The change of Jiangxi's historical status during the Han and Jin Dynasties - centered on tomb materials
Dang Feng
The territory of present-day Jiangxi Province was roughly equivalent to that of Yuzhang County in Yangzhou, the two Han Dynasties, sun Ce divided Yuzhang into Luling and Poyang Counties, Eastern Wu successively divided the southern duwei, Linchuan County, and Ancheng County in the south of Luling, and during the Western Jin Dynasty, Jingjing and Yang Prefectures were established as Jiangzhou and added Xunyang County, and the Jiangxi region was completely included in the jurisdiction of Jiangzhou, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty did not change (Xiao Huazhong). Specifically, the Huaiyu Mountains and Wuyi Mountains in the east of Jiangxi are separated from Zhejiang and Fujian, the Dayu Mountains and jiulian mountains stretch across northern Guangdong in the south, and the Shogunate Mountains, Jiuling Mountains and Luoxiao Mountains in the west are separated from the two lakes, and in addition to the dangerous passes in the mountains, the Poyang Lake Plain in the north has become the main channel for its external contact. Since the Han and Jin Dynasties, with the collapse of imperial rule and the southward shift of political centers, the region has achieved leapfrog development from "border counties" to middle-class towns between the separation and confrontation between the northern and southern regimes, and the tombs as a material and cultural integration that alludes to real life also reflects the steady improvement of Jiangxi's cultural, political and even economic status in this process.
According to the author's statistics, as of now, there are nearly 200 Han tombs excavated and reported in Jiangxi, and more than 300 tombs of the Six Dynasties, all of which are mainly brick chamber tombs, most of which have published more detailed materials. On this basis, Zeng Zhaoming's "Overview of Han Tombs in Jiangxi", Liu Huizhong's "Analysis of Tombs in the Han Dynasty in Jiangxi from the Perspective of Life and Death", Hu Zhiqun's "Preliminary Study of Han Tombs in Jiangxi", as well as the comprehensive research represented by Wei Zheng's "Overview of Tombs in the Six Dynasties of Jiangxi" and "Archaeological Research on tombs of the Six Dynasties", and the thematic treatises represented by the relevant contents of Xie Mingliang's "Collection of Ceramics of the Six Dynasties" have basically established a time and space framework for the tombs of the Six Dynasties of the Han Dynasty in this area. Important discoveries such as the recent Seven Star Pile and Six Dynasties Tombs in Ganjiang New Area (i.e., Nanchang) have continuously added new connotations to it. However, in general, the burial materials in Jiangxi are relatively scattered, and it is difficult to compare with the northern region centered on Chang'an and Luoyang in the Two Han Dynasties and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River after the Six Dynasties, centered on ancient Wuchang and Jianye (Kang). In addition to the preliminary analysis of the tomb shape system and burial items led by typology, the historical phenomena embodied in the tombs of the Han Six Dynasties in this area between changes and lengths have also attracted less attention from the academic community, and there is still room for further deepening of related issues. On the basis of the research of previous scholars, starting from the tomb materials, combined with new archaeological discoveries, this paper briefly discusses the social development situation and historical status of Jiangxi in the hundreds of years from unification to division of the Han and Jin Dynasties.
I. The "Periphery" of the Unified Han Empire
During the Two Han Dynasties, the Guanzhong region centered on Chang'an and the Central Plains region centered on Luoyang were the center of gravity of imperial rule, and the political centripetal force and military deterrent power under the unified centralized power often gave birth to or converged here, and then the influence reached the outskirts of the capital and even the border area, and the tomb culture was also the same. Since the Western Han Dynasty, especially after the Eastern Han Dynasty, with the extensive use of bricks and the progress of construction technology, the coupon-top and vault-roof brick chamber tombs that first appeared in the Liangjing area with solid small bricks as building materials have risen and swept the country, promoting cross-era changes in ancient Chinese tombs.
