In October 1934, after the failure of the fifth anti-"encirclement and suppression" campaign, the main force of the Central Red Army, in order to get rid of the encirclement and pursuit of the Kuomintang troops, was forced to carry out a strategic shift, withdraw from the central base area, and carry out the Long March.
But the Central Red Army wants to take this step,
First of all, we must break through the 4 blockade lines set up by the Kuomintang
。 In order to "block" the Red Army, Chiang Kai-shek mobilized 16 divisions and 77 regiments, and set up 4 blockade lines in Gannan Province, Xiangyue Border, Southeast Hunan province, and Xianggui side where the Red Army might move, and the Guangdong Army, the Xiang Army, and the Gui Army respectively surrounded and blocked the Central Red Army.
According to Chiang Kai-shek's deployment, he was known as the "King of the Southern Heavens."
Chen Jitang
In order to cooperate with the kuomintang northern route army and the eastern road army in the attack on the central Soviet area, he led the kuomintang Cantonese army along the line
In the southwest of the Central Soviet District, an area around Anyuan, Xinfeng, Ganxian and Nankang, the first blockade line was set up
to prevent the Central Red Army from entering Guangdong.
In order to break through Chiang Kai-shek's encirclement, the Central Red Army assigned negotiators to negotiate with Chen Jitang. At the end, the delegates received a pre-agreed secret telegram: "The pigeons you fed have flown. ”
What's going on here?
Send the warriors on a journey
On the evening of October 10, 1934, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Central Revolutionary Military Commission led the first and second field columns to move from the Tianxin and Meikeng areas of Ruijin to the assembly site respectively, and began the first step of strategic transfer.
On October 16, the breakthrough units of the Central Red Army were assembled in the area north of the Yandu River. On the 17th, in accordance with the "Plan for Crossing the River by the Field Army" of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission, the Central Red Army crossed the Yandu River south from ten ferry ports, including Yandu, Huaqiao, Tantouwei, Laigongmiao, Dapingxin, and Xiashanwei.
Yang Dezhi
At that time, he was the commander of the first regiment of the 1st Division of the Red First Army
Later recalling this scene, he said:
"In the past, when the commanders and fighters of the army heard that they were going to the front line, they would scream without mobilizing. But this time, the atmosphere is very different.
Although no one knew at that time that this was to evacuate the base area, no one knew that a long march across eleven provinces would be carried out, and no one knew when it would be turned back
But that inseparable parting feeling haunts everyone's heart.
Among the send-off crowds, except for the childish children running around happily, the faces of the adults were full of sadness, and some were still secretly crying. They took the red army soldier by the hand and repeated an extremely simple sentence:
I look forward to your early return, I hope you will come back early!
”
Nie Rongzhen, political commissar of the Red First Army, also recorded in his memoirs:
Like many Commanders and Fighters of the Red Army, I was very excited, constantly looking back, gazing at the mountains and rivers of the central base area, and bidding farewell to my comrades-in-arms and fellow villagers who had bid farewell by the river.
Nie Rongzhen
This is the place where I fought for two years and ten months, and I saw with my own eyes that the people of the central base areas have made great sacrifices and contributions to the Chinese revolution, and they have sent a large number of outstanding sons and daughters to the Red Army, and most of the soldiers of the Red Army are from Jiangxi and Fujian.
The people in the base areas gave the Red Army the greatest possible material and spiritual encouragement and support
。 Thinking about this, I can't help but linger.
The main Red Army has left, and the people in the base areas and the comrades who remain will certainly be brutally suppressed and ravaged by the enemy, and I am worried about their future.
By the way of the goodbye, I slowed down, but'
Keep up! Keep up!
These whispered calls from before me quickly embarked on a new journey. ”
Late at night, the autumn wind blows the stump of willow leaves, and the water surface of the (Yandu) River flutters with ripples,
Everywhere is a scene of depression
。
The commanders and fighters dressed in single clothes were shivering with cold, and were about to leave the central revolutionary base area where they had lived and fought for more than two years. The cold was heavier, and the vast night masked the tears of parting, but it could not envelop the light and warmth of the crowd on the other side carrying lantern torches to send them off.
