Founded the Great Qing Dynasty's emperor Ai Xinjue Luo Huang Taiji
Emperor Taizong of the Qing Dynasty (28 November 1592 – 21 September 1643), also translated as "Huang Taiji", "Hong Tai Lord", and "Red Gangster Yes", which were used in the current translation during the Qianlong period and are still used today.
Huang Taiji was born on October 25, 1592 (November 28, 1592) of the Ming Dynasty, the eighth son of Nurhaci, Huang Taiji was loved by Nurhaci from an early age, and Huang Taiji's biological mother, Yehenara Menggu Zhezhe, was the daughter of Yang Jinnu (Yangganu), the chief of the Jurchen Yehe clan. In order to ally with Nurhaci, Yangjinu betrothed his youngest daughter Xu to him, calling it a natural "good couple". In the sixteenth year of the Wanli Calendar (1588), Nurhaci was married at the age of thirty, and the bride was only fourteen years old. At that time, Nurhaci had many wives and children, and the highest status was the Fucha clan Gundai, the mother of Mang gultai. But Nurhaci had a strong relationship with the Yehenara clan and liked that she only knew how to serve her husband and not interfere in political affairs
。 Emperor Taiji was born with a red face, clear eyebrows, steady movements, and dignified demeanor. He was clever and clever, and he heard what he saw, and he never forgot what he heard, and he saw it at first sight. He loved to read and learn, and he was the only one among Nurhaci's generals who could read. When his father and brother were busy with the expedition and the war for many years, the seven-year-old Emperor Taiji began to preside over the household affairs, not only managing the daily affairs of the family, money and expenditure in an orderly manner. In particular, some things do not bother Nurhaci to worry about instructions, Huang Taiji can do a very good job, as he thinks, so Nurhaci loves Huang Taiji like "heart and liver".
In the autumn of the thirty-first year of the Ming Dynasty (1603), Menggu Zhezhe fell ill and wanted to see her mother,000, Nurhaci sent someone to inform her of this, But Narin Bulu did not agree, and in September of the same year Menggu Zhezhe died of illness, and the emperor Taiji was 12 years old. During Menggu's lifetime, he had a short time to do Dafu Jin, and after Emperor Taiji became a Great Khan, he honored his mother Meng Guzhezhe as Empress Xiaocigao. After the death of his mother, Huang Taiji followed his father and brother and grew up rapidly, quickly becoming a teenager who could write and fight. The Manchus and their ancestors were known for their martial arts, and Emperor Taiji learned from his father the traditional customs of his own people, participated in hunting from an early age, practiced bravery, and shot and shot. After the emperor, Emperor Taiji still remembered this kind of life when he was a child, and once said: "When Taizu was born, we heard that we were going out hunting the next day, that is, we had to adjust the eagle kick ball in advance and make various preparations. If you don't let me go when the time comes, cry and ask to go. In the past, young and old, they even forged ahead with each other, and it was a great joy to march and hunt. At that time, there were very few servants, and everyone herded their own horses and saddles, chopped wood and cooked, and even if it was so hard, they were willing to follow the Service of the Lord, and the prosperity of the country today was the result of this hard work. Huang Taiji was very much like his father, hard-working and physically strong. Shenyang Shisheng Temple once hid a bow he used, the length of the arrow is more than four feet, not only the average person does not dare to ask, even a strong man is difficult to pull open, and the Emperor Taiji used it freely.