The traffic tunnel between Eyu and Yu has always been an important way for people from the north and south to communicate with each other and even a necessary place, and the emerging brick chamber tombs that spread outward from the core area, or the people who use the brick chamber tombs and the central culture with the brick chamber tombs as one of the manifestations, are also mostly taken from here, from north to south into the Yangtze River Basin. Looking at the development and evolution of Han tombs in the Yangtze River Basin, the brick chamber tombs of the late Western Han Dynasty were first popular in the adjacent capital city of Nanyang and Northern Hubei, and then spread south to the Jianghan Plain and the Xiangjiang River Basin, compared with the emergence of brick chamber tombs in Jiangxi (Yang Zhefeng). In 1980 in the southern suburbs of Ganzhou Panlong Shiziling cleaned a rectangular single-chamber portrait brick tomb of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the tomb roof has been bulldozed in the early years, archaeologists speculate from the excavation site that it should be a wooden flat-topped tomb, if the judgment is correct, then this brick tomb may be regarded as a transitional form between the wooden tomb and the brick chamber tomb (the Nanchang Xiangnan Center in 2017 The early Eastern Han "M11" is the first excavation of brick and wood mixed structure tombs in Nanchang, which provides important physical data for the study of the transformation process of the vertical pit tomb in Nanchang to the brick chamber tomb" It was also around this period that the district began to receive cultural infiltration from the core area, and the traditional earth pit tombs and wooden tombs since the pre-Qin dynasty gradually declined, and brick chamber tombs gradually rose and became the mainstream.
The number of brick chamber tombs in the Eastern Han Dynasty of Jiangxi is not much, mainly rectangular coupon-top single-chamber tombs and double-chamber tombs, followed by convex-shaped coupon-top brick chamber tombs with Yongdao, and the front hall horizontal column tombs that appear indirectly affected by the northern region, such as the single-back room of Nanchang First Traffic Road Tomb and the Upper GaosiXi Chengtou M1 (Figure 1) (Upper Gaosixi Chengtou M1 is 11.26 meters long, according to its flat sectional view, the tomb should be the front hall horizontal column, but the briefing said that it is "middle chamber" and "left and right ear chamber" and "left and right ear chamber height is lower than the middle room". The middle chamber has formed a relatively independent space"), the Yichun Xiapuba M70 and the Hengli Tomb on the ZhangshuGuan (Figure 2), the Nanchang Qingyun PushiJia Kiln Tomb (Figure 3) that are connected in parallel with the three tombs, etc. have been found to be few, and the era has mostly reached the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, and so far, tombs with a more complex top structure such as the Fayuan Dome have not been seen in this area in the late Eastern Han Dynasty (the Tomb No. 1 on the outskirts of Jishui City excavated in 1991 has a unique shape, complex structure, and the front chamber (the bulletin is called "Moijing"),). The algae wells in the back room and the four corners of the cloister are brick/stone stacked domes, and the briefing concludes that their age is the early Western Jin Dynasty, which is doubtful, probably as early as the Eastern Han Dynasty, or at least the late Han Dynasty, which is an isolated case in the hidden Jiangxi Han tombs; similar top structures are also found in the Eastern Wu Tombs in Xiaolan Township, Nanchang). In fact, not only in the Jiangxi region, before the Three Kingdoms at the end of the Han Dynasty, the brick chamber tombs in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River were mainly based on relatively simple structures, and the number of brick chamber tombs with vault roofs was small and scattered, except for the old river mouth, Xiangyang, Dangyang, Wuhan, Puchun and other places along the Hanshui and Yangtze Rivers in Hubei, which were found earlier and more concentrated as the first stop of the northerners to come south, other areas such as Hunan Changde Nanping M5, Changsha Shahu Bridge A· M41, Shaodong Cold Water Eastern Han Tomb, Cold Water Beach Lao Zupo M4, Liao Jia Shan M1 (in addition, in shaoyang Baicang Eastern Han Tomb in Hunan Province, "the tomb chamber is nearly square, and the tomb bricks are from the four corners to the middle of the coupon roof" may be the four corners of the coupon dome), Jiangsu Gaochun Gucheng Eastern Han Tomb, etc. There are only a few examples, which are obviously not proportional to the vast area of southern China between the Yangtze River and Wuling. The reason for this, although it is impossible not to consider the contingency of archaeological discoveries, is more importantly related to the degree of development of the southern region, including Jiangxi, and the political status of Jiangxi during the period of great unification.
