Judging from the territory of China's historical period, the great unification of China by the Qin Dynasty to the Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Southern and Northern Dynasties period, when the scope of Han activities was mainly limited to the Central Plains, Sichuan, Shu, and Chu. The Chronicle of History says:
When all four sides were destroyed, the people of Middle-earth, and those who ruled the family in the Central Plains, were all destroyed.
"Qin Shi Huang inspected the world and once went to the southern jiaotong area at that time, and according to historical records, it was a rather accidental southward journey. At that time, because Qin Shi Huang was fascinated by the art of immortality, and heard that the southern part could get the elixir, he decided to take a look at it himself in the case of sending people in turn without success, and the result was greatly disappointed. Although Qin Shi Huang did not tour the south"
Experience the South China Sea
However, during the Qin Dynasty, China had frequent exchanges with the Southeast Asian countries at that time, and wars were frequent. The main reason for this is that there are as many places as in the north."
The Huns are humble
", the West"
Hu Ren Qiangdi
"It always affected the Han people living in the border areas at that time.
Take the South China Sea states during the Qin Dynasty, such as
South Vietnam
、
Guilin
(Not guilin now) for example. At that time, the territory of South Vietnam was mainly distributed in the area north of the present-day Dien Bien Bien Phu, Guan Shan, and Ha Long line, and its territory was directly bordered by the southern barbarian region of China at that time. Shi Zai:"
South Vietnam was established, and its canal marshal Kunshan Wang united tens of thousands of people, and swept the county
At that time, these Qu Shuai troops who plundered the counties of the Qin Dynasty were very cunning. In order to avoid direct conflict with the powerful garrison, they stopped the flag during the day and waited until midnight to suddenly kill. And these predators at the time."
The surname is uncertain, or today is a single surname, tomorrow is a compound surname, or today is famous, tomorrow is nameless
As a result, the soldiers guarding the border pass in Qin Dynasty town were never able to know the situation of the thief. This guerrilla struggle between the Qin Dynasty and South Vietnam lasted for several years. After the Central Plains were completely pacified, the "Records of History" said:
The First Emperor set south Vietnam, swept the kingdoms, and within the tenth month, dozens of cities were lowered
The First Emperor was finally able to free up his hands and invest strategic resources in the southern region to confront the South China Sea countries. The victory of the First Emperor was the first victory in history over the South China Sea countries, and this victory also laid the foundation for the relationship between China and the South China Sea countries.
During the Chu-Han War, Kyushu was once again caught in a civil war situation, and there was no time to take care of other areas. The countries of the South China Sea, led by South Vietnam, turned against each other. For example, at that time, the State of Guilin sent several groups of envoys over the mountains to Shudi. The king of Guilin gave them the order that if they saw that the Central Plains Dynasty was still stable at that time, they would pay tribute, and if they saw signs of explosion, they would immediately turn the bow of the ship and return. History of its history"
Yu Junlian, Renyi, and Gongxian stayed for several months, not entering, thinking that they were aware of it, and pretending to make the wedding gift, holding their breath
”。 From Qin Shi Huang"
Ding South Vietnam
"It took only ten years before South Vietnam was out of control. After Liu Bang practiced Zuo, he took the same route as Qin Shi Huang, first widely using social resources for domestic construction, and then for more than half a century, South Vietnam was able to survive in a completely independent posture.
After several generations of development, the national strength of the Han Dynasty reached its peak during the period of Emperor Wu, and coupled with the great talent of Emperor Wu, it was happy to conquer throughout his life. As a small country in the South China Sea, South Vietnam is naturally not immune. At that time, the king of South Vietnam, named Zhao Hu, Emperor Wu's conquest of Zhao Hu pursued his usual strategy of sending troops first and then soldiers. In the second year of Emperor Wu's reign, the South Yue Kingdom, which had been proud for more than half a century, did not know the height of the sky and the thickness of the earth, and even took the lead in attacking the Han Dynasty, but their way of attacking was quite ridiculous. History of its history"
Both father and son cut their hair and painted it in the form of a ghost
”，“
And in time of war, or singing or crying, the battle is retreating
It seems absurd that they hope to achieve the purpose of shocking the Han Dynasty soldiers in this strange way, and it reflects their own fear and absurdity.
Since the Han Dynasty, whenever China was in a period of war and chaos, such as during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, South Vietnam automatically separated, and during the reign of the world, such as the Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties, South Vietnam obediently surrendered, and this law has never changed. However, a more ridiculous thing happened during the Jiaqing period of the Qing Dynasty. At that time, when the king of the State of South Vietnam sent tribute to the Qing Dynasty, he specially wrote a letter of request, in which he went so far as to ask the Qing Dynasty to change the name of the country and officially recognize the name of the State of South Vietnam as "
Finally, it also demanded to be freed from the status of a vassal state of the Qing Dynasty. The reason why South Vietnam was suddenly so arrogant was not without reason. It turned out that South Vietnam at that time was secretly supported by French colonists. As the master and suzerainty of the South Vietnamese generation, the Qing Dynasty naturally could not agree to such a ridiculous request, and the Jiaqing Emperor saw the request letter and said angrily: "
The country of the Silk Bullet Pill is too rude, and now Er hopes that the name of the country is 'South Vietnam', and the name of the country of The Enemy is 'Vietnam'!
In this way, South Vietnam, which existed for more than two thousand years, disappeared from history, and after the name of South Vietnam was changed, it has been used to this day, and this is how the name of today's Vietnam came from.
The change of South Vietnam to Vietnam has led to another puzzling phenomenon: China's dynasties and dynasties have always been in a suzerainty and vassal state relative to the neighboring countries, but they have rarely annexed it as their own, and the reason for this phenomenon is similar to that of ancient China
Productivity is underdeveloped
Close relationship.