In this way, thousands of troops and horses bid farewell to their relatives and embarked on the road of the Long March.
Choose the reason for the breakout from the southern end
From 19 to 20 July, the main forces of the Central Red Army successively reached Renfeng Street, Shuangyuan, Niuling, Changluo, And Guilinjiang in front of the Kuomintang Southern Route Army position, preparing to carry out a breakthrough from these areas.
Why put the breakthrough at the southern end of the Central Soviet Zone? Hidden here
An important military secret
——
To the southwest of the Central Soviet Zone is the defense zone of Chen Jitang, known as the "Southern Heavenly King"
Born in 1890, a native of Fangcheng County, Guangdong Province. Graduated from the Whampoa Army Accelerated School in 1907, he followed his compatriot Deng Zhongyuan to join the League in his early years, and went through battles such as defending the Law, defending the country and attacking Chen Jiongming, and was the commander of the 11th Division of the National Revolutionary Army during the Northern Expedition, and later defected to Chiang Kai-shek.
In September 1928, Chen Jitang led his troops to attack the Red Army's Ye Ting and He Longbu in the Chao and Mei areas of Guangdong, and was later promoted to the commander of the Fourth Army, and then became the leader of the Guangdong Army, a local power faction
"Southern Heavenly King"
Chen Jitang (third from left)
In 1932, in order to deal with the Communists, Chiang Kai-shek still appointed Chen Jitang as the commander-in-chief of the "suppression of bandits" in the Gansu-Guangdong-Fujian-Xiang border region, and concurrently served as the commander-in-chief of the "Suppression of Bandits" South Road in Jiangxi Province.
but
Chen Jitang and the Chiang Kai-shek clique have always had contradictions
He had previously been electrified against Chiang Kai-shek three times.
As a local power faction in Guangdong,
Chen Jitang has been in charge of Guangdong for a long time,
he
Chiang Kai-shek has long been aware of chiang kai-shek's practice of using the battlefield to eliminate dissidents
Therefore, after receiving a telegram from Chiang Kai-shek to prevent the Blockade of the Red Army, he said to his subordinates worriedly:
Our battle with the Red Army cannot be lost or won.
If you lose, the communist army enters Guangdong, and Old Chiang says, I will suppress it for you, and Guangdong will be Old Chiang's. If you win, the communist army is destroyed, Guangdong is exhausted, old Jiang said, I will take care of the aftermath for you, Guangdong is still old Chiang. ”
Of course, Chen Jitang did not want to lose half of the ten years of operation, after thinking left and right, he
Finally found a clever solution - "sending guests"
So he called a meeting under his heart and stomach and arranged for them to follow the plan: "On the one hand, we will slowly build fortifications in the places where the Red Army must pass, so as not to be caught by Chiang Kai-shek; on the other hand, we will not complete the blockade line of the bunkers, open a road for the Red Army to advance westward, do not stop the head, do not cut off the waist, only shoot the tail, and make a special fuss from the Red Army's rear guard units, so as to'
Send-off early departure'.
All this, of course, was seen by Mao Zedong, who reminded the commander of the Guangdong-Gansu Military Region in the spring of 1934 when he was doing research in the Huichang area
He Changgong
Let him learn the lessons of the central authorities on the Fujian incident,
Taking Advantage of the Contradiction between Chen and Jiang to Smash the Enemy's "Encirclement and Suppression"
Therefore, the Red Army's Long March chose to break through from the southern front
Be well thought out and prepared
target.
First, in the fifth "encirclement and suppression" launched by Chiang Kai-shek against the Soviet zone, the northern, eastern, and western fronts were fiercely fought
The southern front, where Chen Jitang served as commander-in-chief, has always been relatively calm, and the deployment of troops has always been heavy in the north and light in the south
；
The second was the Guangdong warlord who was the commander-in-chief of the Southern Route Army
Chen Jitang had already had contacts and dealings with the Communist Red Army
, and has been engaged in intermittent negotiations with the Red Army.