Figure 1 Floor plan of the M1 of The city head of The Upper Gaosi Creek
Fig. 2 Floor plan of the Hengli Tomb on the Camphor Tree View
Figure 3 Floor plan of the tomb of Shi Jiayao in QingyunPu, Nanchang
Since the main contradictions faced by countries at different stages are different, the objective differences between the geographical environment of various regions and the economic ecology and humanistic traditions related to them still exist, and the external radiation of the central culture in the period of great unification cannot show a homocentric homogeneous state. Although the southern region has long been included in the political map of the empire, its land is far from the center of the dynasty, has its own unique cultural traditions, coupled with the mountains blocking traffic, the degree of development is very limited, and the "laxity" of the control of the central government of the Han Dynasty can be seen from the distribution density of the political districts and the number of residents (Hu Hong). Unlike the northern regions, where the terrain is relatively flat and open, and the degree of popular civilization is relatively high, the extensive existence of indigenous ethnic groups such as Jingman and Shanyue in the southern mountains and mountains makes the Huaxia forces represented by counties and cities and yao and connected by transportation routes can only be scattered among them, although they can rely on the powerful centralized forces behind them to effectively suppress and control the mountain populations, but these sparse "points" and "lines" are still difficult to form a seamless control surface culturally (this idea is mainly influenced by the former "Nengxia Zeda and Gradually Muhua Style" - Huaxia and Huaxiaization from the Perspective of Political Bodies" inspired by the book "). In addition, the construction of tombs is not unrelated to the status level of tomb owners, the level of technical circulation, and the availability of practical conditions, etc., and in the two Han Empires where the center of state rule is located in the Yellow River Valley, the aristocratic bureaucrats at the upper levels of southern society are rare, the local giants with certain financial resources and power have not yet developed and grown, and the ordinary mountain population has not absorbed the motivation and ability of the core regional tomb culture. Therefore, even in the middle and late Eastern Han Dynasty, when brick chamber tombs were blooming everywhere, the complexity and diversity of Han tombs in the Yangtze River Basin could not be compared with the north and lingnan. Needless to say, the advanced nature of the former culture is not to be said, and the areas along the Great Wall are strongly controlled and supported by the central government because they are at the forefront of imperial expansion and territorial tug-of-war, and the tombs naturally have many similarities with the two Beijing areas. Although Lingnan is more remote, a large number of non-Han traditional conical dome-roofed brick chamber tombs show that, in addition to the indirect influence of the Central Plains Dynasty, the uniqueness of its tomb appearance is closely related to the extraterritorial culture that came by sea.
Specific to Jiangxi in the southern hinterland, as mentioned above, the emergence and popularity of brick chamber tombs in this area are later than those in the Jianghan Plain and the Xiangjiang River Basin, and the prosperity of the latter, including the relatively common number of brick chamber tombs with vault roofs, is largely due to the geographical advantages of the adjacent Eyu traffic hole. During the Two Han Dynasties, the Xiangjiang River line was the main passageway down the Nanyang Basin and connected between the Central Plains and Lingnan, and its importance in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River was also far above the Ganjiang River Basin (Weizheng). In this way, the position of the Jiangxi region in the overall situation of the empire cannot be highlighted. But even so, we should also see that the location at the intersection of Jingyang still gives Jiangxi a natural advantage in regional cultural exchanges, whether it is more common in the Xiangjiang River Basin juxtaposed double rear chamber tombs, or more common in the Jiangdong region of the convex shape, knife-shaped tombs, the shape of the Eastern Han Brick Chamber Tomb in this area is obviously affected by the surrounding areas and shows transitional characteristics (Yang Zhefeng). In the later stage, especially after the Eastern Wu Dynasty, with the in-depth development of the southern region with the division of the river from the north to the south, the local characteristics represented by the brick and pillar tombs also gradually had an important impact on other areas in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Fujian, Lingnan and other places in the steady improvement of Jiangxi's status.
