preface:
If the Qing Dynasty is compared to a company, then the Mongol forces at that time were a department within this company, and the "alliance flag system" was the only "person" to constrain the rules and regulations of the department. However, living in the 21st century, we should all know that the rules and regulations are only a large framework, and it is obviously unrealistic to want everyone to willingly "operate" within this framework, so in order to make everyone better comply with the rules and regulations formulated, the leadership of the company often adopts some so-called "means" to manage together.
In the previous article, talking about how the Manchu rulers "strangled" the "throat" of Lin Dan Khan (part 1), the author briefly introduced and analyzed to readers and friends from the institutional level how the Manchu rulers used the "alliance flag system" to suppress the rise of Mongolian forces in the early Qing Dynasty. As mentioned earlier in the article, the system is only a framework, and the matching "means" are indispensable for the system to play a better role. Based on this reasoning, in this article, the author will talk to readers and friends about some of the "means" implemented by the Manchu Qing rulers in order to achieve the purpose of "curbing" the rise of The Mongol forces.
The research content of this article:
01, one of the "means" - intermarriage
In 1656 (Shunzhi XIII), in order to better control and envelop the Mongol forces, the Shunzhi Emperor Fu Lin issued an edict to the princes of the southern Mongolian region:
Er et al. were loyal and honest, and when Taizu and Taizong were founded, they sincerely returned to the throne and served the ping domain.
Taizu, Emperor Taizong Jia'er Xunlao, Chongfeng Knighthood, rewards are added. Hajj contributions, seasonal majesty, dietary teachings, and many more. Whoever has the desire to vomit, he is all old, and his mind is harmonious, like father and son. The ancestors of the Lotus Dynasty, Hongyu, unified the world, feared that Yi would violate the law, the constitution was not agreed, and the constant use of sorrow. Since he was pro-government, he has not seen Er and others for six years, although he has not seen Er and so on, although he has little time because of wan, and Wye Er's enthusiasm is always missing.
Every Sir has served for many years and has distinguished himself, although he is sleeping, he has not yet been killed.
Sincerity and others have been neglected, and they are afraid that there will be a barrier and they will not be able to pass, so the special officer will give the coin to the emperor. After that, if you want to please, you can play it at any time, and you will do it compassionately. Xiang Fangsi sent the world to Taiping, Er, etc., with loyalty, and did not forget the grace of the two dynasties.
The world is the Son of Heaven, er and so on are also kings, enjoying wealth and infinity, and the name of the immortal, but also resting!
It is not difficult to find that the general content of this edict can also reflect the importance that the Manchu Qing rulers attached to the Mongol princes at that time. For this reason, to the extent tolerable, the bestwill accorded to the Mongol princes and nobles was undoubtedly the most effective and direct way to consolidate the political alliance between the two. As a symbol of the feudal era, marriage, this ancient and traditional political means can be said to be vividly interpreted between Manchuria and Mongolia.
"Renew the oath of alliance and re-use marriage" was the basic policy of the Manchurian nobility towards the Mongol princes. After the Qing army entered the customs, perhaps the Manchu Qing ruling class was eager to consolidate its dominance in the Central Plains, so that this policy was further developed. On the one hand, the Manchu rulers vigorously selected concubines from the princes and nobles of the Various Mongol Ministries; on the other hand, they sent the Manchurian clan women with political missions out of the "national gate" to marry far away from the Mongol tribes. According to historical records, the GuangshunZhi Emperor alone enjoyed 9 Mongol concubines from the Horqin, Haozit, and Abaya tribes of southern Mongolia, and the Kangxi Emperor had 2 Mongolian concubines (Xuanfei: Prince Horqin Dal khan and daughter of Ta and Huifei: daughter of Horqin Third Rank Gongji Ayuxi), both of whom were also from the Mongolian Horqin tribe. (It can be seen that the focus of intermarriage between Manchurian nobles and Mongol princes in the early Qing Dynasty was still in the Horqin Department.) ）
Of course, intermarriage alone is not enough, after all, love always has to take the initiative to take a step back in the face of politics. In the early days of the Qing Dynasty, in order to maximize the role of the political means of "marriage", the Qing government also formulated a series of standards for the satin of silver and silk and the pilgrimage to Beijing, so that the princesses who married Mongolia, Gege and their donkeys could enjoy the great favors given by the imperial court for many years, so that the shackles of "marriage" full of political colors added another aura of interests, and the specific criteria were as follows:
1. The standard for marrying a Mongolian princess under the Shunzhi Dynasty, Gege and her donkeys:
2. Standards for the Mongol princes of the Shunzhi Dynasty to enter the Capital pilgrimage and the retinue of horses:
First of all, take the "silver satin standard" formulated by the imperial court, which not only further increased the value of Manchurian noblewomen, but also ensured that the Mongol princes who married them enjoyed relatively generous treatment. The pilgrimage system into Beijing was like the "tributary trade" opened by the Ming Dynasty government to the Jurchens in those years, which was nothing more than trying to win over the Mongol princes through this "bondage policy".
