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In the first year of Yongjia (145), the Eastern Han Dynasty finally extinguished the Qiang uprising, only after more than ten years, to the second year of Yanxi (159), the large-scale Qiang-Han War broke out again.
1. The rebellion of the Qiang people
In the second year of Yanxi (159), Xiqiang burned Dang, burned He, Dangfang, Le Sister and other eight Qiang attacked Longxi and Jinchengsai, and the momentum was greatly boosted for a while.
Duan Cheng, the captain of the Qiang Guard, led Huangzhong to surrender the Qiang and stationed in Luoting (in present-day Ledu County, Qinghai), and joined forces with Tian Yan and Xia Yu to repel the Qiang. In March of the following year, Jincheng burned Dangqiang and burned He Qiang to unite and attack Zhangye's vassal state in the north, occupy Juluwu, kill the officials of the subordinate state, and attack the camp of Duan Cheng.
Duan Cheng was caught off guard, and the knife was broken, and he was almost defeated. In the fourth year of Yanxi (161), the scope of the Eastern and Western Qiang uprisings was even expanded. In the summer of this year, Lingwuqiang and Xianlingqiang of Longxi County merged to attack Sanfu in the east; In winter, Shangjun Shen Shiqiang, Longxi Prison Sister, Wuwu joined forces to attack and merge, Liang Erzhou.
Duan Cheng once again led thousands of Huangzhong Qiang to suppress it. These Huangzhong Qiang did not return due to long-term service, they were attached to their homeland, and they defected one after another, and Duan Cheng was dismissed and imprisoned. The successor Hu Hongyong, the captain of Huqiang, was cowardly and incompetent, so the eastern and western Qiang became stronger, captured many battalions, and linked with each other, and continued to fight in Sanfu, Bingzhou, and Liangzhou.
Forced by the critical situation, the imperial court used the rules of the incorruptible emperor to supervise the officials and troops in Guanxi, and on the other hand, dismissed some corrupt officials and cruel officials, so as to calm the public anger of the people, so it temporarily obtained a few months of peace.
By the fifth year of Yanxi (162), the Dongxiqiang uprising continued to occur in Liangzhou. In March of this year, Shangjun Shen Diqiang attacked Zhangye and Jiuquan; In July, Wuwuqiang re-attacked Hanyang; In November, Dian Naqiang attacked Wuwei, Zhangye, and Jiuquan.
By the sixth year of Yanxi (163), "Kou became prosperous, and Liangzhou died". The Eastern Han Dynasty was forced to cope with the crisis, so Duan Cheng was transferred out as the captain of the Qiang Guard.
In the seventh year of Yanxi (164), Duan Cheng used coercion and temptation to make 3,000 people such as Dian Na fall to Han. In the spring of the eighth year (165), Duan Cheng attacked Le Jieqiang again; Summer, attack when fried.
Duan Cheng sent troops from the winter of the seventh year, and in the autumn of the eighth year, after countless fierce battles, he suppressed Xiqiang.
Since the uprising of the Dongqiang tribes in the sixth year of Emperor Yonghe (141) of Emperor Shun, although the Eastern Han Dynasty has been pacified and conquered many times, it has not fundamentally solved the problem, and the Dongqiang is still in rebellion.
In the autumn of the ninth year of Yanxi (166), Xianbei entered the Sai and made an alliance with Dongqiang, so Shangjun Shen Diqiang, Anding Xian Lingqiang attacked Wuwei and Zhangye two counties, and many of them were destroyed along the border.
In the first year of Yongkang (167 years), in the first month of spring, five or six thousand of the stable Xian Lingqiang rode into Sanfu, surrounded Qiyi, slightly Yunyang, and captured the two battalions of Fufeng and Jingzhao, killing more than 10,000 people; In the winter of October, the first Lingqiang Hao Anwei and others attacked Sanfu, and Zhang Huan, the general of the Huns, sent Yin Duan and Dong Zhuo to counterattack, killed the Qiang chieftain, captured more than 10,000 people, and Sanfu was temporarily peaceful.
2, Duan Cheng's battle for fame
The rebellion of the Qiang people posed a serious threat to Sanfu, and Emperor Huan was almost helpless, so he asked Duan Cheng about his "Pingqiang" strategy.
