In 1360 (the sixth year of Longfeng), Zhu Yuanzhang, on the recommendation of Hu Dahai, invited the "Four Gentlemen of Zhejiang East" to Nanjing, and it turned out that these four people played a great role in Zhu Yuanzhang's future conquest of the world. They are: Liu Ji (Liu Bowen), Song Lian, Ye Chen, and Zhang Yi.
As soon as Liu Ji arrived in Zhu Yuanzhang's lineup, he did a very "out of line" thing and changed Zhu Yuanzhang's fate.
The Ming Chronicle at the end of volume II records:
In the spring of the twenty-first year, Zhongshu Province set up a throne and performed a congratulatory ceremony for King Xiaoming. Liu Ji angrily said, "Pi Mu erects his ears, what is it to worship!" "No worship. Taizu summoned Ji into the room and asked. Ji Sui Chen's mandate of heaven is there. Taizu's great realization was a plan for conquest.
This means that on the first day of the Lunar New Year in 1361, Zhu Yuanzhang led the military generals to bow down to the throne of King Xiaoming, and everyone knelt neatly, except for Liu Ji, who stood there abruptly, unwilling to bend his knees. Zhu Yuanzhang was helpless and summoned Liu Ji to the inner chamber for questioning, and Liu Ji gave Zhu Yuanzhang a view of the "Mandate of Heaven", believing that King Xiaoming was not the future monarch of the world, so he asked Zhu Yuanzhang to plan more for himself, and Zhu Yuanzhang woke up and set a great plan for conquest from then on.
King Xiaoming, also known as Han Lin'er, was the leader of the Red Turban Army in the North and Zhu Yuanzhang's superior. Han Lin'er stirred up the storm for more than ten years, he occupied the "great righteousness", anti-Yuan and Song, at the peak of the self-proclaimed "support of millions of soldiers", is a big figure that can not be ignored in the last years of the Yuan Dynasty, however, such a big figure, in the later period, has no foothold, in 1366, Han Lin'er drowned in Guabu on the way to Zhu Yuanzhang to send him back to Nanjing, and the cause of death is still controversial.
In this article, the author will share with you Han Lin'er, the emperor of the "Great Song" at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, hoping to let everyone understand a different history through the citation and analysis of historical materials.
First, the stone man has one eye, and the world is opposed
Speaking of Han Lin'er, I have to say that his father, Han Shantong. The 121 Chronicles of the New Yuan Dynasty records that:
Han Lin'er, a yongnian person. Father Shan Tong, tasted as a child teacher, known as Han Xuejiao. At the beginning of the reign, Shan Tong proposed that the world would be in chaos and Maitreya Buddha would be born.
Han Santong was once a reader, known as Han pedantic and resourceful. In the last years of the Yuan Dynasty, the harsh government was like a tiger, the social contradictions were sharp, and the people were not happy. However, the Yuan court is still intensifying the exploitation of the people, and many people dare to be angry and dare not speak out.
In 1351, the Yuan Shun Emperor sent the minister Jia Lu to collect 100,000 people to clean up the Yellow River, and the people were enslaved, and Han Shantong consulted with his accomplice Liu Futong and others and decided to use this opportunity to incite the people to rebel. It turns out that Han Shantong is not an incompetent person, and he learned from the experience of the peasant uprising of the previous generation and did three things:
First, Han Shantong first asked Liu Fu, Du Zundao, Luo Wensu, Sheng Wenyu, Wang Xianzhong, Han Yaozhuo, and other cronies to tell the people that the world was about to be in chaos, and Maitreya Buddha would be born to save everyone. And spread two nursery rhymes, that is, "Mo Daoshi people have one eye, this thing is the opposite of the world".
Second, Han Shantong secretly sent someone to bury a one-eyed stone statue under the course of the Yellow River. A few days later, the people dug up the stone statue, and their minds changed when they thought of the nursery rhyme they heard the day before. History:
"The river opener digs it up, turns to the other side, and the people's hearts shake."
Third, Han Shantong claimed to be the eighth grandson of Emperor Huizong of Song, and he wanted to lead everyone to "oppose the Yuan and restore the Song". At that time, the Yuan Dynasty had only been in power in the Central Plains for more than 70 years, and the people of the Central Plains were oppressed by the Mongol nobles and had long long longed for the Song Dynasty.