Since his youth, Huang Taiji often accompanied his father and brother in hunting and conquest, and was skilled in riding and shooting. In the forty years of the Wanli Calendar (1612), he went from his father to the Jurchen Ula Department of Haixi, keliu city. On the basis of the gradual completion of the unification of the Jurchen ministries, Emperor Taiji helped his father Nurhaci establish a new Post-Jin state. Nurhaci once wanted to set up his eldest son Chu Ying as a reserve, but Chu Ying did a lot of things against Nurhaci's back, and even forced Emperor Taiji and others to act with him. Emperor Taiji and others exposed Chu Ying's plot to Nurhaci, and in the forty-first year of the Wanli Calendar (1613), Nurhaci imprisoned Chu Ying and executed him two years later. Since then, Huang Taiji has further gained trust. In the forty-third year of the Wanli Calendar (1615), Nurhaci integrated the positive yellow, positive white, positive red, and positive blue and added yellow, white, red, and blue, and officially completed the eight flags system of military and political integration. Huang Taiji was appointed Baylor of Guan Zheng White Banner.
In the first year of the Later Jin Dynasty (1616), Nurhaci established the Great Golden Kingdom (historically known as Houjin), called the Great Khan, and appointed the second son Daishan as the Great Baylor, the nephew Amin as the second Baylor, the fifth son Mang Gultai as the third Baylor, and the eighth son Emperor Taiji as the fourth Baylor referred to as the Fourth Great Baylor. In the third year of the Mandate of Heaven (1618), Nurhaci made up his mind to launch an attack on the Ming Dynasty, but he was able to do so
How the body will act, but it has not been decided. Emperor Taiji offered a plan. He proposed to hit Fushun first, "Fushun is where I come and go, and I must take it first." He also suggested that taking advantage of the Opportunity of the Ming Dynasty's siege of the city to attack Li Yongfang to open the city from April 8 to 25, he would send fifty people disguised as horse merchants, divided into five groups, and enter the city as a city, and then he personally led five thousand soldiers to the city at night. Nurhaci gladly accepted his suggestion. On April 13, he swore an oath of "Seven Great Hates" and won a great victory. The Battle of Fushun was the first great war between Houjin and the Ming Dynasty, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of Houjin in the future, and Emperor Taiji's dedication and personal presence in battle had a decisive effect on The victory of Houjin.
When the news of fushun's defeat and fall of the city reached the Ming capital, "the dynasty was shocked," and Ming Shenzong, who had ignored the government for many years, exclaimed: "The Liaozuo army has fallen, the state has become more and more flaming, and the border affairs are very critical." In order to put Hou Jin to death, the Ming Dynasty joined forces with the Jurchen Yehebu and the Joseon Dynasty in the fourth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1619) to launch the famous Battle of Salhu. Later, the Jin army advanced to Salhu (on the east side of the Dagangfang Reservoir in present-day Fushun, Liaoning) and fought a major battle against the Ming army. It then went north to meet the Ming army of the former general Ma Lin, on the way, Huang Taiji defeated the rear camp of the Junsong army, Gong Niansui and Li Xibi. When the western and northern roads had been victorious and were preparing to move to the east road, Huang Taiji followed Daishan, Amin, and Mang Guertai and rushed to the front. The Ming commander-in-chief Liu Que fought and died. Another Ming army, led by Li Rubai, did not have time to engage and fled back. The Battle of Salhu was the first major battle between the Later Jin and The Ming Dynasty, and Emperor Taiji made a great contribution to winning this battle. In the tenth year of the Mandate of Heaven (1625), Emperor Taiji and his brother Abatae led 5,000 elite horsemen to aid Horqin, forcing the Chahar Mongol leader Lin Dan Khan to flee.