Second, the rise in the status of the central and northern parts of Gansu during the Eastern Wu Dynasty
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the three legs stood tall, the pattern of the world changed, and the process of the rise of the south began. In the first year of Huang Wu's reign (222), Sun Quan's capital Wuchang (present-day Ezhou) and the state of Jianwu were established, and in the first year of Huanglong (229), that is, the throne was moved to Jianye (present-day Nanjing), and Zhuge Ke assisted the government Sun Liang when he moved the capital to Wuchang, and died under Sun Jun's sword before he could complete the trip; in the first year of Ganlu (265), Sun Hao was finally able to briefly move to Wuchang, and the following year he returned to Jianye. At the beginning of the Six Dynasties, Jing and Yang Prefectures centered on ancient Wuchang and Jianye were the fundamental locations of the southern regime, and in line with this, the present-day Ezhou, Nanjing, and nearby Wuhan, Ma'anshan and other places also became the concentrated distribution areas of high-grade tombs in Eastern Wu, and the related archaeological discoveries and research were spectacular. In contrast, in the Jiangxi region of this period, although there were important discoveries such as the tomb of Gao Rong in Nanchang, but the number was small, the impact was not large, and it seemed that it was still in the "marginal zone" outside the core area, and in the past, the academic circles did not pay enough attention to the political status of the district in the early Six Dynasties, until the discovery of the Tombs of the Six Dynasties of Qixingdui greatly broke through our previous cognition.
Qixingdui Six Dynasties Tomb Group Area A and Wu Jin Zhou Family Cemetery well preserved is rare in China, more than ten Six Dynasties tombs are lined up in an east-west direction, the main body of the tomb has not broken the relationship, the drainage ditch in front of the tomb is connected to each other to form a complex underground drainage system, and its specifications are no less than the Tangjiaotou of Ezhou in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River that have been found before, the Xianhe Mountain in Nanjing in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, and the Zhuran Family Cemetery in Ma'anshan, Anhui. Such an orderly burial method is obviously carefully planned, and the neat cutting of the Eastern Han tombs at the edge of its tomb is a clear evidence of the change of local crowds in the late Han and early Wu dynasties. From the tomb cluster, there are several traditional tomb types in the Central Plains such as Hengqian Hall and Dome, which were rare or not seen in Jiangxi in the past, it can be imagined that the population migration during the war and chaos period, whether it is the southward migration of northerners, or the internal flow of southerners who have long been infiltrated into the northern culture, have objectively promoted regional cultural exchanges and injected new vitality into the development of the district, such as the earliest M5 shape system in the family cemetery and the Hengli tomb on the former camphor tree view is very similar, but its front room has been a dome roof structure, quite inheriting the legacy of the late Han Dynasty. The meaning of the new chapter of the Six Dynasties of the Lower Qi Dynasty (Figure 4).
Figure 4 Floor plan of Area A of the Qixingdui Six Dynasties Tomb Group
Considering the duration of the family cemetery, although the M3 and M2 years, which are far from M5 and tend to be simplified in shape, do not rule out the possibility of being late to the Western Jin Dynasty and even the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but the Western Jin Dynasty ruled the south for only 36 years, during which a relaxed policy was implemented, and the inscription bricks printed with the words "Zhou Hou" and "Yuzhang Hai Di Lang Zhou Zun Zi Gong Xian" and "Zhou Zhonglang" in the back room are not not the proof of the tomb owner's political identity in the Eastern Wu Dynasty, or the continuation of the family glory for a long time. Combined with the geographical location of the tomb group and the historical background of the "Zong Thief Dasheng" in jiangxi during the Eastern Wu Period (Tang Changru), we may be bold to speculate that some people in this prominent Zhou family were also knighted for their military achievements in the military activities of the thieves. It cannot be denied that some southern natives also have the ability and motivation to quickly digest the new culture brought by the northern craftsmen in a short period of time, but judging from the sudden emergence of such a large number of non-local traditional tombs with mature technology, compared with the party hegemony absorbed and utilized by the Sun regime, the tomb group may also belong to the family clan that moved south to this place and was under the jurisdiction of the government, or the Fuyue generals and their families directly stationed here by the central government, and their descendants were gradually indigenous in the integration with the local population.