Duan Cheng Shangshu Chen said that only "the spear is coerced, and the white blade is added to the neck" can finally conquer the Qiang, and said that if he is given tens of thousands of foot riders and 3,000 vehicles, "three winters and two summers are enough to break the decision". Emperor Huan adopted Duan Cheng's suggestion.
In the blink of an eye, it was the spring of the first year of Emperor Jianning (168), and Duan Cheng led more than 10,000 people to suppress Xian Lingqiang. At that time, there were more than 30,000 Lingqiang, occupying the area of Anding County, connecting Qianghu in the east and Hanyang in the west, and the momentum was huge.
Duan Cheng's troops marched from Pengyang (southeast of present-day Zhenyuan, Gansu) to Gaoping (present-day Guyuan, Ningxia), and first met Yuyifengshan (present-day northwest of Guyuan). Seeing that Yifeng Mountain was full of Qiang people, heavy livestock, and a steady stream, Duan Cheng soldiers couldn't help but panic.
Duan Cheng concentrated his troops with a calm expression, and lined up the soldiers with both spears and strong bows and crossbows in three columns, and used light cavalry as the left and right flanks; Then he excitedly encouraged the soldiers, saying:
"It's thousands of miles away from home today, you can make merit if you enter, and you will die if you retreat! Today, let's work together to make a name for ourselves! ”
Duan Cheng's thoughtful military deployment and passionate agitation immediately boosted the morale of the army, and Duan's army attacked the Qiang people with an unstoppable momentum, breaking them in one fell swoop.
The news of the good news of the broken Qiang was transmitted to the imperial court, and the Empress Dowager Dou of the Linzhao Dynasty issued an edict to reward Duan Cheng, named him "General Poqiang", and encouraged Duan Cheng to completely exterminate Dongqiang, "wash away the burden of a hundred years, and comfort the soul of the loyal general".
The court's commendation inspired Duan Cheng's fighting spirit to kill the Qiang people.
In the summer of the first year of Jianning (168), Duan Cheng adhered to the will of the imperial court to exterminate the Qiang, and spared no effort to continue to pursue and suppress the Qiang, sending troops from Qiaomen (now Lijiacha, Zichang County, Shaanxi), traveling more than 200 miles day and night, and meeting the Qiang people in Shangjun Yanze (now southwest of Wushenqi, Inner Mongolia). Zhuqiang retreated to Luochuan (Hongliuhe, Wushen Banner, Inner Mongolia), "recovering from the junction" and insisting on resistance.
Duan Cheng and his generals Tian Yan and Xia Yu joined forces to defeat the Qiang people in the Lingwu Valley (now northwest of Helan, Ningxia), and the rest of the Qiang army of more than 20,000 people scattered into the Hanyang Valley.
3. Zhang Huan's Pingqiang proposition
At this time, the Eastern Han Dynasty had two opposing opinions on the issue of Zhuqiang.
Zhonglang Zhang Huan advocated alleviating the contradictions between Han and Qiang, and should focus on political comfort for the Qiang people, supplemented by military suppression.
Before Zhang Huan, the famous general Huangfu Gui of Guanlong also put forward and implemented such a proposition.
Huangfu Gui pointed out to the imperial court:
The excessive governance of the local officials, the brutal exploitation and destruction of the Qiang people was the fundamental reason for the "rebellion" of the Qiang people, and they advocated the rectification of the county officials, the pacification of politics, and the appeasement of the Qiang people.
Huangfu Gui is honest and upright, treats Zhuqiang, and has always pursued the strategy of both grace and power. In the fourth year of Yandian (161), the flames of the Qiang uprising spread throughout Sanfu, Bingzhou, and Liangzhou, and Huangfu Gui was ordered by the imperial court to lead the army to quell the Qiang rebellion. Huangfu Gui sent troops to attack Lingwuqiang, "beheaded 800 people", and at the same time expelled more than 100 corrupt officials and cool officials who "took wolf status" and "killed more than 100 people", and the wave of uprising gradually subsided.
As a result, the Qiang people were moved, and more than 200,000 Qiang people surrendered. Zhang Huan has a very close relationship with Huangfu Gui, he is not only a student of Huangfu Gui, but also a famous general with outstanding achievements in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, and also thanks to Huangfu Gui's many recommendations, so Huangfu Gui has a great influence on Zhang Huan.
Zhang Huan believes that "Qiang is born in one breath, can not be exhausted, the valley is vast, can not be empty, blood flows and pollutes the wilderness, injuries and disasters".