On August 11, 1626, the eleventh year of the Mandate of Heaven (1626), Nurhaci died of depression due to the defeat at the Battle of Ningyuan. Concubine Abhay and two concubines were buried. Daishan, together with his sons Yuetuo and Saharan, held the throne of Emperor Taiji. Daishan's eldest son, Belle Yueto, and his third son, Belle Saharan, told the ministers of Beyler the reason for supporting the Emperor Taiji: "Cai De GuanShi, when he quickly succeeds to the throne." Due to the strong support of Daishan, who was the eldest brother, the beylers were invited to the throne", and the Emperor Taiji "resigned repeatedly, and jiuzhi was promised", and was praised as the Great Khan. On September 1, Emperor Taiji, who was on the throne of the Khan in the Grand Palace, burned incense and announced that the following year was the first year of Tiancong. When Emperor Taiji ascended the throne, the Ming Dynasty was becoming hardened by Ning Yuan's victory. As soon as Emperor Taiji came to power, he sent a letter to Inspector Yuan Chonghuan of Ningyuan, expressing his hope to "reconcile with each other." Later Jin had a Han Chinese member, Yue Qiluan, who advocated peace with the Ming Dynasty, saying that if peace was not discussed, the people would flee to extinction, and if they were reconciled, they should be quickly released and returned to the Han people, or returned to their gentlemen. After his performance was reached, the Emperor Taiji killed him. The Ming Dynasty did not sit back and wait for the Jin Dynasty to retreat, but while demanding land, it built Tashan Mountain, Linghe City and Jinzhou City to step up preparations for war.
In May of the first year of Cheonjong (1627), after the conquest of the Joseon Dynasty, the emperor
Taiji personally led a large army to march on Ming. At this time, the Ming Dynasty general Yuan Chonghuan was implementing a "recovery plan", that is, "guarding the Liao soil with the Liao people and raising the Liao people with the Liao soil". He repaired the city and tun tian, raised the war with tun and raised the war, and took "keeping the right thing and fighting the strange thing." Emperor Taiji wanted to launch an early attack and launch the Battle of Ningjin, but as a result, he suffered heavy casualties, but Ningyuan City stood still. Continued to attack for another ten days, still without success. It was Yuan Chonghuan who guarded Ningyuan, and he ordered Man Gui, You Shilu, and Zu Dashou to go out of the city to resist the war. Emperor Taiji Governor Daishan, Amin, Mang Guertai, Azig and others attacked. The Ming army shouted resistance. Yuan Chonghuan took command, amplified the cannon, and the Rear Jin soldiers fell down in rows, and the guerrillas Jueluobaishan and Beiyu Bashi were shot dead, and Belezil Harang, Sakhalian, and Wakda were all wounded. The Ming general Man Gui was also seriously wounded, and most of the soldiers were killed or wounded. Ning Yuanyuan returned to Jinzhou, and it was June 4. There were many generals suffering from heat stroke, and the Emperor Taiji knew that he could not stay for long, and the next day he ordered the retreat of the troops. In this battle, the Ming army was successfully defended, and was called "Ningjin Great Victory". If Western Liaoning could not be captured, it could not enter Shanhaiguan, and if it wanted to capture Beijing, it would have to find another way. Emperor Taiji knew something about Mongolia, and at that time he had participated in alliances with Khalkha and Horqin, and had also led troops to aid Horqin.
In February of the second year of Tiancong (1628), Emperor Taiji first led two younger brothers Dolgun and The Dordor's army to personally conquer chahar's Dorot department, entered the area of Ao Mulun and captured 11,200 people. Because of the great victory of Ao Mulun, Dorgon was given the title of Morgen Daiqing, and Dolgun was given the title of Erke Chuhuer. In August, peace was negotiated with Karaqin, and in September, the troops of Korqin, Karaqin, Ao Han, Naiman, and Khalkha were transferred to the meeting. On September 6, the Houjin army marched on Chahar. On the twentieth, they attacked Silha, Xibertus, Ying, Tang, and so on. The next day, they chased to Xing'an Ridge and received countless people and animals. Victorious in mid-October. On this expedition, Houjin not only attacked the great enemy Chahar, but also further consolidated the rule of the Mongol tribes that had been subjugated. Soon, the Emperor Taiji sent Ashdarhan to these places to proclaim the edict, and later such as the conquest of Chahar, all the banners of the beyler under seventy years old, more than thirteen years old, all of them are subject to conscription, violators are punished with horses and camels, and those who do not go to the land of dating are also punished with horses.