This series of operations by Han Shantong successfully ignited a wave of rebellion against tyranny among the people, and everyone took up shovels, killed the moat officials, and supported Han Shantong, the "eighth grandson of Emperor Huizong of Song", as the leader.
Han Shantong saw that the time was ripe, so he led everyone to kill the black cow and white horse and swore to rebel. Because the insurgents all wore red scarves, it was called the "Red Turban Army Uprising" in later generations.
Han Shantong led everyone to attack Yingzhou, snatching grain and killing officials. The people responded with great momentum. When Emperor Yuan Shun heard about it, he hurriedly sent a large army to suppress it. Han Shantong had bad luck and was captured alive by the Yuan army and killed. His subordinates Liu Futong and Du Zundao led the rebel army to continue to rebel against the Yuan army.
After Han Shantong was killed, his wife Yang fled to Mount Wu'an with her son Han Lin'er. Liu Futong and Du Zundao led the rebels to occupy the borders of Luoshan and Shangcai. Three years later, the number of the Red Turban Army had reached more than 100,000. During this period, Liu Futong and Du Zundao fell into the vortex of power and profit. Liu Futong was a military general and Du Zundao was a civilian minister, and both had a large number of followers behind them, fighting each other, and both wanted to become the leaders of the Red Turban Army.
Because the two were deadlocked with each other, in the end, everyone gave way, believing that since it was "anti-Yuan and restoration of the Song", it should be let "the ninth grandson of Emperor Huizong of Song" and Han Lin'er, the son of Han Shantong, be the leader of everyone. This suggestion was indeed approved by all the leaders of the Red Turban Army. Therefore, Liu and Du sent people to look for Han Lin'er, and in the first month of the following year (1355), everyone finally found Han Lin'er and his mother Yang shi in the area of the Jiahe River in The Mountains.
In February 1355, Liu Futong, Du Zundao, and others established Han Lin'er as emperor in Bozhou, Anhui Province, with the national name "Great Song" and the era name "Longfeng". Han Lin'er was known as the King of Xiaoming, honoring Yang as empress dowager, Feng Du Zundao as a chancellor, and Liu Futong as Pingzhang. Therefore, in 1355, in the northern Red Turban Army system, it was called the first year of the dragon and phoenix.
Han Lin'er's imperial career began.
From the perspective of historical process, Han Lin'er was not one of the first righteous soldiers of the anti-Yuan, and the reason why he was able to be proclaimed emperor by everyone was mainly because of the prestige of his father Han Shantong and his name of "the ninth grandson of Emperor Huizong of Song". Therefore, although the Red Turban Army was numerous in the later period, Han Lin'er's leadership was not strong.
Second, the red scarf is full of rivers, and the Ming King's forces are lonely
In the past few years when Han Lin'er and her mother Yang Shi were hiding in the mountains, the situation in the world had changed greatly.
First of all, in the same year of Han Shantong's death, Xu Shouhui, a native of Puzhou, launched an uprising in Paradise Village, and his rebel army also wore a red scarf on its head, which was later called the "Southern Red Turban Army", and Han Lin'er's Red Turban Army was called the "Northern Red Turban Army" by posterity because it had been active in the Yellow River Valley. The Southern and Northern Red Turban Armies have the same name, but they do not have any subordinate relations with each other.
Xu Shouhui declared himself emperor in Jizhou and established the "Heavenly End" regime, and the Southern Red Turban Army later developed rapidly, and Chen Youyi, Ming Yuzhen and others were all under Xu Shouhui.com.
Secondly, in the second year of Han Shantong's death, some people in the Yellow River and Huai River valleys in the north successively inherited Han Shantong's legacy, and they revolted in the name of the Red Turban Army, ostensibly under the leadership of the Northern Red Turban Army, but in fact occupied the mountain. For example, Guo Zixing in Haozhou, Anhui Province, is one of them. It should be noted that Guo Zixing has a very famous son-in-law, he is Zhu Yuanzhang!