Based on this understanding, during his tenure in the border areas, he personally practiced the strategy of "appeasing the Qiang people".
In the autumn of the first year of Yongshou (155), Zhang Huan served as the governor of the vassal state of Anding. At that time, 7,000 men and horses of the Southern Xiongnu invaded Meiji, and the Dongqiang tribes responded, while Anding only had more than 200 guards.
Under the circumstance that the disparity between the forces of the two sides was so large, Zhang Huan was in danger, and entered the Great Wall on the one hand, collected soldiers, and strengthened the border defense; On the one hand, he sent his subordinates to garrison Qiuzi to attack and harass Dongqiang, which not only prevented Dongqiang and the Southern Xiongnu from colluding with each other, but also united Dongqiang with the official army, resulting in a great defeat of the Southern Xiongnu and peace on the border.
Afterwards, the Qiang chieftain was grateful to Zhang Huan for his kindness, and sent an envoy to send 20 good horses and 8 gold pieces, but Zhang Huan sincerely declined. Zhang Huan won the support of the Qiang people with his "righteous body and self-purification", so during his tenure as the governor of the stable vassal state, this area was "wafered".
Zhang Huan's above-mentioned proposition on the national question not only contains reasonable and progressive factors, but also is effective under certain historical conditions. However, on the other hand, under the historical conditions at that time, there were limitations to varying degrees in this understanding and its practical level.
Zhang Huan believed that the Qiang species could not be exterminated, because they were born of the same qi of heaven and earth as the Han people, and realized that the greed of the border county officials was the fundamental reason for forcing the Qiang people, so they tried to influence the Qiang people with their own integrity and integrity.
These understandings not only break through the ideological limitations of "China's great defense" and "noble China, but also objectively understand the reasons for the rebellion of the Qiang people", which are of great progressive significance.
However, Zhang Huan's understanding ignores such facts:
Since the end of Emperor Shun Yonghe (136-141), the Qiang people continued to advance eastward, and reports of large-scale Qiang raids in the Gyeonggi region often reached the imperial court, and more border counties had to be partially or completely abandoned to the Qiang. By the year of Emperor Ling's accession to the throne, more than 2,000 miles of northwest frontier land from Yunzhong in the Hetao region, Wuyuan to Hanyang in Gansu, had fallen into the hands of the Qiang people and the Xiongnu.
In addition, even if the Qiang people were appeased, it would only bring temporary peace, and the Qiang people were always in rebellion and impermanence, regardless of whether they were suppressed or appeased.
These facts show that the Qiang's war against the Han Dynasty, in addition to opposing the exploitation and oppression of corrupt officials, was governed by other factors, namely, the need for development and wealth in the Sennes.
Throughout the history of the Han-Qiang War in the Eastern Han Dynasty, if the Qiang people were treated with a strategy of harmony, the Eastern Han Dynasty must coexist with grace and power. From En's point of view, the imperial court was politically clear, the officials were upright, and the treasury was abundant, so that it could effectively appease the Qiang people by giving money and goods to meet their needs from time to time. From the perspective of prestige, the Eastern Han Dynasty must have a strong military deterrent in order to effectively resist the offensive harassment of the Qiang people.
However, by the time of Emperor Ling, the two prerequisites for the imperial court to implement a policy of pacification and harmony had been lost.
During the Huan Ling period, the political situation was dark to the limit, and honest officials such as Zhang Huan and Huangfu Gui were rare, and the commanders of the stable and subordinate countries, the eight before Zhang Huan, were all greedy and brutal experts in exploiting the Qiang people.
Militarily, due to the exhaustion of government funds, military spending is seriously insufficient, and in case of war, they all temporarily step up the looting of the world, and even use the imperial family's money to help military spending. Not only is there a shortage of military spending, but corruption in the military has also reached its peak. The generals of the army made a fortune and took advantage of the opportunity of the war to embezzle military funds, resulting in many soldiers dying of cold and starvation in the ravines.
The extreme depletion of military spending and the serious corruption of the army had reduced the military deterrent power of the Eastern Han Dynasty to a minimum. The greater corruption of the government led to a rise in dissatisfaction and resistance among the Qiang people, and the great decline in military deterrence continued to stimulate the Qiang people to take advantage of the gap and strive for eastward development. It is precisely these factors that are intricately intertwined that make the Qiang rebellion continuous, so that the strategy of "appeasement-oriented" of Huangfu Gui, Zhang Huan and others cannot be fundamentally effective.