02, the second "means" - knighthood
In fact, the "means" of simultaneous implementation with intermarriage are also "knighthood". The so-called "knighthood" is to grant certain titles to the Mongol princes and nobles in the name of the imperial court, and to issue rich fenglu, thus further expanding the basis of the Qing government's rule in the Mongolian region.
During the Qing Dynasty, the titles of Mongol princes were roughly divided into five classes, namely Prince Heshuo, King of Doro County, Dorobele, Gushan Beizi, Zhenguo Gong, Fuguo Gong, and Taiji. For example, in the Shunzhi Dynasty, for example, the imperial court issued Horqin Prince's silver as high as 2500 taels, and at that time, the imperial court's (Hanguan) hall from a pin of silver was only 600 taels, and it is conceivable how big the disparity in treatment is.
The Mongol princes of the Shunzhi Dynasty gave the following criteria:
In addition, while conferring titles on Mongolian princes and nobles, the imperial court also granted them certain rights, such as the right to levy taxes on their tribes, the right to high-standard etiquette and clothing, and so on. Facts have also proved that this series of painstaking practices of the Manchu rulers in the early Qing Dynasty did to a certain extent enhance the alliance between Manchu and Mongolian, and played a role in consolidating the original ruling position of the Qing government after entering the customs.
03, the third "means" - the implementation of ethnic segregation
The two major means described above are only to unite with the Mongol princes from the perspective of "bondage", and in addition, in order to prevent the Mongol forces from uniting with other ethnic forces and thus endangering their dominance, the Manchu Rulers vigorously implemented the so-called ethnic segregation policy in the Mongolian region, and its specific implementation was mainly manifested in the following points:
First, demarcate boundaries and draw boundaries that must not be crossed. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there should be a certain boundary marker between the Mongolian alliance flags, and the boundaries set are both the activity scope of its members and the nomadic range of the league flags, and no one can violate them without special circumstances, otherwise they will be severely punished. As recorded in the historical "Great Qing Huidian":
Outer Mongolia is not allowed to cross the flag to hunt. Borderless nomads: The king punishes ten horses; Baylor, Beizi, and Gong punish seven horses; Taiji punishes five horses; and Shu punishes one cow.
Third, illegal marriages are punishable by knighthood. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, in order to completely prevent the formation of alliances between Southern Mongolia and Northern And Western Mongolia, the Qing government stipulated that the princes of Southern Mongolia were strictly forbidden to marry Khalkha and Erut, otherwise they would be stripped of their hereditary titles and their family property confiscated. In the twenty-second year of the Kangxi Dynasty, in order to further implement this policy, the Qing government also stipulated that all marriages with kharkha, Erut, Tangut, Barhu and other tribes, whether they were princes and nobles or idle people, were forbidden, and those who violated it were severely punished.
In summary, it can be basically concluded that "bondage is the mainstay, and isolation is supplemented" is a special policy formulated by the Manchu rulers in the early Qing Dynasty to curb the rise of Mongol power. As far as the third "means" is concerned, ethnic segregation, it is really only a supplement to and complements the first two "means". Based on the "alliance flag system" and combined with the important role played by these three "means", it can be said that to some extent, it can be said that it has firmly "suppressed" the "throat" of the Mongol forces.
Married princess Gulun and Jing of Mongolia
bibliography:
The Great Qing Dynasty
Draft History of the Qing Dynasty, vol. 518
Qi Meiqin: "Princess Gege Marries the Mongolian Entourage of the Outer Domain" and so on