Not far from Area A, or assisted by the Zhou family before his death and guarded by the Zhou family after his death, M31 is another clear Eastern Wu tomb in this area after the tomb of "Yong'an Six Years" (263 years) excavated in the southern suburbs of Nanchang in 1964. Whether from the perspective of tomb shape system or burial products, M31 has certain similarities with high-specification Eastern Wu tombs around the ancient Wuchang area, such as the tomb of General Wusun in Echeng, the tomb of Egang Beverage Factory No. 1, the ancient tomb of Huangpi Yankou in Wuhan, and the tomb of Dongwu in Jiangxia Liufang, especially the excavation of special artifacts such as the celadon dock fort model, the tomb figurine of Long Tongue Town and the tomb beast of Unicorn Town in the tomb shows the high rank of the tomb owner and his extraordinary identity (Figure 5). Xiong Shouchang once analyzed that the tomb of General Wusun in the east of Echeng and the tomb of Egang Beverage Factory No. 1 belonged to Sun Lin and Sun Shu's father and son. According to sun lin's father, Sun Ben, once led Yu Zhang Taishou, "Hou Feng Du Ting Marquis." In the thirteenth year of Jian'an (208), the emissary Liu Yin was enthroned as a general of the Conquest and led the county as before. Died in the eleventh year of the official. Sons and daughters. When he was nine years old, he took the place of Yu Zhang and entered the capital township marquis. Twenty years in the county, to quell the traitors, meritorious repairs. The Shanyue problem has always been a major problem for Eastern Wu's confidants, and Yuzhang itself is not a peaceful place, and Sun Shidang will not take this lightly, and after Sun Lin was "summoned back to Wuchang", it is very likely that he will continue to elect members of the clan or at least be a close and important minister to run here, using political deterrence to maintain the phased results achieved by the father and son of Ben and His neighbors for decades. Others, such as Sun Wei's appointment as a general in the Zhen Army, "false festivals to open the capital, rule Banzhou (present-day Jiujiang)", Sun Fen's influence on Zhuge Ke's "relocation to Nanchang" and the activities of other clan members ("Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Shu, Wu Lord's Five Sons"), also indirectly show that the rise in the status of Jiangxi, especially in northern Ganzhong after Eastern Wu, although it cannot be compared with Jianye and Guwuchang as the center of gravity of rule and military front, but after all, it has been noticed by those in power.
Fig. 5 Qixingdui Six Dynasties Tomb Group Area C M31 and its surrounding tombs
The emergence of the Qixingdui Six Dynasties tomb group is the embodiment of the strategic value of the Jiangxi region in the Eastern Wu period, and its similarity with the ancient Wuchang tombs is that they belong to the cultural system of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the former has accepted the latter, that is, the product of the cultural radiation of the secondary political center, in addition to the celadon products of the local Hongzhou kiln, some of the celadon products from the Xiangyin kiln and the Yue kiln unearthed in some tombs also hint at the close connection between the district and its surroundings and even the capital city, and Jiangxi's natural location advantage in southern China has been further highlighted. However, while actively absorbing advanced culture, the Jiangxi region still maintains its own characteristics, such as the way in which the brick columns and arches to distinguish the burial chamber space from the Eastern Han tombs in this area continue to exist and develop at this time, and continue to exert influence on the outside world in the future; while the more advanced four-corner coupon-type vault that is generally popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the more advanced four-corner coupon-type dome, which is generally popular in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, seems to have crossed the Jiangxi region in the process of its spread from north to south and from west to east. As of now, the relevant archaeological findings are still blank (the M5 of Nanchang Railway Station excavated in 1997 is reported to be a four-corner coupon vault, which is doubtful, and its era is late to the turn of the two Jin Dynasties). We can say that this is a reflection of the cultural conservatism and backwardness of the region, but it can also be considered that it is precisely such an open and closed geographical and cultural pattern that allows it to integrate the emerging and traditional in a more stable environment, and gradually form a unique local characteristic, laying the foundation for the dissolution and rise of Jiangzhou in the future.