Before secret negotiations
In July 1934,
Secretly sent someone to the Soviet area to contact, said
He agrees with the CPC's proposition of "uniting with the armed forces of all china to resist Japan together" under three conditions
，
Willing to coordinate relations between the two sides through negotiations
In September, he was then the chairman of the Central Revolutionary Military Commission and the commander-in-chief of the Red Army
Jude
Personally wrote to Chen Jitang to enlighten him from the perspective of national righteousness, in addition,
Still in the letter
Recommendations were made on the relationship between the two sides
Jude mentioned: Suggest both sides
Cessation of combat operations
With the Ganjiang River running along the river to Xinfeng and Longnan, Anyuan, Xunwu, and Wuping as the dividing line, the cities listed above and the places attached to Guo Shili were all under the jurisdiction of Chen Bu, and Shang prayed that he would move to rebel against Chiang Kai-shek; immediately
Restore freedom of trade between the two sides
In the future, Chen Bu will realize freedom of the press, speech, assembly, and association within the territory under his jurisdiction, release anti-Japanese and all revolutionary political prisoners, and effectively arm the people; immediately begin a political campaign against Chiang Kai-shek's traitorous state and fascist conspiracies, and do it in earnest
Anti-Japanese and anti-Chiang Kai-shek military preparations
Please Chen Jitang
Purchase of arms on behalf of others
, rapidly transported through The Gate Ridge.
"The pigeon you fed flew"
Between the Central Red Army and the Cantonese Army
Frequent telecommunications contacts began
On September 17, Chen Jitang telephoned Zhou Enlai, in which he said: "In order to suit the environment and cope with the situation, and to agree on the military first, so as not to delay the timing, the responsible military representative of Xi sent to consult on the military, so as to facilitate the progress and hope to restore it."
Subsequently, Chen Jitang called Zhou Enlai again, suggesting that military issues be discussed and hoping that the Chinese communists would "send responsible military representatives to Guangzhou for consultation."
Zhou Enlai
When Zhou Enlai received the telegram, he personally drafted a reply telegram and said
It is hoped that the Guangdong side will first reply to Zhu De's letter so that the Chinese communists can have a basis for preparation
。 Due to the urgency of the situation, the Chinese communists also suggested that the place of negotiations should not be placed in Guangzhou for the time being, but in Xunwu, Jiangxi. Chen Jitang agreed to this suggestion.
After this, the central government appointed the commander and political commissar of the Guangdong-Gansu Provincial Military Region
2. Deputy Director of the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee and Director of the Propaganda Department of the Gannan Provincial Party Committee
Pan Hannian
Negotiator of the Central Red Army.
He Changgong Pan Hannian
Recall:
"In September and October 1934, I suddenly received a notice from Comrade Zhou Enlai asking me to rush to Ruijin. I greeted the morning sun, rode my horse and whipped, and galloped on the rough road on the banks of the Mianshui River. After arriving at the destination, Comrade Zhou Enlai graciously shook my hand and said,
Chen Jitang, the 'King of the Southern Heavens,' sent us a telegram to hold secret military negotiations, which is very good, and we can take advantage of the contradictions between Chen and Chiang Kai-shek.
Comrade Zhu De has replied to him. According to the party's current united front tactics and policies, we are ready to negotiate with Chen.
Comrade Zhou Enlai said to me cordially and solemnly: Comrade Long Worker, this is a heavy task entrusted to you by the Central Committee, and I hope that you will be brave and calm and act according to the opportunity. He also explained to me about contacting secret languages and other matters.
Comrade Ye Jianying, deputy chief of staff of the Central Military Commission, was at the side and once again instructed:
This time to go to the white area to negotiate, the task is very heavy, the negotiation is completed, it is very beneficial, we must do our best; if the negotiation does not work, it does not matter, the key is to be calm and flexible.