Therefore, after King Xiaoming was proclaimed emperor, Guo Zixing and Zhu Yuanzhang took King Xiaoming as their king, and in the "Dragon and Phoenix" era, every new month, they had to think of Han Lin'er's throne to perform a great ceremony.
Third, in Gaoyou, the yanmin Zhang Shicheng launched the "Eighteen-Article Bian Dan Uprising", he first occupied Gaoyou, and later "moved the capital" to Pingjiang (Suzhou), established the "Great Zhou", and established himself as emperor.
That is to say, when King Xiaoming first ascended the throne, although the Northern Red Turban Army was powerful, the world had already shown a trend of chasing deer. Subtlely, since the Northern Red Turban Army led by Han Lin'er had been active in the Yellow River Valley, he was closest to the Yuan Court, so the first of the Thousand Armies and Horses of the Yuan Dynasty to attack must be Han Lin'er.
Han Lin'er had strong enemies on the outside and instability on the inside. Less than a year after he ascended the throne, the contradictions between Liu Futong and Du Zundao were irreconcilable. The Biography of Ming Shi Han Lin'er records:
Do what you preach. Fu Tong was jealous, and the Yin Order Jia Shi killed Andi Dao, and he made himself a minister, plus Tai Bao, and the power of the matter was returned to Fu Tong.
In the end, Liu Futong killed Du Zundao and monopolized power. Although Han Lin'er has his name, the real power is in the hands of Liu Futong.
In order to destroy the Red Turban Army as soon as possible, Emperor Yuanshun successively sent two major generals, Polo Timur and Timur to lead an army of millions to attack Han Lin'er, resulting in heavy losses for Han Lin'er. History:
Since the Yuanshi defeated Futong at Taikang, he entered the siege, and Futong coerced Lin Er to go to Anfeng. Before long, the soldiers revived and sent their party to part ways.
That is, at the end of the First Year of Longfeng (1355), the Yuan Dynasty gathered heavy troops to attack, and Han Lin'er sent Liu Futong to fight, and the two sides dueled at Taikang. Liu Futong was not a rival to the Yuan dynasty general Chakhan Timur (Wang Baobao's righteous father), and the Red Turban Army was defeated, and Liu Futong had to flee to Anfeng with Han Lin'er. What the Yuan Dynasty did not expect was that Han Lin'er's army was defeated not long ago, but because he had the great righteousness of "restoring the Song Dynasty", he was deeply supported by the people of the Central Plains, and in less than half a year, Han Lin'er's strength returned to the previous level.
It can be seen how "anti-beating" Han Lin'er is.
From a historical point of view, Han Lin'er's role is enormous! In the first few years of Han Lin'er's ascension to the throne, his greatest contribution was to "block bullets" for Xu Shouhui, Zhang Shicheng, Zhu Yuanzhang and others behind him. With his presence, these tyrants in the back were able to develop rapidly.
A few years later, Zhu Yuanzhang decided to go north after unifying the south, and xu da, Chang Yuchun and others were able to break through all the way for one reason that could not be ignored, that is, the elite troops of the Yuan Dynasty were actually exhausted by the Northern Red Turban Army as early as ten years ago!
Third, the red scarf is full of the Yellow River, and the Anti-Yuan Book is brilliant
Han Lin'er's most glorious moment against the Yuan Dynasty was three years after he ascended the throne.
In the three years of LongFeng, Han Lin'er's soldiers were divided into three roads, the first road was led by Li Wu and Cui De, who captured Shangzhou and Wuguan all the way, and the army pointed directly at Guanzhong.
The second route led by Mao Gui captured Jiaozhou, Laizhou, and Binzhou in one fell swoop, and seized Shandong.
The third route was Liu Futong personally commanded, and after the first two roads successfully pinned down the Yuan army, Liu Futong led his troops to directly attack The Liang.
Why did Han Lin'er attack Bieliang? Because this was the former capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, he aimed to "oppose the Yuan and restore the Song Dynasty", and the success of Bieliang was of greater significance to the Northern Red Turban Army. After the three-way army was all victorious, looking at the entire Yellow River Valley, there were almost red scarves everywhere.