Third, the dissolution and rise of Jiangzhou
In terms of geomorphological characteristics, Jiangxi, with the Ganjiang River as the core and surrounded by mountains, has its own faction in the separation of mountains and rivers, and the development of the Han Dynasty to Eastern Wu for hundreds of years has made the cultural, political and military uniqueness and importance of the region more prominent. In the first year (291) of the Western Jin Dynasty, Emperor Hui of the Western Jin Dynasty "cut the counties of Yuzhang, Poyang, Luling, Linchuan, Nankang, Jian'an, and Jin'an of Yangzhou, and Wuchang, Guiyang, Ancheng, and Heshi Counties of Jingzhou, and set up Jiangzhou because of the name of Jiangshui." In the first year of Yongxing (304), Xunyang County, which was divided into Lujiang and Chaisang County of Wuchang, was placed in Xunyang County, which belonged to Jiangzhou. (Book of Jin, Geography) If the two prefectures of Jing and Yang have a vast territory and are particularly difficult to unify", the beginning of the establishment of Jiangzhou implied the ruler's intention to control Jing and Yang. However, from the return of Eastern Wu to the Jin Dynasty in the fourth year of the Tianji Dynasty (280) to the southward migration of the Jin Dynasty in the fourth year of Jianxing (316), the brief unification of the Western Jin Dynasty and the loose policies of Sima Shi were neither enough to effectively exert the political advantages of Jiangzhou, nor could they really shake the customs and customs of the old lands of Eastern Wu. Therefore, the southern society and its tomb culture, including Jiangxi, are mostly continuing the vein of the middle and late Eastern Wu Dynasty, developing forward in the inheritance tradition, but with the gradual deepening of the influence of northern culture and regional cultural exchanges, the tombs in various districts have also added more new connotations on the basis of their increasingly distinctive characteristics.
The Yongjia Rebellion, the crossing of the Wuma River, and the southward migration of Huaxia Zhengshuo interrupted to a certain extent the long-term process of free development in the southern region. Because the change of material culture has a certain lag relative to the change of dynasties, the tombs in most parts of the south did not show a new look that was very different from the previous stage until the middle and late Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the same was true in Jiangxi. In the great historical changes of the tomb shape system and burial products at the turn of the two Jin Dynasties, the "Jin system" was inherited and simplified, that is, while the strong influence of the lower Yangtze River region was accepted, the number and distribution range of tombs in the area also continued to increase and expanded to the south, and there were new discoveries of tombs in This period in Gannan Xingguo, Nankang, Huichang and other places. The alluvial plains and river valleys along the Ganjiang River and its tributaries are undoubtedly the best choice for people to carry out agricultural and settled life in the mountains, and during the Six Han Dynasties, especially after the Eastern Jin Dynasty ("Book of Jin, Liu Yin Biography") of "thousands of people flowing in Jiangzhou", the dynamic development of tombs in Jiangxi from north to south and upstream and the migration and cultural dissemination of the people behind it are closely related to the further development and utilization of the most important communication line in the region, namely the Poyang Lake-Ganjiang waterway. As early as the fifth year of Yuan Ding (112 BC), when Emperor Wu of the Autumn Han Dynasty was in Nanyue, there was a record that "the lord of the capital Yang Shu was the general of the Lou ship, out of Yuzhang, and under Hengpu" ("History of Nanyue Liechuan"), but as Tang Meng "wrote on the book" Tongye Lang Dao said, "Now with Changsha and Yuzhang to (South Vietnam), the waterways are numerous and difficult to travel." During the Two Han Dynasties, when the focus of rule was in the Yellow River Basin and the southern region was not developed, shipping in Jiangxi was also limited by many natural and man-made conditions and was not valuable, until Sun founded the country in Jiangdong, and the independence of southern China finally created opportunities for large-scale development and utilization of the Ganjiang River Basin.
