen led the Xinhai Revolution to overthrow the Qing government in his early years, and later wanted to rely on the power of Western imperialism to overthrow the domestic warlords, and later wanted to rely on the strength of some domestic warlords to overthrow another part of the warlords. However, these attempts by Dr. Sun Yat-sen failed.
After these attempts, Sun Yat-sen finally realized that if he wanted to achieve the goal of rejuvenating China, he must build up his own strength. Sun Yat-sen finally formed and developed his own strength after several twists and turns, and just when the pace of the crusade against the warlords was just beginning, Dr. Sun Yat-sen died.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen has not yet realized his ideals, so he will not quit. Although Dr. Sun Yat-sen passed away, his life of striving to revitalize the Chinese nation inspired groups of people to devote themselves to the road of China's salvation.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen was the first to systematically put forward the program of the democratic revolution, the Three People's Principles, and fought for it all his life.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen led the overthrow of China's feudal autocracy and defended the republican system all his life.
Dr. Sun Yat-sen was the pioneer of China's democratic revolution, his life was great, his merits were indelible, and his spirit also influenced generations of people.
Well, we have come to this point about the deeds of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, after Mr. Sun Yat-sen left, a person came to take his class. Who is it? A well-known figure —
Chiang Kai-shek
。
Chiang Kai-shek is a man who is particularly powerful in both his political skills and his human feelings, and it is not surprising that such a person can gain the trust of Sun Yat-sen.
After Sun Yat-sen's death, the internal situation of the Kuomintang need not be said much, it must be an undercurrent of turbulence, a sword and a shadow. Who can win this war without smoke?
Pictured| Chiang Kai-shek
When Dr. Sun Yat-sen led the Kuomintang, naturally no one was dissatisfied, after all, Mr. Sun Yat-sen's character and seniority were there, and there was nothing you could do if you didn't obey. But Mr. Sun Yat-sen died, this time it is a mess, everyone wants to be the boss, but no one obeys anyone. For this reason, there is even an absurd situation of collective governance.
At that time, although Chiang Kai-shek had a certain strength, he was not enough to be regarded as the most powerful competitor
Wang Jingwei
In his eyes, Chiang Kai-shek was the younger brother he led, and he also wanted to pat Chiang Kai-shek's shoulder and tell everyone, "See if my little brother is strong."
The younger brother Chiang Kai-shek did not think so, after "killing" everyone else, it was obvious that Wang Jingwei was left as a competitor, and Wang Jingwei was soon "killed" by Chiang Kai-shek. The so-called "killing" here does not mean killing people, but only to expelling people from the center of political power.
After eliminating all his opponents, Chiang Kai-shek undoubtedly ascended to the top of the political power within the Kuomintang.
Chiang Kai-shek, who became the boss, was full of vigor for a while. Directly announcing the will and ambition of inheriting the old leader, he began to work against the warlords.
Picture | Wang Jingwei
The first to bear the brunt was the Cantonese system, where the side of the bed allowed others to snore, and Chiang Kai-shek led the National Revolutionary Army to chase and beat them.
At this time, the Dian warlords in the west heard the news and thought: Oh, the opportunity that Lao Tzu has waited for so long has finally come, this must not come to a praying mantis to catch cicadas and yellow finches, let us also taste the taste of the profits of the fisherman. The idea is beautiful, the reality is cruel, and there is a Gui warlord between the two people. The heart is not fierce, the opportunity was missed, next time I don't know when to wait, dry!
In this way, there was also a fierce fight between the Warlords of the Dian Clan and the Warlords of the Gui Clan. When the two men were getting stronger and stronger, and before they could completely distinguish between victory and defeat, Chiang Kai-shek's side had already finished fighting, and Chiang Kai-shek had completely and utterly killed the Cantonese warlords.
At this moment, the Gui and Dian clans were completely panicked, and we would not fight if Chiang Kai-shek's eldest brother was so powerful, and it was estimated that we would not be able to fight it, and after discussing it, we suddenly felt that it was not shameful to call Chiang Kai-shek a big brother. In this way, the Gui and Dian warlords recognized Chiang Kai-shek as the eldest brother.
At this time, Chiang Kai-shek was even more spirited, and these three fists and two feet subdued the south, and the north could not let it go. Our National Revolutionary Army is now so powerful that it rushed over to the Beiyang government and beat him up. The Northern Expedition began.
The National Revolutionary Army marched northward, and the momentum was like a bamboo. What Wu Peifu, what Sun Chuanfang, what Zhang Zuolin is not very resistant to beating. Zhang Zuolin looked at the situation and ran, the outside world is too dangerous, or the northeast hometown is safe. In this way, Zhang Zuolin returned to the northeast.
After all, the northeast is Zhang Zuolin's old lair, with deep roots. Staying in the northeast is cold, but it is safe. What I didn't expect was that zhang Zuolin was assassinated after a while. Later, Zhang Zuolin's son Zhang Xueliang succeeded him.
After Zhang Xueliang took over, a flag-raising ceremony was held, everyone looked at it, the color of this flag was not right, how did the five-color flag disappear, how was this raised blue sky and white sun flag? Yes, Zhang Xueliang also recognized Chiang Kai-shek as the eldest brother. At this point, it marks the complete end of the Beiyang government.
Chiang Kai-shek is now the eldest brother, and everyone looks at him as a little brother, but how obedient the younger brother is unknown. All in all, by this time, the era of warlords fighting each other and dividing and fighting was over, at least they had a unified big brother- the Republic of China government. The Nationalist government formally unified China.
Seeing this, do you know a little more about the era of warlord chaos? As the saying goes, the people who prosper are suffering, and the people who are dead are suffering. It is the people who really suffer when they fight around. We live in today's peaceful era, and we must cherish the present. Together, we must work together to safeguard our hard-won peace.