It was precisely because Han Lin'er was so "arrogant" in the north that Zhu Yuanzhang was able to take this opportunity to occupy Jiqing (Nanjing), and Xu Shouhui was able to attack Bashu in the west and Anqing in the east. If you look at it from the perspective of anti-Yuan contributions alone, Xu Shouhui, Zhu Yuanzhang, Zhang Shicheng, and others have to call Han Lin'er a "big guy".
In the fourth year of Longfeng, Han Lin'er divided his troops into two routes, attacking from the general Mao Gui along shandong to the north, and another general, Li Xixi, attacking Guanzhong. The "History of Ming" cloud is "very sharp", and the Yuan army has been very difficult to suppress.
If we look back from the perspective of history, we will find that Han Lin'er is not a mediocre, at least, he has clever people under his command. His two-way army can be described as "targeted". You know, if Shandong goes north, it will point directly to Dadu (Beijing, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty). The Guanzhong region, which has been a Han and Tang Dynasty fortress since ancient times, can be obtained in an agrarian society.
Emperor Yuan Shun was very panicked at that time, and the History of Ming yun:
Emperor Shun marched the four sides of the army into the guard, and it was proposed to move the capital to avoid qifeng, and the chancellor advised him to stop.
Emperor Yuanshun recruited soldiers and horses to escort the king, and even wanted to move the capital to take refuge, but only stopped under the persuasion of his ministers.
In order to resist Han Lin'er's offensive, Emperor Yuanshun had to transfer all the Mongol troops outside Guanxi to Guannei, and even used the soldiers and horses guarding Goryeo to suppress Han Lin'er.
Han Lin'er was full of morale at that time, somewhat self-righteous, coupled with the fact that his battle line had expanded too long, he could not take care of each other, and soon suffered a big loss under the iron horse of the Yuan Dynasty.
Half a year later, Liu Futong's army defeated Hebei, Li Xixi's army defeated Xingyuan, and Mao Gui was also severely damaged. However, although the Red Turban Army was defeated, it was very tenacious, and they stubbornly resisted the Yuan Dynasty army to the end. For example, at that time, Han Lin'er had a large army led by Mr. Guan and Broken Head Pan, who initially attacked Datong. After learning that Han Lin'er was defeated in the rear, the two of them knew that the retreat had been cut off, and simply continued to march forward. The two men led a large army from Datong to Saiwai and to Xinghe (in Ulanchabu, Inner Mongolia), where they fought with the Yuan army and then burned shangdu (one of the three major capitals of the Yuan dynasty) and destroyed most of the palaces in Shangdu. In the steppe, the two were besieged by the Mongol army, and they rushed all the way to the northeast, captured Liaoyang, and finally hit Goryeo, because they ran out of food, and this army died heroically.
The author saw someone ask before: When Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youyu fought a big battle in order to compete for territory, why didn't the Yuan Dynasty army take profits? Seeing these introductions from me above, I think everyone will understand that in the nearly one hundred years since the founding of the Yuan Dynasty, they are not stupid, and of course they will take profits, but they have been turned upside down by Han Lin'er, and there are no extra thoughts and troops to suppress Zhu Yuanzhang and Chen Youyu.
In a word, In the history of anti-Yuan resistance at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Han Lin'er left a strong mark for himself with the help of the anti-oppression psychology of the people of the Central Plains.
Fourth, the yellow river is gushing, and the sunset shows the afterglow
Since the anti-Yuan, Han Lin'er has created her own glory. However, with the counterattack of this Yuan army, he was also severely damaged. In addition, Han Lin'er also faced a big problem, and the Biography of Ming Shi Han Lin'er recorded:
The generals who are outside do not obey the restraints, and they are burned and plundered, until the old and the weak are used as food, and all the blessings are so good, and the blessings cannot be controlled. Although the soldiers are prosperous, the threat is not good. Several captured the city, and the Yuan soldiers also recovered from behind it, and could not defend it.
This means that although Han Lin'er is powerful, neither he nor Liu Futong understands how to restrain this group of "grassy" generals. Wherever the Red Turban Army in the north went, the people welcomed them in the middle of the road, but they burned and looted, and soon they failed all the people they had gained. So that although the city was captured, it was eventually easily captured by the Yuan Dynasty.