However, Eastern Wu undertook the southern lands of the two Han Dynasties, and the foundation for development was already weak, plus there were military threats from Wei and Shu, and there were frequent riots in Shanyue, and the status of the various regions within its territory mainly depended on the current military situation. As mentioned above, the fact that the Jiangxi region, especially in the northern part of Ganzhong, can be valued by the rulers is largely related to the historical background of the "Sect Thief Dasheng" in Yuzhang, Poyang and other places, and the large and medium-sized tombs, including the Qixingdui And Six Dynasties Tomb Group, are also concentrated here, and their appearance is obviously closer to ancient Wuchang and Jianye. During the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the power struggle between the Mongol clans relying on Jing and Yang Prefectures made the status of Jiangzhou, which was sandwiched between them, more important, and Tian Yuqing wrote in the "Yu Clan Xing and the Dispute between Yu and Wang Jiangzhou": "If Jiangzhou is united in Jingzhou, the upstream will be more autonomous, so the advantage over the downstream will increase, and Jiankang will feel threatened." If Jiangzhou was controlled by the Jiankang court, it would be difficult for Jingzhou Fangzhen to become independent and might be subject to Jiankang. Therefore, at the time of the new round of external north-south division and internal east-west confrontation, Jiangxi finally got rid of its previous marginal position in the unified empire and became a "southern domain of the country, a key place" ("Jinshu Liu Yin biography") that has the role of buffering and balancing in politics and military terms and defending the capital, and its core lifeline, namely the "Nantong Wuling, North Leading the Yangtze River" ("Jinshu Tunnel Record") water transportation is bound to make great progress. However, it should be noted that the geographical trend of opening to the north and the political pattern of the capital city and the strong domain in the north determined that Jiangzhou at this time still had the north as the most important, and the further improvement of the status of the southern part of the Ganzhong was after the rise of the southern dynasty, especially the chieftain Haodong lord.
Although economic and cultural prosperity does not mean a high degree of political development, the growth of political importance will inevitably lead to or even rely on economic and cultural progress. Jiangzhou in the Eastern Jin Dynasty not only has political strength not to be underestimated, but also with the Ganjiang Waterway and its communication with the surrounding water systems, the economy has also reached the situation of "merchant travel relay road" and "when the imperial court is empty, there are no officials, but the capital of Jiangzhou Yuncao" ("Jin Shu Liu Yin Biography"), in terms of culture, in addition to the continuous export of local characteristics represented by brick pillar tombs, the wide spread of Confucian culture and Buddhist and Taoist beliefs in the real world can also be regarded as one of the important manifestations or reasons for the elevation of the status of the region. Wei Bin once explored the multi-belief space of Lushan in the early Middle Ages from the legend of Gongting Temple, and in the collision, interweaving and fusion of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, Lushan Mountain, which was at the intersection of Gansu and Po and had the convenience of geography, rose rapidly and transformed into a cultural mountain after the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The humanistic value attached to the natural landscape under the role of religion can not only make a footnote for the improvement of the overall status of Jiangzhou, but also promote the political and economic development of the district, and the Existence of the Gongting Temple, as the Lushan Temple of the town to protect the wind and waves, is also a proof of the increasingly frequent exchange of people in the Ganpo waterway during this period. Reflected in material culture, if it is difficult to capture the influence changes of various periods in the absence of written materials and typical artifacts due to the birth of Confucianism and Taoism in China's ancient Lile civilization and immortal beliefs, then Buddhism, as a representative of extraterritorial civilization, is an indirect expression of the enhanced sense of existence in the region.