From October of the third year of Tiancong (1629) to the first month of the fourth year of Tiancong (1630), Emperor Taiji led an army from Mongolia into the interior under the difficult circumstances of the Ming Dynasty's Guanningjin defense line, and attacked Beijing and lost, which is known in history as the "change of his own body". However, Shi Rebelled against the Liao Governor Yuan Chonghuan. After Emperor Taiji succeeded to the throne, he conformed to the historical development trend and promoted the feudalization process of the Later Jin regime. Huang Taiji himself had a good cultural attainment, and at this time he implemented measures to revitalize culture and education. In the third year of Tiancong (1629), he first proposed to "fight rebellion with martial arts, and teach Taiping with literature", changing his father Nurhaci's policy of slaughtering literati, and conducting examinations that year, selecting 200 Manchu, Han, and Mongolian students. He has recognized the importance of the development of culture and education in governing the country, saying that it cannot be assumed that there will be no mistakes without reading. It was stipulated that from the sixth year of Tiancong (1632), the children of the minister of Van Belle were under the age of fifteen and over eight years old, and they were ordered to study. He sent people to measure the land, returned the "leeway everywhere" to the public, and distributed it to the people for farming, and did not allow the banner owners and nobles to set up farms again. He also changed the original number of 13 Zhuangding into a zhuang to a zhuang for every 8 zhuangding, "the rest of the Han people, who live separately and are organized into civilian households." He also ordered the compilation and trial of Zhuang Ding, and the liberation of some slaves as weavers. These measures made the privileges of the Manchu nobility subject to a certain contract, which was conducive to the development of agricultural production. He studied Han Chinese culture vigorously and ordered Confucians to translate Chinese character books.
In the first month of the sixth year of Tiancong (1632), the "three great baylors, south of ju."
Sitting", the old system of co-managing the government of the dynasty was changed to "sitting alone in the south", highlighting the supremacy of the Khan's position. Then he sought an opportunity to eliminate the dissidents, eliminate the three major Baylor forces that threatened the Khan's position, and consolidate the Khan's power. The imitation Ming system, set up three internal courts, six ministries, "stop the king Belle consular affairs", the sole master of government affairs. It also set up the Metropolitan Inspection Bureau and the Li Fan Yuan, and established a relatively complete set of state institutions. The concentration of khan power and the strengthening of autocracy.
On the second day of the first month of June in the seventh year of Tiancong (1633), Emperor Taiji issued a speech to the soldiers to the newly attached people, "Do not be disturbed." Under the influence of Emperor Taiji, the Ming generals Kong Youde, Geng Zhongming, and Shang Kexi surrendered to Houjin. Emperor Taiji led Zhu Belle out to greet the Hun River and performed a hug ceremony to show Youlong. Kong and Geng not only brought more than 12,000 elite officers and soldiers and Hongyi cannons, but also prompted the Ming Dynasty's Liaodong coastal defense to collapse quickly. Less than four months later, Shang Kexi, the deputy general of Ming Town to guard Hiroshima, followed in the footsteps of Kong and Geng, and Emperor Taiji praised him for "understanding the situation of the times" and "breaking coastal defense, which is really my work." By the seventh year of Tiancong (1633), when Ma Guangyuan commanded the Han army, a Han army banner was actually formed, called Wuzhen Chaoha in Manchu. The troops led by Kong, Geng, and Shang were also Han troops. Prior to this, the Mongol flag army had also been formed. On March 13, 1634, in the eighth year of Tiancong (1634), Emperor Taiji held a military parade on the outskirts of Shenyang, and participated in the Eight Banners of Manchuria, the Second Banner of Mongolia, and the Banner of the Old Han Soldiers, a total of eleven flags. Much different from before was that the army had changed from a private armed force to a state army.
