In history, Manchu-Mongolian marriages are very frequent, especially the Horqin Department and the Qing Dynasty have the highest number of marriages, just before entering the customs, the marriage between the Qing court and the Horqin Department is as high as 33 times, from the composition of the "Chongde Five Palaces" in the Imperial Taiji Period, there are three women from the Horqin Department, which shows that the women from the Horqin Department became the core of the Qing court harem in this period, showing the close relationship between the Qing court and the Horqin Mongols. The Shengwu Ji (聖武記· Guo Dynasty Suifu Mongol Chronicle I) records: "Horqin was ordered from Long Zuo, and the world was attached to the lungs, and was in solidarity with the country. Empress Xiaoduanwen, Empress Xiaozhuangwen, and Empress Xiaohuizhang were all Horqin daughters, so the ancestors of the ancestors were founded in the grass, chong ling, Chinese and foreign, and the power of Mongolian foreign relatives. ”
However, the reason why the Qing (Later Jin) was able to subdue the Horqin Mongols and make them a vassal under the Qing (Later Jin) was not only by marriage, but only to make the Relationship between the Qing Dynasty and the Horqin Mongols closer. The relationship between the Qing Dynasty and the Horqin Mongols was as follows: confrontation — an alliance dominated by the Qing (Later Jin) – subordinates of the Qing (Later Jin). It should be noted that in the relationship between the Qing court and Horqin, the Qing (Houjin) was always in a strong position, which was not the result of marrying a woman. The reason why the Horqin Mongols would surrender to the Qing court was, on the one hand, because of the intimidation of the Qing (Later Jin) force, coupled with the Qing ruler Enwei. On the other hand, the real threat had to make the Horqin Mongols seek refuge in the Qing court.
Nurhaci since the eleventh year of the Wanli (1583) thirteen pairs of armor since the establishment of the first year of the Wanli (1583), gradually unified the Jurchen tribe, in the process of unification, inevitably pointed the troops at those Who originally paid tribute to the Horqin Mongol Jurchens, because of the harm to the interests of the Horqin Mongols, so in the twenty-first year of the Wanli Calendar (1593), the nine-part coalition led by the Horqin Mongols attacked the Jianzhou Jurchens, and the result was defeated by Nurhaci, "It is a battle, killing four thousand of its soldiers, obtaining three thousand horses, and a thousand pairs of armor, Manchuria has since become famous", this is the Battle of Gule Mountain. However, Nurhaci did not take advantage of the victory to expand the results of the battle to continue to attack the Horqin Department, but took the initiative to repair, and the Horqin Department also felt that Nurhaci was generous and intimidated by the strength of the Jianzhou Jurchen, and was unwilling to fight with Nurhaci, and the two sides began friendly exchanges. The Records of Manchuria, Volume II, records: "In the first year of the first month, the Mongolian Horqin Ministry Ming'an Belle and the Khalkha Department RausaBele began to send envoys to and fro. As a result, Mongolian ministers sent envoys to and from each other. ”
Love Shin Kyora Nurhaci
Of course, this does not mean that the Horqin Mongols completely fell to Nurhaci, just in the thirty-sixth year of the Wanli Calendar (1608), when Nurhaci sent his eldest son Chu Ying to attack the Ula Tribe, the left wing of Horqin Belle Ongguodai ("Qing Wulu" is Weng Gangdai) also tried to help the Ula Tribe, and it was estimated that the performance of the Jurchen soldiers in Jianzhou was too fierce, and it seemed that they could not fight, so they directly withdrew their troops. The Records of Emperor Wu of the Qing Dynasty records: "When Wula Buzhantai and the Mongol Kuerqin (Horqin) Urn Gang Dai Belle joined forces, about twenty miles out of Wula City, they saw that our army was difficult to defeat, and then returned. ”
Therefore, after the Battle of Guleshan, the Qing (Later Jin) and the Horqin Mongols were indeed at peace. The real event that made Horqin seek the help of the Qing (Later Jin) was because of the rise of another steppe power, the successor of the Mongol Great Khan, ChaharBu Lin Dan Khan, was not willing to be only the nominal co-lord, bent on unifying Southern Mongolia, but Lin Dan Khan did not have the wisdom of vertical and horizontal, "Tiger Hun is a man without a long-term strategy", blindly using force to attack the southern Mongolian departments, so that southern Mongolia is threatened, Horqin Mongolia in order to protect itself, must find a reliable ally, The neighboring Qing (Later Jin) was a good choice for Horqin Mongolia.
It was during this period (40 to 43 years of the Wanli calendar) that relations between the left-wing Mongols of Horqin and the Qing (Later Jin) heated up rapidly, and the two sides continued to marry. In the fortieth year of the Wanli Calendar (1612), Nurhaci married the daughter of Ming Amberle. In the forty-third year of the Wanli Calendar (1615), Nurhaci married Korqin Konggolbele again. In the forty-second year of the Wanli Calendar (1614), Emperor Taiji married the daughter of Horqin Manggusbele. And Nurhaci also attaches great importance to friendship with the Horqin Mongols, often in the form of rewards, feasts to contact feelings, can be described as a squander. The Manchu Old Archives record: "The Great Ying Ming Khan came from afar to entertain the Mongol Ming An belle, feasted every day, feasted every other day, stayed for thirty days, gave forty households, forty pairs of armor, satin cloth and other things to the fullest, sent to thirty miles away, and stayed overnight on the road." ”
Love Shin Kyora Huang Taiji
The left wing of Horqin fell to the Qing (Later Jin) and gained a lot of money, with Nurhaci's victory in the Liaodong battlefield, the prestige increased greatly, and it also had an impact on the right wing of the Horqin, which was threatened by the Chahar department, and the Horqin Taigioba decided to reconcile with the Later Jin to jointly deal with the threat of the Chahar tribe Lin Dan Khan, and the two sides made an alliance in the ninth year of the Mandate of Heaven, and the alliance between the Qing (Later Jin) and the Horqin department was officially completed.