Marx wrote in Capital:
The productive forces determine the relations of production, and the economic base determines the superstructure, not the idealistic philosophers of the past, who believe that it is the spiritual world that determines the objective reality. This deviation of cognition, which culminated in Hegel, turned the relationship between the productive forces and the relations of production upside down completely, and the precondition of the superstructure, the 'economic base', became the 'superstructure' instead.
”。 Marx's theory can well explain the phenomenon of long-term maintenance of China's successive suzeraintys and vassal states, and the root cause of this phenomenon lies in the low productivity at that time. There are two reasons for this:
First, people did not enter a more advanced social system at that time, and second, people did not master more advanced technology at that time
。
Take the Qin Dynasty as an example. from
Social
In terms of view, the Qin Dynasty was still in the early stages of feudal society, and the social nature of feudal society determined the antagonism between different classes. The antagonism of different classes will slow down the emancipation and development of the productive forces. “
Social wealth is produced by the labor power of the majority of the people, but it is occupied and enjoyed by a very small number of people who do not produce
This contradiction and antagonism brings about not only the problem of feeling and fairness, but also a profound socio-economic contradiction. Because a small number of people at the top sit on a huge number of social resources, and their desires are infinitely inflated, the people at the bottom are infinitely squeezed. The direct result of this deformed social relationship is that the productive forces and technology have not been developed for a long time. From a technical point of view, because people have been struggling on the survival line for a long time, even the most basic problems of living and dressing and eating cannot be solved, and as a technology of the superstructure, it is naturally difficult to progress and leap forward. Historical records record that there were very few people who had achieved achievements in the field of technology at that time, and they were all some upper-class people and a very small number of low-level geniuses, and such a speed of technological development could not promote the rapid development of productive forces, which was one of the main reasons for the extremely long maintenance time of the feudal era.
During the Qin Dynasty, the area where the economic foundation was most seriously problematic was
land
field. Before the Qin Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty implemented a system of sub-fiefs, and within hundreds of years, countless princes and their descendants were divided into their respective fiefdoms and multiplied. For example, in the Qi region at that time, the Jiang clan and the Tian clan were divided. The Chronicle of History says:
The Jiang clan divided the state of Qi, the government was known to himself, and the king also sealed his sons and daughters all over the fiefdoms
", and the result of this sub-sealing is naturally "
Within the fiefdom, the king's power is dominant, and below the fiefdom, it is intertwined, and the princes and kings do not know that the son of heaven in the world exists.
Although the sub-feudal system solved the relatively effective control of the Vast Territory of the Shang Dynasty to a certain extent, it aggravated the situation of class antagonism under the feudal system and further curbed the development of productive forces.
At that time, the princes of various places embezzled land in various ways. For example, they named the land as The Land of the Officials, the Fields of the Officials, the Fields of the Jingtian, and the Fields of the People,and then divided the cultivaters who cultivated the fields of these different natures in detail, so that their identities were in line with the characteristics of these fields. Then, the feudal lords set up their relatives, young and old, as well as some supporters, as the masters of these fields and exercised direct rule over these arable people, and the advantages of this were obvious, and these divided nobles not only occupied the land and the peasants, but also owned the land tax. Although the appropriation of taxes had led to internal conflicts between the feudal lords and the territorial nobles for a certain period of time, they were unprecedentedly united in terms of major issues of right and wrong.
After Qin Shi Huang unified the Six Kingdoms, the land policy was far from being properly resolved, and the Six Kingdoms only submitted to the rule of the Qin Dynasty. For the sake of temporary social stability, the Qin Dynasty still ordered the previous hereditary nobles to continue to enjoy the various benefits of their land, so the Qin Dynasty did so for a long time before the reform of the county system
There are not sufficient taxes
。 Taxation is one of the important manifestations of the economic base, without adequate taxation, there is no money to resume production, let alone money to arm and support a huge number of troops. Or take the State of Qi at that time as an example, shi zaiqi:
The annual amount of tax paid on silk and miscellaneous money is not yet enough for the army to eat in March and May
That is, at that time, some fiefdoms of the State of Qi paid taxes to the Qin Dynasty for a year, and it was still impossible to supply the troops at that time with food for several months, and the main food at that time was only some brown rice, such as weeds, and some wild vegetables that could be picked artificially, such food could not be satisfied, and the army naturally could not fight for a long distance.
In this state of productivity, some countries located in South Vietnam at that time were difficult to be touched by the Qin Dynasty army. On the one hand, the direction is unclear due to the impassable road. If you want to send a large army from the Central Plains to the South Vietnamese region, you need to cross many barren lands. The Chronicle of the Three Kingdoms records that the Southern Barbarian region at that time"
The land is dangerous, the forest is deep, the roads are dangerous, and when you enter, you don't know where to retreat, and you are prone to plague and disease, and the officials walk and die
”。 Such a difficult and dangerous natural environment, and there was no smooth and spacious avenue for the army to march, and it was easy to cause various diseases, and the Qin Dynasty naturally did not dare to rush forward. At the same time, even if the Qin Dynasty later dispatched many troops to conquest and succeeded, because the local area was extremely remote, the society was very backward, and there were not many resources that could be exploited, even if the troops were stationed for a long time, they would eventually do more harm than good.
China after the Qin Dynasty was in the feudal period for a long time, and the Qing Dynasty was the most developed. But even during the Qing Dynasty, the productivity was not strong enough to colonize as Britain and other European countries did at that time. It is true that ancient China's reluctance to conquer the outside world, as well as ideological factors, the Confucian benevolence, righteousness, and wisdom deeply suppressed the thinking of the emperor at that time, making him unwilling to commit banditry acts that invaded other countries in his bones. However, of the two, the factor of underdeveloped productivity is the most important.