First, Zu Di, Huan Wen and Liu Yu had different objectives for the Northern Expedition
The Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty were in the same corner of Jiangdong, but the two dynasties were fundamentally different.
We usually talk about the label of the Southern Song Dynasty, which is"
A quiet corner
”。 The Eastern Jin Dynasty did not have such a label, because the Eastern Jin Dynasty was always in the Northern Expedition and was an aggressive dynasty than the Southern Song Dynasty.
The Northern Expedition of the Eastern Jin Dynasty began with Zu Di in the year of the founding of the People's Republic of China, followed by the Yu Liang brothers, then Yin Hao, then Huan Wen, and finally Liu Yu, and the Northern Expedition ran through the whole process, going forward and following, unswerving.
Among the above several people, the most successful ones are Zu Ti, Huan Wen and Liu Yu.
Zu Ti crossed the river north with hundreds of tribes and grain and grass of thousands of people, and recovered the vast area north of the Huai River and south of the Yellow River, but unfortunately, when he had the advantage to prepare for the second northern expedition across the Yellow River, he died of illness.
After Huan Wen recaptured Bashu, he made three Northern Expeditions: the first Northern Expedition, after Qin, was under the city of Chang'an; the second Northern Expedition was a major defeat at The City of Luoyang, Yao Xiang, and recaptured Luoyang; the third Northern Expedition of Former Yan, as far as the soldiers could reach, hit the last pass of the Former Yan capital, Fangtou, forcing Former Yan to prepare to move the capital for a time.
Compared with the first two, Liu Yu's Northern Expedition was the most successful, he destroyed Southern Yan, recovered Bashu, and finally destroyed Later Qin.
There are also different theories about the purpose of the Northern Expedition of Zu Ti, Huan Wen and Liu Yu.
The purpose of Zu Di and Huan Wen's Northern Expedition is clearly identified in historiography.
Zu Ti's Northern Expedition was to recover his homeland and build up his heroic cause. Zu Ti's heroic great deed is to occupy the Central Plains and become a prince of one side, and he said very clearly to Liu Kun: "
I should avoid the central ear under my feet.
This means that in the future, everyone will be the same prince, and they will keep a hand on each other when fighting for hegemony. When Zu Ti laid a foothold in the country, Sima Rui, the Emperor of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, sent a close confidant Dai Yuan to land on Zu Ti's territory to control Zu Ti, who was very angry and died of depression.
Huan Wen's expedition was divided into two parts, the first part was to cut Shu, the purpose of which was to unify the rivers and mountains of the Jin Dynasty, and the third part of the Northern Expedition was to accumulate popularity for his usurpation of the Jin Dynasty, and its purpose was to "
If you want to make a meritorious contribution to Heshuo first, you are also subject to nine tins.
"According to the customs of the Wei and Jin dynasties,"
Add nine tin
"It is the only way to usurp the throne, and with nine tins added, you can ascend to the throne." Huan Wen's mentality was seen by Wang Meng during his first Northern Expedition, and Wang Meng said:
Thousands of miles away, deep into the Kou Realm, Chang'an is within easy reach without crossing the Bashui, and the people have not seen the public heart.
"It means that the Huanwen Northern Expedition is false. Huan Wen had nothing to say, and Wang Meng did not come to Huan Wen's command.
Liu Yu's expedition was also divided into two parts, the first part was the Northern Expedition to destroy Southern Yan and the reconquest of Bashu, which was Liu Yu's offensive and defensive purpose, mainly to relieve the threat of both to the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Because southern Yan constantly harassed the Eastern Jin Dynasty, making the Eastern Jin Dynasty very passive, for the sake of the country's long-term peace and stability, Liu Yu destroyed southern Yan; Bashu belonged to the rebellion and self-reliance, and as far as the Eastern Jin Dynasty was concerned, it must be suppressed. As a result, the territory of the Eastern Jin Dynasty expanded and some of the homeland was recovered.