In the fifth year of Longfeng, Emperor Yuanshun once again sent Tsakhan Timur south, the Yuan army attacked all the way, and Han Lin'er was defeated all the way. In May, the Yuan Dynasty army besieged Bieliang, and the History of Ming records:
Lin Erbing was defeated in battle, and the infant city was defended for more than 100 days, and the food was exhausted. Fu Tong's plan was nothing, and Lin Er returned to Anfeng from the East Gate of the Hundred Horsemen, and the children of the harem officials and the treasure goods of the Seal of the Fu Seal were all lost to Chakhan.
Han Lin'er held out in Bieliang for more than a hundred days, and because of the lack of grain, Liu Futong had to lead people to break through. In the end, only Liu Futong, Han Lin'er and more than a hundred other people fled to Anfeng. Han Lin'er's harem concubines and jade seals both fell into the hands of the Yuan army.
In the sixth year of Longfeng, the Yuan court sent Polo Timur south, at that time, the only powerful army under Han Lin'er was also defeated by Polo Timur, and at this point, Han Lin'er gradually fell into an embarrassing situation.
In the seventh year of Longfeng, the Yuan Dynasty successively pacified Shandong.
In the eighth year of LongFeng, Han Lin'er's general Tian Feng deceived the Yuan Dynasty and killed Chakhan Timur, and In anger, Chakhan Timur's righteous son Wang Baobao (Kuoku Timur), led his army to slash and kill all the way, almost wiping out Han Lin'er's subordinates in Henan. Han Lin'er had to stay with Liu Futong to an feng.
In the ninth year of Longfeng, Emperor Yuanshun and the crown prince fell into infighting, and Wang Baobao and Polo Timur attacked each other with their own teams, which gave Han Lin'er a chance to breathe. However, Zhang Shicheng, who had been in Suzhou for a long time, suddenly sent the general Lü Zhen to attack Anfeng, hoping to abduct Han Lin'er to capture political gains. Han Lin'er fought bitterly to no avail, so he had to send someone to Nanjing to ask for help from his nominal subordinate Zhu Yuanzhang.
As I mentioned at the beginning of this article, although Zhu Yuanzhang performs the courtesy of the monarch to Han Lin'er's throne every year, it is also a superficial work. He actually didn't really listen to Han Lin'er's dispatches. At that time, Chen Youyu was launching a 600,000-strong army to attack Hongdu, and Liu Ji persuaded Zhu Yuanzhang to abandon Han Lin'er and directly attack Chen Youyu. But Zhu Yuanzhang said:
"Anfeng breaks the rules and strengthens the soldiers."
Zhu Yuanzhang was afraid that Zhang Shicheng would continue to sit on the throne, so he decided to let his nephew Zhu Wenzheng die in Hongdu and wait until he rescued An Feng before attacking Chen Youyu.
By the time Zhu Yuanzhang personally led a large army to Anfeng City, Liu Futong had already been killed by Lü Zhen, the History of Ming:
So the commander went to the rescue, and Jane had entered the city to kill Futong. Taizu shot away Zhen, returned to Lin Er, and lived in Chuzhou.
After Zhu Yuanzhang defeated Lü Zhen, Han Lin'er was rescued. However, at this time, King Xiaoming had nowhere to go. Zhu Yuanzhang bowed to Han Lin'er, still honored him as emperor, and placed him in Chuzhou. This year is the ninth year of the dragon and phoenix, that is, 1364. Subsequently, Zhu Yuanzhang won more in the Battle of Poyang Lake and killed Chen Youyu with a sharp arrow.
That is, in this year, Han Lin'er named Zhu Yuanzhang the King of Wu, Zhu Yuanzhang was the only seedling of the Northern Red Turban Army at that time, and Han Lin'er did not reward Zhu Yuanzhang, there was no difference.
Han Lin'er stayed in Chuzhou for three years, and in the twelfth year of Longfeng (1366), Zhu Yuanzhang sent Xu Da, Chang Yuchun, Feng Sheng, and others to attack Zhang Shicheng, and Zhang Shicheng was trapped in Pingjiang City. Zhu Yuanzhang saw that the overall situation had been decided, so he sent Liao Yongzhong to Chuzhou to pick up Han Lin'er back to Nanjing, but unexpectedly, on the way back from Liao Yongzhong, when passing through Guabu (southeast of Liuhe District, Nanjing), the ship suddenly capsized, Han Lin'er drowned, and before dying, he was still wearing a dragon robe. Ming Shi Yun:
Taizu ordered Liao Yongzhong to welcome Lin Er back to Heaven, and when he reached Guabu, the boat sank in the river clouds.