4, Duan Cheng's "Kill Everything"
Contrary to Zhang Huan, the Qiang general Duan Cheng advocated the extermination of the Qiang people. Is it impossible for Zhang Huan and others to fundamentally solve the contradictions and conflicts between the Qiang and Han dynasties, and Duan Cheng's "killing them all" is both reasonable and feasible?
Duan Cheng's assertion is not based on an objective and comprehensive analysis of the contradictions between the Qiang and Han people, and he believes that the Qiang people's continuous eastward advance, "conquering counties and towns, and plundering people", are all due to their viper-like bestiality.
This perception is clearly due to its traditional prejudice of contempt for the surrounding peoples. Duan Cheng's assertion is not only related to his cognitive prejudices, but also has a lot to do with his own character and experience.
In the first year of Xiping (172), due to the need to hunt down the "party members", Emperor Ling appointed Duan Cheng as the lieutenant of the school, and Duan Cheng used his power to vent his personal anger. Duan Cheng once expelled Su Buwei, a native of Fufeng Pingling, as his subordinate, but Su Buwei did not answer the call, so Duan Cheng held a grudge, and later created a tragedy in which more than 60 members of the Su family were all killed.
This heinous tragedy undoubtedly fully exposed Duan Cheng's cruel nature. Perhaps Duan Cheng is a little cruel by nature, and he was born in a family of military officials in the northwest and grew up in a harsh war environment, so his inherent cruel character is also deeply rooted.
As a famous general who galloped across the battlefield in the late Eastern Han Dynasty, Duan Cheng, who was cruel by nature, longed for war, longed for competition and conquest, and longed for the excitement of killing people, and it seemed that only war could fully show his talents. War brings him not only stimulation, but also upliftment.
Since Emperor Huan Yongshou two years (156 years) as the governor of Liaodong, he attacked Xianbei, suppressed the uprising of the displaced people in Taishan, and repeatedly entered the Qiang uprising, and his outstanding military exploits made the Eastern Han Dynasty regard him as the minister of the society who "saved the danger and the state", and was constantly awarded and promoted.
The court's commendation inspired Duan Cheng's impulse to go to war and expand the results of the battle, and he could even treat his own and his subordinates' lives as bargaining chips in the casino, and gamble when necessary.
The idea of "exterminating everything", which is dominated by Duan Cheng's personal cognitive bias and other irrational personal factors, obviously cannot be a good solution to the "Qiang problem".
5. The pacification of the Dongqiang rebellion
Perhaps Zhang Huan's proposition played a role, making the court realize that the Qiang people were indeed difficult to eliminate, and at that time, the imperial court was in the midst of civil strife in which the eunuchs killed Chen Fan and Dou Wu, and there was no time to look outside for a while.
In the spring of the second year of Jianning (169), Emperor Ling ordered Feng Chan, a confidant, to pacify and surrender Hanyang Sanqiang. After Duan Cheng learned of this news, he immediately wrote a letter to reiterate the idea of extermination, claiming that "if you take advantage of the situation and release the troops, you will be destroyed."
Duan Cheng's resolute proposition and confidence in victory infected Emperor Ling, so Emperor Ling still ordered Feng Chan to surrender on the one hand, but on the other hand, he ordered Duan Cheng to continue to attack the Qiang people. In July, Duan Cheng personally led his troops to defeat the Qiang people at Fanting Mountain (now northwest of Pingliang, Gansu), and the main force of the Qiang soldiers gathered in the Valley of the Tigers (now southwest of Qin'an, Gansu).
Duan Cheng seized the opportunity to cut off the Qiang soldiers' way to the southwest of the Tiger Valley with a length of 40 miles, and then sent troops to attack from the east and west, and then slaughtered the rebellious Dongqiang. More than 20,000 people were scattered, except for 4,000 people who were recruited by Feng Chan and placed in the three counties of Anding, Hanyang and Longxi, the remaining more than 19,000 people were all slaughtered by Duan Cheng. At this point, Dongqiang's rebellion was put down.
In the early years of Emperor Jianning (168-171), Duan Cheng fought 180 battles in Qiangdi, with a cost of 4.4 billion yuan, and countless casualties. In a situation where the state treasury is impoverished, the huge military expenditure is entirely obtained by the people of the world.
