Seeing this article, readers and friends may have the following questions:
1. What is ancient Chinese calligraphy and painting?
2. What are the means of calligraphy and painting fraud?
3. How did ancient people make fake calligraphy and paintings?
4. How did the means of counterfeiting calligraphy and painting in ancient times come about?
Ancient calligraphy and painting are an important part of the culture and art of the Chinese nation and the essence of China. The art of ancient Chinese calligraphy and painting has a long history, from the "mythological art" of the ancient period to the peak of calligraphy and painting in the "Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, And Qing" periods, after more than 5,000 years, famous artists have emerged, and classic works have been in the annals of history.
In the long river of history, many fake calligraphy and paintings have been produced. So, how did the ancients fake it? What are the means of counterfeiting ancient Chinese paintings and calligraphy?
First, completely fake
Comprehensive observation, there are four such counterfeiting methods: copying, imitation, and manufacturing.
1. Pro
"Pro" means to put the original work aside, read the book or draw while reading. Only seek to be similar to the original work, not to be completely consistent with the original work. This method is to first familiarize yourself with the original work, carefully study the original pen, ink, color and chapter composition, carefully speculate, and capture the shape of the original work.
This kind of counterfeit work is similar to the original brushwork, but the charm is insufficient, the details are different, and careful examination can glimpse the characteristics of the counterfeiter's own brushwork.
2. G
"G" means to describe it exactly as it was. This method is made by covering the original work with paper or silk, accurately sketching the outline of the original work, and then drawing it in light ink. This method is mainly used to copy calligraphy and brush figure paintings, flower and bird paintings, etc.
This type of work is very similar to the original, but lacks temperament charm. For example, the extant Wang Xizhi's "Orchid Pavilion Collection", whether it is a facsimile of Feng Chengsu, a facsimile of Chu Suiliang, or a facsimile of Yu Shinan, is copied by the method of "hooking", so it is called "facsimile".
Facsimile of the Orchid Pavilion Collection
3. Imitation
"Imitation" means that there is no original work that can be followed or not according to the original work, but only by virtue of the counterfeiter's familiarity with the characteristics of the brushwork of the imitated famous artist.
This kind of counterfeit work is obvious from the original work, and there are more characteristics of the counterfeiters themselves. However, because it is easy to write with letters and pens, it is easy to rhyme and vivid, if the counterfeiter himself is a clever calligrapher and painter, and can accurately capture the characteristics of the original author's brushwork, the higher the level of such counterfeiters, the more deceptive.
This kind of counterfeit works emerged in large quantities in the Qing Dynasty, such as Yuan Ji, Bada Shanren, Wu Yun (yùn) of the Four Kings, Yangzhou Eight Monsters, Wu Changshuo, etc., all of which have many imitations and counterfeits.
Birds painted by the Bada Shanren
Yangzhou eight monsters
Zhang Daqian, a famous modern painter, can be called a first-class counterfeiting expert, and he uses old paper to imitate the works of Xu Wei, Shi Tao, Shixi, and Bada Shanren, which can almost be fake and real. Many museums and collectors at home and abroad have collected such imitations that are regarded as authentic works.
4. Manufacture
"Making" means that the original counterfeiter, regardless of the stylistic characteristics of a certain faction and someone's original work, just fabricated it out of thin air, and stamped it with a fake engraved famous family seal with a false entrustment of famous artists, inscriptions, and qiáns. For example, Yue Feifa's "Manjiang Hong" words, Wen Tianxiang's characters, Tang Bohu's paintings of tigers, etc., are all perfectly skilled.
Appreciation of Ancient Poetry: Yue Fei's "Man Jiang Hong"
Completely counterfeit calligraphy and painting works, if the use of new paper, the counterfeiter is the use of "make the old method" dyeing to make old, commonly dyed into rat ash and wheat yellow two colors, the former dyeing method is the use of old paste wallpaper and alkali water, plus the new painting together to cook, and then take out the painting to dry, the new painting into rat gray; the latter is the use of brown sugar water plus garcinia yellow dyeing new painting, and then after drying, and then with incense ash a wipe, it becomes wheat yellow.
Second, the use of old calligraphy and paintings to forge
There are many such methods of counterfeiting, mainly including adding money, changing money, digging money, scraping money, moving inscriptions, piecing together painting cores, long rolls and splitting and other means of counterfeiting.
For example, "tim money" means that the original work has no money, and the counterfeiter takes the opportunity to add the name of a famous artist and pretends to be the real handiwork of the famous artist in order to make huge profits. It is common to entrust the non-existent works of the early Ming Dynasty and Zhejiang painters to the works of Li Tang, Ma Yuan and others in the Southern Song Dynasty. However, although the Ming Dynasty Yuanben and Zhejiang school painters learned from the Southern Song Dynasty Yuanben and painted them with the cūn technique, their styles were basically the same.
"Southern Song Dynasty Paintings"
Third, the use of flower transfer elder wood method to forge
Fake calligraphy and painting works made by the method of transferring flowers and elderberries are often true or false.
For example, "fake painting real seal". Because the seals of calligraphers and painters are mostly carved in copper, jade and stone, which are strong and durable, there are heirlooms, most of which are preserved by their descendants, and occasionally flow to society. Thus, although the painter has been ancient, anyone else can still cover the surviving seal on the forged calligraphy and painting. This phenomenon exists in any era.
In addition to the descendants of calligraphers and painters who steal the seals of their grandfathers or fathers, there are also outsiders who accidentally get the seals of a certain calligrapher and painter and secretly stamp them on fake calligraphy and paintings.
seal
In addition, there are pseudo-paintings of true treks (bá), which refers to a method of pseudo-painting with pseudo-paintings (bá) or pseudo-paintings with true paintings. For example, the Nanjing Museum collects a volume of Dong Qichang's "Shengshan Tu", which contains the authentic inscription of the famous collector and painter Xiang Shengmo in the late Ming Dynasty, while Dong Qichang's painting is a forgery of Zhu Angzhi in the Qing Dynasty, which is a fake painting of the true foot (bá) of the counterfeiter using "division and grafting".
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