On January 7, 1979, when the great war was imminent, General Xu Shiyou personally visited a fort in Jinji Mountain on the north side of the Guangxi Friendship Pass Border Checkpoint, looked out at the Pu Nian Ling Heights (south of the Friendship Pass Border Checkpoint) of the Chinese territory 300 meters away, saw that the highlands had been occupied by the Vietnamese army, and the Vietnamese army also aimed their guns at the positions of the Chinese People's Liberation Army, and could not help but scold: The apprentice beat the master, and the en will take revenge!
On February 17, the People's Liberation Army Eastern Front Corps, commanded by General Xu Shiyou, and the People's Liberation Army Western Front Corps, commanded by General Yang Dezhi, under the orders of the Central Military Commission, entered the northern Vietnamese region side by side and severely taught the Vietnamese troops who had been harassing the Chinese border for six years. Since then, armed clashes between China and Vietnam have lasted for up to 10 years.
Looking back at this war, there have always been many incomprehensible points in the hearts of many Chinese people, some people can't understand why the People's Liberation Army didn't take advantage of the victory to pursue and break through Hanoi, Vietnam; some people can't understand why they didn't send troops to Vietnam again for 10 years after the 1979 self-defense counterattack; and some people even can't understand the real reason why China sent troops to attack Vietnam...
In this regard, this article will start from the period of China's anti-feudal and anti-colonial struggle, and tell in detail the enmity and resentment between Vietnam and New China.
Former brother comrade
In 1907, the great Chinese man Sun Yat-sen commanded the Chinese anti-feudal and anti-colonial revolutionary movement in the French colony of An nam (Vietnam) Hanoi, during which time Sun Yat-sen received funding and protection from many Vietnamese overseas Chinese and even Vietnamese nationals; at the same time, Sun Yat-sen's feats also influenced the thinking of many locals.
After the Xinhai Revolution in China, many Vietnamese democrats saw hope and began to send representatives to China to worship Dr. Sun Yat-sen as a teacher, hoping that in the future they would help Vietnam achieve its anti-feudal and anti-colonial revolutionary goals.
In this context, Ho Chi Minh, the founding leader of North Vietnam, and Hong Hong , a Vietnamese major general of the founding of the People's Republic of China, came to China from Vietnam one after another and made certain contributions to China's revolutionary cause.
Taking General Flood as an example, he followed Ho Chi Minh to China in 1925, was admitted to the "Fourth Phase of the Whampoa Military Academy" with excellent results in 1926, participated in the Guangzhou Uprising led by the Communist Party of China in 1927; later joined the Chinese Red Army, followed the Long March of the Red Army, and participated in the Chinese War of Resistance Against Japan; in 1945, shortly after returning to Vietnam to participate in the command of the Vietnam-French War, he went to China to participate in construction; in 1955 he was awarded the rank of major general of the People's Liberation Army; in 1956 he returned to Vietnam due to illness.
In the early days of the Japanese army's full-scale invasion of China, the French colony of Vietnam was once an important transportation transit station for the Chinese anti-Japanese armed forces, and the Guiyue International Railway Line was an important transportation line.
After discovering these circumstances, the Japanese invading China sent troops south to the Pacific region and captured Vietnam, although the Guiyue international railway line was temporarily cut off, but at this time, the front line of the Japanese army invading China was forced to lengthen, and the problem of insufficient troop strength was highlighted.
At that time, the Fifth Division, which was known as one of the four major mechanized divisions of the Japanese Army, landed in Guangzhou Bay in China and entered the Kunlun Pass area of Guangxi, it was jointly annihilated by the Chinese military and civilians; after the division occupied some cities and counties in Guangxi, on the way south to attack Vietnam, it was constantly sniped by Chinese soldiers and civilians along the way, suffering heavy losses.
For another example, in 1939, under the call of patriotic overseas Chinese Chen Jiageng, nearly 3,200 southeast Asian overseas Chinese technicians returned to China from Hanoi, Vietnam, Hong Kong and other places to participate in the War of Resistance Against Japan.
It can be seen from this that Vietnam, which is connected to China's landscape and water, has always had a relationship of prosperity and loss in the fields of culture, economy, and military, and under the interaction of Ho Chi Minh and Flood in Vietnam, Sun Yat-sen, Mao Zedong and others in China, China and Vietnam in the anti-feudal and anti-colonial period have a relationship of brotherhood and comradehood.
Sheng Mien Dou Mi Vengeance
In 1945, after the surrender of Japanese fascism, the French colonists made a comeback, and the Vietnamese Workers' Party, represented by Ho Chi Minh, launched the War of Resistance against France and established North Vietnam.
In the early days of its creation, the North Vietnamese army had little combat effectiveness, so they had to follow the Chinese People's Liberation Army. During this period, North Vietnamese continued to send students and representatives to China to study.