So I went on the road with a letter of introduction signed by Comrade Zhu De. ”
Chu Dexin's content:
Master Huang's Guide:
At the request of your commander-in-chief, Pan Jianxing and He Changgong are specially sent as representatives to seek wu and discuss everything with your representatives, Mr. Youmin and Mr. Zong Sheng. Specifically, smoothly
Rong Qi
Zhu De hand qi
October 5
Yang Youmin
On the same day, He Changgong and Pan Hannian came to Luotang Town in Xunwu County to join the first chief of staff of Chen Jitang's department
Secret negotiations were conducted with division commanders Huang Zhiwen and Huang Renhuan.
After three days and three nights of negotiations, the two sides finally reached five agreements
- Cease hostilities on the spot and cancel the hostile situation; exchange information and make telephone calls to prevent being eavesdropped by Chiang Kai-shek; lift the blockade and trade with each other; if necessary, the Red Army may set up a hospital in the rear of Chen's defensive zone; when necessary, they can borrow each other's roads; the Red Army has an action to tell Chen Bu in advance, Chen Bu evacuated 40 miles, and Red Army personnel can enter Chen's defensive zone and use Chen's passport.
Pan Hannian, He Changgong and Chen Jitang negotiated the old site of Luotang
Just as the negotiations were over, Pan Hannian and He Changgong received a secret telegram agreed upon by Zhou Enlai in advance: "
The pigeons you fed flew.
This secret language
Imply that they return immediately
The representative of the Guangdong side immediately asked sensitively: "Are you going to go far away and fly high?" ”
Pan Hannian and He Changgong cleverly replied:
This is our central congratulations to the two companies on the success of the negotiations, and the peace dove has gone to heaven.
After the negotiations, Pan Hannian and He Changgong immediately left and rushed back to Yudu and reported to Zhou Enlai in person on the negotiation process and the content of the agreement.
Zhou Enlai said happily: "You have worked hard,
The results of this negotiation were unexpected.
This will play a major role in the breakthrough and transfer of our Red Army and central organs.
When the Red Army marched west, Chen Jitang basically implemented the above agreement, giving way to the road of 20 kilometers.
The Red Army was not blocked in his defensive zone. This created extremely favorable conditions for the Red Army to pass through the first and second blockade lines.
The Central Red Army advanced to the front of the Chen Jitang Defense Zone, while Chen Bu's Southern Route Army pretended to cooperate with the attack of the Northern Route Army and the Eastern Route Army on the Central Soviet Area, east of the Ganjiang River, south along the Xinfeng River, through Dabu and Wangmudu, turning southeast, passing through Hanfang, Xintian, and other places, to prevent the Central Red Army from entering Guangdong.
Its specific arrangements were: the First Division was stationed in Gupi, Xintian, Chongshi, and Banshi; the Second Division was stationed in Xinfeng and Wangmudu; the Third Independent Division was stationed in Shaoguan, Lechang, Lianxian, and Nanxiong; the Fourth Division was stationed in Ganzhou and Nankang; and the Second Independent Brigade was stationed in Anyuan.
On the basis of a rigorous analysis of the enemy's situation, the Central Revolutionary Military Commission decided that
The Central Red Army broke through the blockade of the Cantonese army from the Wangmudu, Hanfang, Jinji, and Xintian sections and marched towards Shonan
The Queen Mother crossed the Nationalist army bunker
The failure to give notice led to the death of Hong Chao, commander of the Fourth Division
Before the breakthrough, the Red Army informed Chen Jitang of the place to be passed, and declared that it was only by way, guaranteeing that it would not enter the hinterland of Guangdong.
But Chen Jitang
After receiving the notice of the Red Army, the intention was not informed to the forward troops in time
。 As a result, after the Red Army corps began to break through on October 21, they were still met with resistance from the front line of chenbu troops.
Hong Chao
At that time, Hong Chao, commander of the Fourth Division of the Red Third Army, led his troops to serve as the pioneer and marched from The Mouth of Tankeng in Ganxian County to Xinfeng Baishi. At 10:00 a.m., the Red Tenth Regiment was spotted by the enemy as it groped forward towards Baishi Village.