Since the emperor Taiji, the Khan, ascended the throne, he has devoted himself to learning the feudal rule of successive generations of absolutism and constantly strengthening the centralization of power. Without anyone being able to compete with him, he ascended to the emperor's throne. In the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), Sakhalyan asked Zhu Belle to review the past, indicating that he would be loyal and effective in the future, and The Emperor Taiji promised to consider it. Emperor Taiji then consulted the Han officials and Confucians with the title of "Early Zheng Zun", and Bao Chengxian, Ning Guanmei, Fan Wencheng, Luo Xiujin, and others all expressed their approval. Sakhalyan then summoned the beylers to pledge their allegiance to the Emperor Taiji. The "Outer Domain" Zhu Belle also asked for the title of Emperor Taiji, and the Emperor Taiji agreed. The preparation of the Shangzun was generally completed by the end of March of the tenth year of Tiancong. In May of the tenth year of Tiancong (1636), he was called emperor, fixed the name of the country "Great Qing", changed the yuan chongde, and changed the name of the clan to Jurchen. Thereafter, the main force was used in the War against the Ming Dynasty.
On November 19, 1636, in the first year of Chongdeok (1636), Emperor Taiji decided to send troops to fight on the grounds that "Korea's defeated alliance was against orders". At 10 o'clock on December 2, Emperor Taiji led his army to set off. King Lee of Joseon
It was expected that "the soldiers would be soldiered day and night", hoping for the support of the Ming Dynasty, but in fact it was in vain. The Qing army crossed the Yalu River on December 10 and arrived in Anzhou on the 13th, with a fierce force, known in history as the "Chengzi Rebellion". On the seventh day of the first month of the following year, the Qing army defeated the korean reinforcements of Jeolla and Chungcheong, and Li Qiang fled to Namhansan Castle, "desperately", claiming that the subjects were guilty. Emperor Taiji demanded severe punishment for the Korean ministers who provoked the rebellion, and at the same time shipbuilding and dispatched troops to attack Ganghwa Island, and obtained the Korean princess, prince, and cabinet ministers. On the thirtieth day, Li Qiang personally went to the emperor Taiji to prostrate himself in front of the emperor and plead guilty, and the history called it "Ding Ugly Went down to the city". After the ceremony of surrender, he immediately left his eldest son and second son as hostages, and the rest of the captured wives and more than 200 people were sent back to Beijing. On the second day of the first month of February, The Emperor Taiji was trained in Korea. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has replaced the Ming Dynasty and turned Korea into a vassal. Korea honored the Qing Dynasty as its former brothers and performed the courtesy of vassals. Soon Azig led the army to conquer Phi Dao, and beheaded the Ming general Shen Shikui and others, completely relieving the Qing Dynasty of its worries about attacking Guannei.
Emperor Taiji's military campaign against the Ming Dynasty was still divided into the Battle of the Entrance and the Battle of Guanwai due to the barrier of Shanhaiguan. During the Chongde years, a total of three entrance battles were launched, and each battle was divided into a part of the troops outside the pass to contain it. In May of the first year of Chongde (1636), Emperor Taiji sent Azig and other leaders to fight, which was the first battle of the entrance. Captured 179,820 people and livestock, and captured the chief soldier Chao Pichang. In March of the fourth year of Chongde (1639), the Qing army crossed the canal and attacked Jinan Province in Shandong, defeating the enemy in Kecheng, capturing more than 250,000 people, and triumphing in April. The biggest loss of the Qing army was the death of the Yangwei general Yue Chen. The Chongzhen Emperor not only declared martial law in the Capital Division, but was also very worried, so that when both the peasant army and the Qing army attacked, he preferred to temporarily relax the encirclement and suppression of the peasant army and transfer the main forces to the anti-Qing battlefield.