During the Liberation War, although the People's Liberation Army did not have much money, it still had to do its best to help them. After the founding of New China, Chairman Mao even sent the founding general Chen Geng and others to North Vietnam to guide the North Vietnamese army against the French colonial army.
In the early 1950s, China and Vietnam were indeed a pair of poor brothers with many disasters and many difficulties, and soon after the founding of New China, the Korean War broke out, and the Aggressor Army led by the United States not only interfered in the Liberation Army to liberate southeast China, but also deliberately burned the flames of war to northeast China in the process of interfering in the Korean Civil War.
Because the northeast region was the industrial center of New China at that time and the foundation for the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, New China had to send troops to Korea and use backward weapons to resist the armies of the Western powers with a large number of aircraft gunboats.
Vietnam's war against France also fell into the most difficult moment, in the case of self-sufficiency, and encountered the blockade of western powers, North Vietnamese can only come to China every day to ask for all kinds of assistance. Vietnam's Le Son tsung led a North Vietnamese delegation to China during the Korean War.
On July 27, 1953, the Korean Armistice Negotiations entered into force. After the US military used Korea as a springboard to suppress the new China, it quickly shifted its position and set its sights on the Indochina Peninsula.
In 1954, after the defeat of the French colonial army in North Vietnam, representatives of the United States, France, the Soviet Union, Britain, China, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos and other countries signed an armistice agreement for the Franco-Vietnamese War in Geneva, and the Homeland of Vietnam was divided into two parts: South Vietnam and North Vietnam. The United States took over the South Vietnamese region from France.
At this point, north Vietnamese temporarily got a chance to catch their breath. But China hasn't had that good luck.
In 1952, in order to let the Chinese nation realize the dream of rejuvenation of independence and prosperity at an early date, Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, Zhu De and other great men recovered the former Middle East Railway and Lushun Port from the Soviet army.
The Soviets temporarily lost their unfrozen harbor for hegemony in the Pacific Ocean and the United States; in 1953, Soviet head Stalin died and his successor, Nikita Khrushchev, came to power.
During Khrushchev's reign, it was a period of great national strength in the Soviet Union, and the overall strength of the United States was slightly weaker than that of the Soviet Union because it was involved in the protracted Korean War. During the struggle for hegemony with the United States, the Soviet Union at that time was in a situation of active attack, and the United States was in a defensive posture everywhere.
In 1958, the Soviet Union discovered that, due to its geographical location, the Soviet Union could not easily control the Indian and Pacific Oceans as Britain in World War I, because the Soviet Union lacked freeze-free ports.
Therefore, the Soviet high-level, represented by Khrushchev, proposed to the Chinese people that a long-wave radio station be established in China and that the two countries jointly establish a naval fleet.
On the surface, the Soviet Union wanted to help China resist the Western powers, but secretly, it wanted to establish a military base in China in disguise, using China as a springboard to fight for hegemony in the Pacific region.
At that time, the Chinese navy only had some old ships, and if a combined fleet was established with the Soviet Union, that is, the Soviet navy would come to China at any time, and China's naval ships could not reach the ports of the Soviet Union. As for long-wave radio, this is also true.
After Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai, and others politely rejected the Soviet proposal. The Soviet Union gradually revealed its true face and began to find excuses to suppress China at every turn.
In 1959, the Government of Ngo Yan Ting in South Vietnam, at the behest of the U.S. military, hunted down dissidents. During the 5-year armistice, the North Vietnamese army had a certain combat effectiveness, so it formulated a battle plan to retake South Vietnam.
In 1960, China had to continue to aid North Vietnam in order to avoid Vietnam becoming a second "North Korea." The Soviet Union, in order to dominate the Pacific, also chose to support North Vietnam at this time.
At the beginning, the fighting on the Vietnamese battlefield was dominated by sporadic special operations, and as the conflict escalated, the countries involved continued to increase their troops, and in 1964, the US military directly and publicly intervened, and the original sporadic special operations evolved into regimental and division-level operations.
The North Vietnamese continued to open their mouths to Chinese and Soviet lions, either for a large amount of weapons and equipment or for a lot of manpower and material resources.
When the Vietnam War reached 1971, the world landscape changed dramatically. Britain and France were jointly calculated by the United States and the Soviet Union shortly after the end of The Second World War, and in order to get revenge, these two old capitalist powers needed some more powerful emerging countries as helpers. In order to change its state of defense in the struggle for hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union, the United States also needs a helper; the Soviet Union also needs to do a good job in superficiality in order to achieve the goal of monopolizing the world at an early date.
China made an indelible contribution to World War II, but New China has never been recognized by the United States and its vassals. At this time, many third world countries that had just gained independence proposed that the United Nations Security Council restore the legitimate seat of new China. The four permanent members of the United Nations, namely the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, have all pushed the boat along the waters.