In November of the Tenth Year of the Mandate of Heaven (1625), Nurhaci received the news that Horqin was being attacked by the Chahar department, and ordered Belle Mang Gurtai, Huang Taiji and others to lead 5,000 reinforcements, but the Chahar soldiers did not dare to engage the Qing (Houjin) and retreated. Lin Dan Khan's retreat without a fight strengthened the determination of the Horqin Mongols to fall to the Qing (Later Jin). The two sides made another oath in April of the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven (1626), but the difference was that this time the Qing (Later Jin) appeared as an ally, nurhaci gave the name of Obataji Tushetu Khan, and the co-optation of the Horqin Mongols was initially completed in the Nurhaci generation.
For the Qing (Later Jin) to win over the Horqin Mongols, it was of great significance. First of all, in the southern Mongolian forces, the strength of the Horqin Mongols is second only to the Chahar Department and the Inner Khalkha Five, and when the contradiction with the Chahar Department cannot be reconciled, it is undoubtedly the best choice to win over the Horqin Department, and it should be known that the Gorroses, Durbert and other departments are derived from the Horqin Department, and if the Horqin Department can be submissive, then the submission process of other departments can also be accelerated. Secondly, the friendship with the Horqin Department also enabled the Qing (Later Jin) to concentrate on dealing with the Chahar Department and the Ming Dynasty, and avoid the situation of being attacked by the enemy on the belly and back.
In August of the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven (1626), Nurhaci died, and Emperor Taiji succeeded to the throne as Emperor Taizong of Qing. This person was better than blue out of blue, and judging from his subsequent behavior, Emperor Taiji was not satisfied with just being an ally of southern Mongolia. In September of the second year of Tiancong (1628), Emperor Taiji summoned the Mongol Beyler troops to attack the Chahar Department, "each of them led their troops to gather in the agreed place", perhaps because the United Front work in the Nurhaci era was too good, so that the Horqin Department did not realize that its identity was quietly changing, and even disobeyed the orders of the Emperor Taiji, privately sent troops to plunder, and did not meet with the large army, which caused the Emperor Taiji to be angry. The Old Manchu Records record: "When the Horqin Zhubeile did not arrive, Tushetu Khan, Hattan Batulu, and Manzhu Xili led their troops to set out, did not cooperate with our army, plundered on their own, plundered and came back to join our army, and so on." The Khan was furious and sent Xi Fuxiang back, ordering Tushetu to come to the meeting. ”
Of course, although there was no Horqin's participation, the Qing (Later Jin) army still won the victory, but the Emperor Taiji was obviously very dissatisfied with Tuxhetu Khan Oba, and immediately wrote a letter to count the ten major sins of Oba, and then Oba entered the dprk to make amends.
After this incident, Emperor Taiji decided to strengthen the control of the Mongol ministries by means of legalization. In the first month of the third year of Tiancong (1629), Emperor Taiji issued an edict, ordering "the five tribes of Korqin, Aohan, Naiman, Khalkha, and Karaqin, and ordered them to abide by the system of our dynasty." In March, his uncle Ashdarhan issued a military order to determine the affairs of the Mongol Belles and the penalties for being late and acting alone.
At this point, the Horqin tribe no longer dared to make a claim, and in October of the same year, The Emperor Taiji personally led a large army to attack the Ming Dynasty, and the Horqin tribe Oba did not dare to be sloppy any longer, and led the 23 Taiji of the clan to follow the Emperor Taiji into the battle.
In April of the sixth year of Tiancong (1632), Emperor Taiji attacked the Chahar Department for the second time, and Oba responded positively, sending the most troops, and was warmly praised by Emperor Taiji. The Records of Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty recorded: "The number of troops led by Jin'er and others is uneven, and the speed is also different. However, Tu Xietu led a lot of soldiers, and he did not hesitate to keep horses, scattered them to the people, and galloped to the meeting, which showed that he was sincere and sincere, and his sorrows were the same. ”
By this time, the Horqin Ministry had completely submitted to the Qing Dynasty and accepted the administration of the Qing Dynasty. At the same time, Emperor Taiji gradually promoted the alliance flag system, and the Horqin Ministry was dismantled and set up as 5 Zasak, establishing the absolute control status of the Qing Dynasty.
At this point, under the operation of the Qing Taizu Nurhaci and the Qing Emperor Taiji, the Horqin Department became an administrative division under the control of the Qing Dynasty, the so-called "Horqin with foreign relatives of the Dynasty, the Lotus Kingdom is generous, and the head of the twenty-four departments of The Inner Zak", the final Qing Dynasty, loyal, and no longer has any reaction.