Duan Cheng claimed that the exhaustion of the people of the world due to the invasion and suppression of the Qiang people was only temporary, and as long as the Qiang people were killed, they could obtain permanent peace.
But in fact, the Eastern Han Dynasty "tired the people of the world" did not exchange for permanent peace, and the Eastern Han Dynasty at this time did not have, and could not "cut off its roots, not to enable breeding", on the contrary, the more ferocious the killing, the deeper the hatred of the Qiang people.
In the more than ten years after Duan Cheng put down the Dongqiang rebellion, although the situation was relatively calm, a new and larger-scale rebellion was born in the calm.
6. Revival of the disease
In the spring and February of the first year of Emperor Ling's Zhongping (184), the menacing Yellow Turban Rebellion broke out in Guanzhong. Then, in the winter and December of the same year, a joint uprising broke out in the three counties of Jincheng, Longxi, and Hanyang, with the participation of Beidi Xianlingqiang, Huangzhong Yiconghu, Jincheng Yicongqiang, and a small number of Han officials.
In December, after the first Lingqiang uprising in Longxi and Hanyang, he soon united with Jincheng Baohan, Heguan led by Song Jian, Wang Guo, and Yicongqiang Hu, who revolted in Huangzhong, and elected Huangzhong Yicong Hu Beigong Boyu and Li Wenhou as generals.
The Qiang-Hu coalition army first killed the Qiang school captain Lingzheng, and then robbed Jincheng Taishou Yamen, killed Taishou Chen Yi, and hijacked Taishou Yamen to engage in Han Sui and the old Xin'an Lingbian Zhang, with them as full-time military personnel.
The Qianghu coalition army attacked the city and plundered the land, and the people of Longyou responded with Yunhe, and the righteous army soon gathered more than 100,000 people. After the rebel army captured Jincheng County, Song Jian sat in Jincheng, Wang Guo, Bian Zhang and others attacked Hanyang County, and Beigong Boyu and Han Sui attacked Sanfu further east.
At that time, Liangzhou Thorn Shi Zuochang was stationed in Ji County, Hanyang, and Xia Yu, the former captain of the Qiang Guard, was also an animal officer in Ji County. Zuo Chang was known for his greed, and once embezzled tens of thousands of stones from the military valley; Captain Xia Yu indiscriminately killed Qianghu when he was in office, and at this time he was deposed and was punished as an animal official in the pastoral garden.
As soon as the rebel army arrived in Hanyang, they attacked Jicheng and the animal officials, wanting to kill Zuo Chang and Xia Yu to anger the people. Jicheng was the military town of Liangzhou at that time, and as soon as Jicheng was in place, the entire Longyou would fall into a state of dissipation.
Jicheng was in a hurry, and the anxious Emperor Ling ordered to punish Zuo Chang on the one hand, and took Song Xiao Daichang as the assassin of Liangzhou, and on the other hand, ordered the famous general Gai Xun to lead the army to rescue Ji County. As soon as Gai Xun arrived in Ji County, he reprimanded Bian Zhang's treachery. Bian Zhang's betrayal of the imperial court was not a dead heart, but he was still a little helpless, plus Gai Xun was a famous general who was loyal to the imperial court, upright for officials, and repeatedly made military exploits, so in the contrast of Gai Xun's righteousness, Bian Zhang inevitably bred the psychological weakness of "reasoning for losses", and suddenly lost the courage to fight, and did not engage with Gai Xun, so he automatically broke the siege and left.
On the way to save Xia Yu from the animal official, Gai Xun was beaten by the Qiang people, and Gai Xun was seriously injured.
In the spring of the second year of Zhongping (185), Beigong Boyu, Bian Zhang, and Han Sui led tens of thousands of iron cavalry to attack Sanfu.
This uprising of the Qiang-Hu coalition brought an unprecedented threat to Emperor Ling's rule. At that time, the economic advancement and political maturity of the Han nationality were obvious compared with the relatively backward Qianghu tribes.
And this time, not only many lower-class people of the Han nationality were involved in the uprising, but also some former officials of Bian Zhang, Han Sui and Duan Cheng who "knew the mountains and rivers" participated in it.
As a result, it not only strengthened the strength of the Qiang-Hu coalition army, but also raised the level of the Qiang-Hu struggle, which was able to break through a narrow tribal resistance and clearly put forward the political slogan of "punishing the eunuchs" for the first time.