In 1972, then-US President Richard Nixon led a delegation to Visit China.
North Vietnam's hatred of China came from this
In 1969, after the death of Ho Chi Minh, the founding leader of north Vietnam, Lai Duong took over. When U.S. President Richard Nixon visited New China, Lê Sun believed that China was clearly abandoning North Vietnam by walking with the common enemy countries of China, Vietnam, and the Soviet Union at this time.
In June 1973, Lê Duạn led a North Vietnamese delegation to visit New China and once again opened his mouth. At this time, even since 1953, New China's assistance to North Vietnam has been 20 years, but North Vietnam is like a bottomless pit, all aid is only in and out, the development of the entire country, completely dependent on foreign aid.
In order to help North Vietnam achieve the goal of "self-reliance first, supplemented by foreign aid", it developed in the direction of modernization. Premier Zhou Enlai took Li Sun and his party to Visit Yan'an with good intentions.
The so-called sheng rice raising en dou mi raising revenge. This time, Li Sun received less aid from the Chinese side, and the hatred of China in his heart began to intensify.
In order to suppress China, the Soviet Union seized the opportunity to fan the flames in Li Sun's ears, and the Li Sun clique began to prepare for the implementation of a pro-Soviet and anti-China strategy.
Lê Tsêt provoked the Sino-Vietnamese War
In January 1974, South Vietnam retaliated by invading and occupying islands in China's Paracel Islands, and the Battle of Xisha broke out.
By this time, North Vietnam had not yet conquered South Vietnam, but Lê Thanh began instructing Hon Son, the spokesman of the North Vietnamese press and former editor-in-chief of the North Vietnamese newspaper People's Daily, to publicly deny the Resolution of the North Vietnamese Government during Ho Chi Minh's reign to recognize China's sovereignty over the South China Sea.
On April 30, the North Vietnamese Public Security Army suddenly claimed that when the Chinese army built the friendship pass to Hanoi in Vietnam in 1954, China had occupied a territory of several hundred square meters in Vietnam, so it invaded the Chinese territory of Pu Nian Nian Ling and Pu Zhai Ling and other areas to prevent normal patrols by Chinese border guards.
In December 1974, the Vietnamese army directly took Soviet military experts into the PoEng Dinh area of Chinese territory (located on the south side of the Border Checkpoint of Friendship Pass) to conduct surveying and mapping work, and also cut down Chinese trees and build a 2,300-meter-long fire prevention passage.
In early 1975, Lê Duạng instructed Hoang Sonh, spokesman for the North Vietnamese press and former editor-in-chief of the North Vietnamese "People's Daily", to publicly publish anti-Chinese and pro-Soviet remarks after Vietnam completed the reunification of the North and the South, marking that Lê Duần had completed his plan to throw stones and ask for directions, and began to exclude dissidents from the inside.
On April 30, 1975, the North Vietnamese army annihilated the South Vietnamese army abandoned by the American army, and Vietnam achieved the reunification of the north and south.
In the name of cleaning up the remnants of the enemy, Lê Thanh expelled as many as 280,000 overseas Chinese from Vietnam and plundered the property of overseas Chinese in Vietnam to enrich military spending. Of course, the Le Son Group nominally expelled overseas Chinese, but among the persecuted people, there were many native Vietnamese, and as long as they were the people who were not pleasing to the eye of the Lê Thang Group, they would be put on some hats at any time and then mutilated.
Wu Yuanjia, the founding leaders of North Vietnam, Long March (formerly known as Deng Chun District), Huang Wenhuan, and others who still had a conscience opposed the retrograde actions of the Lê Thanh clique, and were vacated one by one and even put under house arrest.
In July 1975, while sending troops to invade China's border areas and create incidents, Le Son led a Vietnamese delegation to visit China and opened his mouth to Premier Zhou Enlai and asked for unrealistic assistance.
At this point, Li Sun began to be willing to act as a pawn of the Soviet Union, and in order to obtain Soviet assistance, he constantly caused incidents in the Sino-Vietnamese border area.
In order to obtain an unfrozen port for hegemony in the south-pacific region, the Soviet Union lured the Lê Sun clique to present itself as an anti-feudal and anti-colonial hero and established the great power dream of the Indochina Federation through military expansion. But the Soviet Union attached some conditions to it, that is, to lease the excellent port of Cam Ranh Bay in Vietnam, which covers an area of more than 100 square kilometers, to the Soviet Navy.
At this time, the Le Son clique did not see Vietnam's own strength, believing that the Vietnamese army had defeated the French and American troops in succession and became an invincible army in the world; it could not see that Vietnam was governed by it as a country that did not have the ability to rely on itself and was heavily dependent on foreign aid. However, an unrealistic plan was drawn up to strengthen the army and enrich the country and dominate the Indochina Peninsula.