However, historiography is controversial about Liu Yu's purpose of the Northern Expedition after Qin.
To understand the purpose of Liu Yu's Northern Expedition and Later Qin, it is necessary to understand Liu Yu's performance before Later Qin.
Second, Liu Yufa's performance before Later Qin
In October 406, Liu Yu was made the Duke of Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡公) for his contribution to quelling the Huanxuan Rebellion, and a month later, in November, he was awarded the title of Duke of Yuzhang.
In the middle of the service, the general of the jin number car and the kaifu yi are the same as the three divisions
"The rank is only one level lower than the late Xie An.
In the first month of 408 AD, Liu Yu officially became an auxiliary chancellor, combining military and political power.
"Zhi Shizhong, Che Riding General, Kaifu Yi Tongsan Division, Yangzhou Thorn History, Lu Shangshu, Xu Yan Erzhou Thorn History as before."
After Liu Yu assisted the government, he first destroyed Southern Yan, and then returned to the division to extinguish Lu Xun's rebellion, which was destroyed by the "Southern Yan"
He was reappointed as a lieutenant and a zhongshu supervisor.
”
In 413, after Liu Yu recaptured Bashu,"
Jin Gong Taifu, Yangzhou Mu, Jia Yu Bao advocated, Ban Jian twenty people. ”
After the reconquest of Bashu, Liu Yu was also the Minister of National Defense."
Lieutenant
"And the Prince Teacher"
Taifu
"Two of the three dukes, plus the office of prime minister"
Record the Book of Shang
”。 At this time, Liu Yu became one person above ten thousand people, and his power was tilted for a while.
In April 415, Liu Yu sent an army to conquer Sima Xiuzhi, the assassin of Jingzhou, driving sima Xiuzhi away and occupying Xiangyang. This year and the second year became a bumper harvest year for Liu Yushitu, starting with April."
The sword is on the temple, the dynasty is not inclined, the praise is not named, plus the front yu bao, advocating, placing the four people left and right Changshi, Sima and Zhonglang.
"August of the same year"
The court is honored with justice, and it is not appropriate to pay homage to the army, and it is not appropriate to add special ceremonies, and not to repeat the name of the deed, and to take the son of the world as the history of the state. ”
The following year, in the first month of 416 AD, Liu Yu"
He was given the title of General of Pingbei and the Assassin of Yan Prefecture,and the Governor of Southern Qin,and the Twenty-two Prefectures of Fan.
"March,"
Governor of The Capitals of Canada
”。
In September of the same year, Liu Yu began his conquest of Later Qin.
Third, the three factors of Qin after Liu Yu's Northern Expedition
There are many historical differences about the purpose of Liu Yu's Northern Expedition and Later Qin, in fact, there are three factors that determine Liu Yu's Northern Expedition, and after analyzing these three factors one by one, the purpose of Liu Yu's Northern Expedition will be clear at a glance.
1. The weakening of Later Qin
In 416, Yao Xing, the lord of the Later Qin state, died, and his eldest son Yao Hong succeeded him as the lord of the country, before and after this, Yao Hong's brothers were fratricidal, the people's hearts were floating, the defectors were increasing day by day, and the national strength was greatly damaged.
Later Qin was internally unstable, and the external environment it faced became more and more severe, and it was also hit by the double blows of the Great Xia Kingdom and the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Compared with the decline of Later Qin, Liu Yu's Beifu soldiers coincided with the heyday of history, with strong combat effectiveness and good generals.
This was the best time to conform to the great cause of unification of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and destroy the Later Qin.
The results proved that the reason why Liu Yufa houqin succeeded was precisely to take advantage of this good opportunity at the right time and place.
2. Eradicate the Sima Sect's office that opposes him
General Pingxi, Sima Xiuzhi of Jingzhou,"
The weight of the clan room has won the hearts of the People of Jiang han
That is, just because he was a clan and won the hearts of the people, Liu Yu doubted him."