"Bang! bang! bang! A few gunshots broke the tranquility of the valley, the sound of machine guns "clicking" shook the earth, and the sound of the charge broke through the long sky,
The first battle of the Long March began
Under the command of Hong Chao, the Red Army quickly seized the commanding heights near Baishi, and they set up machine guns and fired fiercely at the defending enemy.
At the same time, the Red Army soldiers braved the rain of bullets, crossed the barbed wire, climbed over the deep trenches, and rushed to the high bunkers. For a moment, the sound of gunfire and shouts resounded through the valley.
Hearing the fierce gunshots, the Cantonese army stationed in Jinjiwei sent a battalion to pounce on Baishi Village, and on the way, it was attacked by the Red Eleventh Regiment and the Red Twelfth Regiment.
The enemy who was hit collapsed
More than 200 Hundred Stones defenders were beaten by the Red Army and hurriedly fled the bunker and hid in a fortified building in the village
"Ancestral Hall of Ten Thousand People"
In the enclosure.
Red army
After capturing the Hundred Stone Bunker, he soon surrounded the enclosure again,
Launch a political offensive and shout the slogan "Shoot and don't kill" to the enemy
But the vigilantes hiding in the enclosures did
Ignore it
A few shots were fired outwards, and a few grenades were thrown the next, and the shouting Red Army soldiers fell under their ammunition.
Hong Chao, the division commander who came to the forward position to supervise the battle, saw this scene and decisively issued an order: "
Resolutely destroy the enemy with mortars!
As soon as the words fell out, the 25-year-old was unfortunately hit in the head by a stray bullet fired from inside the wall, sacrificing his young and precious life, becoming the first senior general to die in the Long March of the Red Army.
Tomb of The Martyr Hong Chao
In this regard, he was former deputy political commissar of the Shanxi Provincial Military Region
Zhang Pingkai
In the book "Remembering General Peng", it is written that Hong Chao "fought bravely, was a famous fierce general and young commander of the Three Legions, and was only twenty-five years old at the time of his death." He made his first contribution to the Red Army's breakthrough of the first line of defense. Commander Peng lost a beloved general because of this, and he was very sad, and he buried Hong Chao's body with his comrades in tears, and then with a bitter hatred for the Kuomintang reactionaries, he continued to lead his troops westward with the blood of the martyrs. ”
It can be seen from this that Peng Dehuai attaches great importance to Hong Chao, and his sacrifice is also very sad in his heart.
Peng Dehuai
The first battle of the Red Army's victory in the Long March
After the sacrifice of Master Hong, the comrades-in-arms turned grief into strength. In the evening, the fort was broken by artillery fire, and more than 200 stubborn enemies were completely annihilated. At this point, the Red Army won the first battle of the Long March, which was the first battle of the Red Army's victory in the Long March, which was of great significance.
To this end,
Lu Dingyi
Also gladly wrote it down"
In October, the autumn breeze was cool, and the Central Red Army expedition was busy. Starry night crossed the Du River, and Gupi Xintian won the battle
"The Heroic Psalms.
After the Ministry delayed in understanding the true intentions of the Red Army, it retreated from Chongshi, Xintian, Gupi, and Hanfang, concentrated on Anyuan, Xinfeng, and Nankang, and gave way to the Middle Avenue.
Subsequently, the main force of the Red Army quickly advanced to the southeast of Xinfeng, successfully passed through the first blockade line constructed by Chiang Kai-shek, and embarked on the great journey of the Long March.
After the Central Red Army successfully broke through the first blockade line, the Kuomintang army did not understand the strategic intentions of the Red Army
。 therefore
Chiang Kai-shek was undecided
On the one hand, the main forces of the Northern Route Army in the Central Soviet Region were ordered to assemble and stand by, and on the other hand, they ordered the Southern Route Army and the Western Route Army to quickly mobilize their troops and form a second blockade line on the Hunan-Guangdong border to prevent the Red Army from advancing westward.