The Biography of the High Monk says: "(Hui) went far away from living in The Ming Temple with dozens of disciples, in The Southern Jingzhou. After wanting to go to Luofu Mountain, and Xunyang, see Lufeng Qingjing, enough to rest his heart, and start to live in Longquan Jingshe. As Wei Zheng argues, Hui Yuan and Hui Yong, who had the same experience before, did not take the Xiang River passage adjacent to Jiangling in order to go to Jiaozhou, but instead went down to Xunyang and prepared to go up the Ganjiang River, and the choice of this route was obviously a clear evidence that the status of Xiang and Gan had been reversed at that time. Represented by the Huiyuan Monastic Community, including Hui Yonghe, who "lived in Xilin and was good friends with yuan", "Yuzhangshan Li Monastery ... The famous monk Shengda, the ringing of the group of Kang Monk Yuan and others ("High Monk Biography • Jin Lushan Shi Huiyuan", "High Monk Biography • Jin Yu Zhangshan Kang Monk Yuan"), the prosperity of Buddhist activities in northern Ganzhong has injected new vitality into the rise of Jiangzhou. It is also from this period or a little later, the Fengcheng Hongzhou kiln site, which is also located along the Ganjiang River and its tributaries and has the convenience of water and transportation, as well as some celadon cups and celadon chicken head pots excavated from some tombs in the late Jin to early Southern Dynasties in Jiangxi region, have also found lotus petal decorations (the Nanchang Railway Station M6 excavated in 1997 unearthed 4 gold rings decorated with Buddha statues, unfortunately the tomb was completely destroyed, the era is unknown), before the popularity of Buddhist-related portrait bricks (Wei Zheng, Zhao Chunlan), As a daily utensil and a large celadon product that reacts more quickly with funerary goods, it first provides an important entry point for us to understand the cultural background of the society at that time.
Fourth, the aftermath
Ancient Chinese society has always been politically oriented, and Jiangxi, as the "middle of the world" (Wei Zheng) in southern China, must rely on the political situation of the confrontation between the north and the south in order to truly give play to its natural location advantage of "placing the three rivers and taking the five lakes, controlling the barbarians and attracting the Ouyue". In the hundreds of years of the Han and Jin Dynasties from unification to division, the tombs in this area have also undergone the development and evolution from less to more, from simple to complex, the emergence of high-grade tombs in the north of Ganzhong in the Eastern Wu Period, the southward expansion of the distribution range of tombs after the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the transformation from passive to active in regional cultural exchanges in the jiangxi region reflected in the appearance of tombs in various periods, which are all concrete manifestations of the deepening of the development degree of the district and the steady improvement of its historical status. If we then look at the next stage of the middle and late Southern Dynasties, we can find that the number of tombs in the Gannan area continues to increase, the types of porcelain in Jiangxi are more abundant, and while the local characteristics are significantly enhanced, the district is still in constant contact with Fujian, Lingnan and other places, and even through the traffic channels of the Wuyi Mountains, northwest Fujian has also been incorporated into its own cultural system.
The reason for this is that the Jin and Song Dynasties did not change the established fact that Jiangzhou had become a major area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, on the contrary, in order to control this strategic place, the Liu Song regime sent the emperor out of the town for a long time, until after the Yuan Jia Dynasty, the phrase "Jiangzhou should come out of the Heavenly Son" ("Song Shu Fan Ye Biography") finally made the rulers wary and wary of the region. Although the Later Qi, Liang, and Chen Dynasties successively restricted Jiangzhou's expansion and strength by strengthening the surveillance of the canon and implementing the rule of division, and the administrative divisions that were originally integrated also fell apart in the late Xiao Liang period, Jiangxi at this time was not the same as the two Han Dynasties, which were silent and unknown. As far as the Southern Dynasty regime, whose territory was shrinking step by step and power disputes were constant, they could not despise the military value of Jiangzhou to counter the Northern Wei dynasty to the outside world, nor could they dissolve or still need to rely on the various forces entangled in the region, so before the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen to unify the world and the political center returned to the north, the Jiangxi region still basically inherited the good trend of all-round development since the Han and Jin Dynasties, and always occupied a place in southern China.
Editor| Xiao Yucen Zhang Chi
This article was originally published in Southern Cultural Relics, No. 4, 2021.
Reprinted from: Han and Tang Archaeology