There are different aspirations
Liu Yu sent Sima Xiuzhi's sons and nephews to prison and put sima Xiuzhi in force. After Sima Xiu's defeat at the Battle, he ran to Later Qin, and he wanted to fight back to the Eastern Jin Dynasty day and night, so he kept moving in the Xiangyang area.
For such a Sima Sect, it was also an important reason for Liu Yu to use troops against Later Qin.
3. Remove obstacles to usurpation
This reason is found in the Book of Wei:
"Yu Zhi poured out his talents, and if he did not make a meritorious name, he was afraid that people would not be allowed to do so, but he would be Yao Hong of the Western Expedition."
The reasons against this reason are:
It is believed that Liu Yu's usurpation of the throne is as easy as a palm, and there is no need to usurp the throne by cutting down Later Qin.
Raising such objections is actually a lack of understanding of the Door Valve System in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
A feature of the Eastern Jin Dynasty door valve system is that the door valve families controlled the high-level center, and the Han people could only wander on the edge of the center. The stability of the political situation in the Eastern Jin Dynasty was that the Menmen clan controlled the government and defended the country with the armed forces of displaced people.
Liu Yu was born of the Han clan, which started with a typical displaced people armed With Beifu soldiers, and if this Han clan wants to enter the door valve, it must be conditioned by military merit, otherwise it is difficult to obtain the recognition of the family clan, and without the recognition of the family clan, Liu Yu is difficult to usurp the throne successfully.
Since the establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the governance structure is that the door valve and the royal family jointly rule the world, so the door valve is very powerful, and It is difficult for Wang Dun, Huan Wen, and Huan Xuan, who were born from the door valve, to succeed, not to mention Liu Yu, who was born in the Han ethnic group.
Liu Yu did not have the background of the Door Valve family, and his subordinates were all born in the Northern Province of the Han Clan, without the support of powerful forces, to improve the power and status of himself and his generals, only military merit, military merit can only pass through the Northern Expedition.
Before Liu Yu's Northern Expedition to Qin, it seemed that he was in a high position of power, but in fact, there was still an insurmountable obstacle to the usurpation of jin, that is, he did not obtain it."
"and not"
"It is impossible to get the approval of the scholars. Huan Wen, who was born in Gaomen at that time, in order to usurp the throne, did not hesitate to work hard to mobilize the masses to do a northern expedition face work, that is, to obtain"
Liu Yu destroyed Later Qin in 417 AD, and in 418 AD he got his wish."
", and is canonized as "
Song Gong
“
"Seal"
After that, Liu Yu finally had the conditions to usurp the Jin Dynasty, killing the Jin Emperor in 419 AD and usurping the Jin Emperor in 420 AD.
Fourth, liu yu's true purpose of Qin after the Northern Expedition
Combining the above three factors, the only thing that could support Liu Yu's Northern Expedition was for the great cause of the unification of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, that is, the weakening of Later Qin, gave Liu Yu an opportunity.
Second, the direct reason why Liu Yu vigorously eradicated Sima Xiuzhi's clan was that Sima Xiuzhi obstructed Liu Yu's power, or Sima Xiuzhi was the biggest obstacle to Liu Yu's usurpation of power. Liu Yu's reason for Sima Xiuzhi's use of troops was that he had different intentions, and whether a clan had different hearts did not need him as an outsider, and the reason for this was because Liu Yu did not want to have a strong clan opposition force after usurping the throne, so he had to get rid of it quickly;
Article 3,"
"It is the only way for Liu Yu to usurp the Jin Dynasty, and this must-go path can only be achieved through the Northern Expedition after Qin."
Therefore, through the above analysis, the real reason for Liu Yu's Northern Expedition to Qin was to gain popularity with military merit, and to get rid of the clan of Sima Xiu who opposed him, and to prepare for the usurpation of Jin.