At that time, people from all walks of life were strongly dissatisfied with the darkness of reality, and to a large extent regarded the eunuchs who were in power as a scourge of darkness, so the slogan of the Qiang-Hu coalition army "punishing the eunuchs" could arouse a wide range of positive repercussions, resulting in the rapid development and growth of the uprising ranks, and the frequent successes of the battle.
The threat brought to the Eastern Han Dynasty by the uprising of Huang Zhongyi Conghu was also significant.
7. Where to "borrow soldiers"?
In the second year of Emperor Zhanghe (88 years), Deng Xun, the captain of Huqiang, appeased the Xiaoyue clan Hu in Huang with his grace and letter, and began to form the Yiconghu army. In the successive battles that followed, this team continued to grow and became the basic force under the command of Captain Huqiang. The Yicong Hu, to which the captain of Huqiang belonged, was good at riding and archery, and became the most elite cavalry of the Eastern Han Dynasty. Ma Xian and Duan Cheng suppressed the Dongxiqiang uprising, mainly relying on this cavalry with a total number of more than 10,000 cavalry.
The reason why this uprising swept unstoppably through Longyou from the beginning was directly related to the fact that this strong force that "came like wind and rain and went like a perfect string" fell and joined the uprising.
After the Qiang-Hu coalition army entered Sanfu, Emperor Ling immediately ordered Huangfu Song, the left-chariot cavalry general with outstanding military achievements, to conquer the righteous army. In the face of the menacing Qiang-Hu coalition army, Huangfu Song asked the imperial court to levy 3,000 Wuhuan soldiers, and Zou Jing, the general of the Northern Army, believed that "the Wuhuan people are weak, and it is advisable to recruit Xianbei".
In the face of an unprecedentedly serious threat, although Emperor Ling pinned his hopes for reversing the crisis to a large extent on "borrowing soldiers", he did not dare to rashly decide which tribe to recruit and send "soldiers".
Therefore, the matter of "borrowing soldiers" was handed over to the four governments for discussion. Immediately afterwards, the controversy of "borrowing soldiers" unfolded in the Great General's Mansion, one of the four prefectures.
Fu Peng Han Zhuo thought that the Xianbei army was very strong, and advocated the conscription of thousands of Xianbei soldiers; Fu Peng Ying Shao believes that Xianbei is arrogant and untamed, and does not listen to orders. Therefore, Ying Shao advocated recruiting Longxi Qianghu "to guard the good and not to rebel". Han and Ying insisted on their own opinions, and the debate was extremely fierce. Emperor Ling, whose heart was like fire, had to once again order the hundred officials to meet in the court to discuss the matter. After scrambling and discussing, it was finally decided to recruit Qianghu who had not rebelled in Longxi.
During the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the influence of Emperor Guangwu's policy of emphasizing internal and external affairs, emphasizing literature and ignoring military force, the quality of conscription and conscription was relatively poor.
The rulers of the dynasty often used foreign soldiers for the sake of enhancing their combat effectiveness and in order not to damage the Han soldiers, so that they would "attack each other", and the two were injured and defeated, so they often used foreign soldiers. On the foreign battlefield, the fierce and warlike foreign soldiers were the strong force of the Eastern Han Dynasty army.
In such a situation, how to control foreign soldiers has become an unavoidable and major problem. In the early period of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the country was strong and the treasury was abundant, and the imperial court not only had a strong deterrent to the borrowed foreign soldiers, but also could often give a large amount of gold and silver to satisfy their material desires, so as to exercise more effective control over the borrowed foreign soldiers.
During the reign of Emperor Ling, the rule of the dynasty was extremely weak, and there was no political and military deterrence against foreign soldiers, and there was no money to reward them, so they could not control powerful foreign soldiers at all.
At Shao's suggestion, the helplessness and weakness of the imperial court have been vividly displayed. This fierce controversy over "borrowing soldiers" is essentially a signal that the strategy of "borrowing soldiers" relied on by the Eastern Han Dynasty has come to an end.
The Qiang-Hu coalition army that attacked Sanfu was not only strong in fighting spirit, but also strong, but the Eastern Han Dynasty's military strength was weak and it was no longer able to rely on strong foreign soldiers, so the military defeat of the imperial court became a foregone conclusion.
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