Han Lin'er created glory in the Yellow River Basin, he called himself emperor for 12 years, and finally died in the Yangtze River Basin, which cannot be explained by the phrase "water and soil are not satisfied". But in any case, in the 12 years of imperial career, Han Lin'er went from glory to decline.
The Yellow River is turbid, the Yangtze River is clear, and after Han Lin'er saw the wind and waves, he disappeared into the long river of history.
V. Jiang Zuo mourned the Ming King, and later generations commented
Regarding the death of Han Lin'er, there is much discussion in historiography. But one thing is very clear, Han Lin'er must have been murdered. Because Liao Yongzhong was the most adept at water warfare under Zhu Yuanzhang, Han Lin'er was drowned by water under his eyes, which could not be said in any way.
The point is, was it Zhu Yuanzhang who instructed Liao Yongzhong to kill Han Lin'er? Or did Liao Yongzhong read Zhu Yuanzhang's mind and kill Han Lin'er privately? It's hard to say.
Anyway, after the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang made 6 dukes when he rewarded meritorious servants, while Liao Yongzhong was very meritorious in battle, but Zhu Yuanzhang only made him a marquis (Marquis of Deqing). Zhu Yuanzhang explained to Liao Yongzhong at that time:
"When Yongzhong fought in Poyang, he forgot his body to resist the enemy, which can be described as a strange man. However, the Confucians who are good at it are born to spy on the will, and they are knighted, so they stop being crowned marquises and are not justified. ”
It means that at the time, with the merits of Liao Yongzhong, it is more than enough to make him a duke. However, he had privately figured out my intentions, causing Han Lin'er to die in Guabu and make a big mistake, so he could not be made a duke.
That is to say, the pot of Han Lin'er's death, Zhu Yuanzhang not only did not carry it, but also threw it all to Liao Yongzhong. Therefore, the death of Han Lin'er is still a historical case.
There is a sentence in "The Eleventh Year of Zuo Chuan Zhuang Gong", called "His rise is also bold, and his death is also sudden", and it is most appropriate to use this sentence to describe Han Lin'er.
Regarding Han Lin'er, the author has three comments:
First, Han Lin'er is a warrior. He made outstanding contributions to the fight against the Yuan Dynasty. At the peak of Han Lin'er, he once "supported millions of troops" and beat Emperor Yuanshun to move the capital. For Zhu Yuanzhang and others in the rear, they blocked wave after wave of suppression by the Yuan Dynasty. If there is no Han Lin'er in front, it is difficult to say whether Zhu Yuanzhang, Chen Youyu, and Zhang Shicheng can become the emperors of the late Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, Han Lin'er's historical contribution cannot be ignored.
Second, Han Lin'er is a leader. The Northern Red Turban Army led by Han Lin'er and Nai's father set off a wave of resistance by the people of the Central Plains to fight against tyranny. Zhu Yuanzhang's Haozhou Red Turban Army was the successor of the Northern Red Turban Army. The History of the Ming Dynasty once commented:
Han Lin'er crossed the Central Plains, ravaged by arsonists, and covered the river and Huai for more than ten years. Taizu was able to calmly create the Creator by his power.
It can be seen that although Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, Han Lin'er was the pioneer of the Ming Dynasty, which cannot be denied.
Third, Han Lin'er has his limitations. Although the rebel army led by Han Lin'er was brave, it did not break through the limitations of the feudal peasant uprising, his military discipline was not strict, he oppressed the people, and after tasting some of the results of the uprising, he forgot the purpose of the initial uprising. This is the fundamental reason for his transformation from prosperity to decline, and it is also a place worthy of vigilance for future generations.
Sima Qian in the Chronicle of the Assassins:
"Its righteousness may or may not succeed, but its intention is more clear, it does not deceive its aspirations, and its name will be passed on to future generations!"
Therefore, Han Lin'er is not a loser, he is a brave person who deserves the respect of future generations!