On September 22, 1977, Le Duh again led a Vietnamese delegation to visit China. During this period, Li Sun took command of China's First Army, and as soon as he opened his mouth, he raised the issue of sovereignty over China's Xisha Qundao and Nansha Qundao.
After the great man Deng Xiaoping solemnly refused the unreasonable demands of the Vietnamese side, Lê Sun and his party returned to Vietnam and immediately took crazy revenge.
Internally, the madness of the civilian population was labeled "Chinese", not only killing and robbing, but also driving most of the persecuted people into China. For humanitarian reasons, China has had to rescue these refugees.
Externally, the Vietnamese army has continuously invaded Chinese territory and beaten Chinese soldiers and civilians; at the same time, the Vietnamese army has also continuously invaded Laos and Cambodia, constantly beating up the military and civilians of these two countries.
At that time, Laos's comprehensive national strength was not as large as the comprehensive strength of a chinese province, and it could only be ravaged by the Vietnamese army; Cambodia still had a slight ability to resist.
On the Chinese side, because it was in the era of great construction in full swing, there was a serious threat of military powers in the north and southwest, so it did not want the Sino-Vietnamese problem to worsen and gave Vietnam the opportunity to repent and rehabilitate.
However, the heartbroken Li Sung believes that
Chinese is a good bully, as long as Vietnam succeeds in provoking China and dragging it into a protracted war, China without foreign aid will undoubtedly lose.
However, because China is a big country with nuclear weapons, Lê Doần did not have the courage to directly let the Vietnamese army go to war with the Chinese People's Liberation Army, but could only constantly find excuses to constantly intensify the territorial disputes between China and Vietnam and push the responsibility for the war to China.
From January 1977 to the end of November 1978, the LiSun Clique sent troops to invade Chinese territory and launched armed provocations in 1,740 cases; of which more than 160 invaded Chinese territory (well documented), and the use of firearms to shoot caused as many as 110 Chinese soldiers and civilians who had not yet arrived.
Vietnam sharpens its knives, and China naturally cannot wash its neck and wait for someone else's butcher's knife. Against this background, the great Man Deng Xiaoping began to order the expansion of armaments in early 1978.
Previously, many people counted only 5,000 or 6,000 army B divisions, all of which were expanded into A divisions with a strength of more than 10,000 people; all organs, enterprises, public institutions, and collective organizations had to draw people to form militia units; and active units strengthened military training and accelerated the process of updating and applying weapons and equipment.
On November 1, 1978, the Lê Sun clique finally made an alliance with the Soviet Union against China, and in order to exchange names, brazenly invaded the Tinghao Shan area of Jingxi County, Guangxi Province, China, shooting at chinese soldiers and civilians who maintained restraint, killing and killing dozens of Chinese soldiers and civilians, and dragging 6 bodies and 2 wounded into the side of Tingfeng Township, Chongqing County, Cao Binh Province, Vietnam.
Subsequently, through a press conference, the Chinese army was slandered for attacking Vietnam, and at the instigation of the Soviet Union and other countries, they tried to push the responsibility for provoking the war between China and Vietnam to China.
After the Chinese side fought on the basis of reason and foiled the Lê Son clique's plot to provoke war, the Vietnamese troops occupying the Tingmu Mountain area of China not only did not withdraw, but the Vietnamese troops in other areas frequently invaded Chinese territory. On November 3, Lê Duần signed the Treaty of Friendship between the Soviet Union and Vietnam on behalf of Vietnam and the Soviet Union, which was of a military alliance nature.
With the promise of the Soviet army, Le Son began to trumpet Vietnam as the "third military power in the world" at that time, and when the Central Military Commission of China decided to send troops to teach Vietnam a lesson on November 20, the Vietnamese army did not restrain itself, but instead sent 200,000 troops to formally attack Cambodia and Laos.
In 1979, the People's Liberation Army launched a counterattack, defeating Vietnam by force for a month, and extinguishing Vietnam's dream of being the world's third military power. A country with great development potential eventually became the poorest country in the world in terms of comprehensive strength in 1990.
In the war, China only sent troops to teach the Vietnamese Le Son clique and its accomplices, and not all Vietnamese were Enemies of China. So, war is limited!
Resources:
[1] Yuan Xunhui, Xu Shuming, and Cheng Yinghong: Entanglement of Grievances between China and Vietnam[J], 2014(12):4
[2] Huang Junfu: Sino-Vietnamese Relations intertwined with grievances: Review and Prospect[J] Social Science Digest, 2016(3): 2
[3] Zhang Xuelin: Looking at History: Friction and Conflict between China and Vietnam[J] Light Weapons, 2014(13): 10-13