In March of the fifth year of Chongde (1640), the Qing army repaired the city of Yizhou. In the past, the Qing army divided a part of the customs, and now it is fully used for the Battle of Songjin. In August of the sixth year of Chongde (1641), Emperor Taiji saw that the situation was critical, and despite the bleeding of his nose, he marched to Songshan after six days of rapid marching. Emperor Taiji's personal march greatly boosted the morale of the Qing army. He deployed the Qing army from the south of the Wuxin River to the sea, cut off the main road, stationed the camp, and then set up an ambush at Gaoqiao, surrounded and blocked, and was prepared everywhere. On February 18, the Qing army entered Songshan and captured Hong Chengyu. On the eighth day of March, Zu Dashou in Jinzhou City was also besieged for a year after being isolated and helpless
fall. In April, the Qing army conquered Tashan and Xingxingshan and destroyed the two cities. At this point, the decisive battle of Songjin ended with the victory of the Qing army. This battle annihilated more than 50,000 Ming troops. After surrendering Songshan and Jinzhou, the Qing army occupied all the towns except Ningyuan in the Ming Dynasty.
In the seventh year of Chongde (1642), Emperor Taiji launched the last battle of the entrance before his death. He made unusual demands for this military operation, that is, to pay attention to the movements of the Ming Dynasty and the peasant army and to adopt a cooperative attitude. The commander of this march was the general Abatae and others, and the two wings of the army broke the wall from Jielingkou and Huangyankou respectively, drove south, to Yanzhou, Shandong, Jike Sanfu, Eighteen Prefectures, and Sixty-seven Counties, defeated the enemy in thirty-nine places, received 2,252 gold, 2,255,272 platinum, and captured 369,000 people and cattle and horse clothes. However, in the face of such a great victory, when many civil and military generals proposed to directly attack Shanhaiguan, Huang Taiji still adhered to the established national policy and did not take risks easily. In the lifetime of emperor Taiji, the Qing army did not pass through Shanhaiguan, but without them clearing the road, it would be impossible for the later Qing army to enter the customs. In October of the same year, the Fifth Dalai Lama of Tibet, Lobzang Jammu, dispatched Ilaguk Sanhu Tuktu and Erut Mongol Dai Qing Erji to negotiate with the Qing Dynasty. Emperor Taiji repeatedly praised Tibetan Buddhism and confessed to the Tibetan envoys that he had no doubts about Buddhism.
When Emperor Taiji was fifty years old, his body immediately became weak due to the death of his beloved Concubine Chen. Emperor Taiji married fifteen wives in his lifetime, and his favorite was the Borjigit clan that Tiancong married in the eighth year (1634), and Chongde made her a concubine of Guanju Palace in the first year. This wife Xianshu Wenjing, Huang Taiji and her quite affectionate, after marriage once had a son, Huang Taiji was so happy, for this reason issued the first amnesty order of the Qing Dynasty. This son died at the age of two. In September of the sixth year of Chongde (1641), Emperor Taiji was on the front line of Songjin, overheard that Concubine Chenfei was critically ill, and hurried back to Shengjing, by which time Concubine Chen was dead. Emperor Taiji was overwhelmed with grief. Since then, the emperor, who has always been physically strong, suddenly fell into a coma, suddenly reduced his food, and often "violated the holy bow". On the second day of The first month of October of that year, he said to the kings and their wives and children: "The mountains are steep and collapse, the woods are high, and the rich are decaying. This revealed that Huang Taiji was already uneasy about his old age and frailty. After the sixth year of Chongde (1641), Emperor Taiji issued a general amnesty due to his poor health, which also reduced the burden of handling daily affairs and even prayed.
On the ninth day of the first month of August in the eighth year of Chongde (1643), Emperor Taiji died suddenly in the harem of Shengjing at the age of 52. Emperor Xiaowen of The Heavenly Xingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuan Wen Ren Shengrui Xiaowen Emperor, later added to the title of Emperor Ying Tianxingguo Hongde Zhangwu Kuan Wen Ren Shengrui Xiaojing Min Zhaoding Long Dao Xiangongwen Emperor, temple number Taizong. Buried in Shenyang Zhaoling (Beiling).