Qilu Evening News Qilu One Point reporter Zhang Xiangyang
The carved oracle bones of the JiaHu site, the four-legged inscription in the tomb of the woman, the new Cai Geling Chujian, the Wu Zetian Jinjian... A few days ago, the "Special Exhibition of Non-paper Book Cultural Relics" organized by the Nanjing Municipal Museum and brought together 13 cultural institutions such as the Capital Museum and the Henan Museum arrived online as scheduled. This cloud exhibition selects nearly 150 exhibits, gathers the collection resources of 13 cultural institutions, excavates important non-paper text carriers, and presents the rich and diverse Chinese character carriers in ancient China in addition to paper. Let's "walk through the clouds" together and see the beauty of Chinese characters on non-paper books.
Memories inscribed with the Bronze Age
Although thousands of miles away, the exhibition breaks through time and space, allowing people to sit at home and enjoy a 3D "cultural feast" in the clouds. Qilu Evening News Qilu One-point reporter entered the cloud exhibition hall on his mobile phone and was quickly attracted by the dazzling and rich cultural relics. The cultural relics in this cloud exhibition are divided into types such as oracle bones, ceramics, bronzes, bamboo and wood, stone carvings, fabrics, etc., showing the audience the politics, economy, culture, religious beliefs and social customs in ancient society from different aspects.
In the exhibition, a tortoise shell excavated from the Jiahu site from 9000 to 7800 years ago is eye-catching, and there is a carved eye-shaped symbol on the tortoise shell, which is very similar to the "eye" character engraved in the oracle bone carved from the Yin Ruins of the Shang Dynasty thousands of years later. According to the data, a total of 17 cases of carved symbols were found on tortoise shells, bone tools, stone tools and pottery excavated from the Jiahu site in the middle of the Neolithic period, and some symbols were similar to the oracle bones of later generations.
The Gaoyou pottery in the Collection of the Nanjing Museum was excavated at the site of Gaoyou Longqiuzhuang in Jiangsu Province, which has been more than 4,000 years ago, 1,000 years earlier than the oracle bone. On the inner wall of the pottery piece there are eight carved symbols, two lines in the longitudinal direction, four in each row, four symbols on the left line are relatively regular, similar to text, and the four symbols on the right line resemble animal figures.
According to the data, on the pottery of the Chinese Neolithic era, there are many original symbols carved with pointed tools, which are called "carved symbols" by archaeologists. These symbols outlined with geometric lines cannot be regarded as words in the strict sense, and their nature, function, and relationship with the origin of Chinese characters are also controversial, but their large number of discoveries undoubtedly provide important clues for the beginning of writing in the land of China.
Inscribed bones
Everyone knows the oracle bone, and the Nanjing Museum exhibits the fragments of cattle bones collected by Ming Yishi, the "first person to study oracle bones by Western scholars", with inscriptions on the bone surface. The contents of divination and rain prayer are two paragraphs of Ding Weibu and Jianyu Bu, which are different from each other, and the style of writing is also very different. On the same piece of bones, the coexistence of two virgins for the same thing with different styles of divination, the two styles of writing shine together, very rare.
It is worth mentioning that Ming Yishi has a long relationship with Jinan. In 1932, Ming Yishi was hired by Qilu University as a professor of archaeology at the Institute of Traditional Chinese Studies. He transported all the oracle bones he had collected in Henan to Jinan in several carriages, and the garden house where the Ming Yishi family of five lived was at No. 56 Nanxin Street, adjacent to Lao She's courtyard in Jinan, and was both a colleague and a neighbor.
The mysterious and magnificent bronze is an important carrier of inscription. In 1976, archaeologists excavated a beautiful four-legged tomb of Houmu Xin at the Tomb of Yin Ruins in Anyang, Henan. She was the queen consort of Wuding, the Shang king, and the earliest female politician and military figure in China with a record. She was ordered to fight on the battlefield many times, and made great contributions to the expansion of the territory of the Shang Dynasty.
It is a specially shaped wine vessel and a ceremonial vessel for sacrifice. This vessel has a peculiar shape, the front part is a bull-shaped standing beast, the rear part is bird-shaped, four-legged, the front two feet are animal hooves, and the back two feet are bird claws. The whole body is full of delicate and exquisite ornaments, and there are inscriptions of "Houmu Xin" in the lid and the body. "Empress Dowager" is an honorific title for the Shang Queen, and "Xin" is the temple number of Wuding's wife, Nühao, and this instrument should be made by the descendants of the empress dowager after her death. The exhibition also includes the Western Zhou Dynasty Ban Gui in the Capital Museum, which is a vessel for holding food during sacrifices and an important ceremonial vessel. This vessel has a unique shape, with an animal head on the abdomen and an elephant nose-shaped foot hanging from the lower part, which is very rare in the vessel. The inscription on the inner bottom of the vessel is 20 lines, totaling 197 characters, to the effect that the King of Zhou appointed Mao Bo as the Duke of Mao and sent him to lead an army to conquer the Eastern Kingdom, and three years later the Eastern Kingdom was peaceful, and Mao Gong's class returned to Jie. Mao Ban accompanied the army for meritorious service and was rewarded, making this artifact as a memorial, hoping that future generations would treasure it. This inscription deals with the historical facts of the conquest of the Eastern Kingdom in the era of King Mu, supplementing the deficiencies of historical records and is of great significance to the study of the history of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
In addition, the Nanjing Municipal Museum's Spring and Autumn Period Zengzi Yixingmu also met with the audience online, a kind of food utensil, used in sacrifices and feasts to hold dried rice steamed from grain, widely popular in the early Spring and Autumn Period. The lid and body of this vessel are cast with 15 inscriptions, and the content is roughly the same.
Zeng Zi yixing
The owner of the "ZengZi Yixing" was a nobleman of the Zeng Kingdom. Zeng Guo (曾国) was an ancient state located in present-day Suizhou, northwestern Hubei, of the Zaoyang Dynasty, with the surname Ji. This bronze vessel belongs to the typical "Chu-style vessel", but it was excavated in a tomb of a Wu nobleman in the Spring and Autumn Period in Chengqiao, Liuhe District, Nanjing, which provides valuable physical information for the study of Wu culture, the territory of Wu and the relationship between Wu and other countries.
Juyan Hanjian, witnessing the smoke of the side plug
The physical evolution of Chinese characters has gone through a long historical period, and each evolution process is deeply influenced by the carriers of utensils, and different carriers will also present the beauty of different Chinese characters. During the Warring States period, Chu Jian's writing had the style of the transition period from the Shang Zhou Jin Wen Great Seal to the Qin and Han Dynasties.
The New Cai Geling Chu Jian is a batch of ink book bamboo jian excavated in 1994 in the Chu tomb of the ancient city of New Cai Ge Ling in Henan Province, which is treasured in the Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, and its content is a record of the Prayer of the Bu Zheng sacrifice and the Book of Dispatch in the Chu script, with a total of more than 1500 pieces. The text is generally written on the bamboo side, and most of them are written on one side. The ink is clear and written by multiple people at varying distances. The text is rich in content, one is the record of the prayer of the Bu Zheng Sacrifice, mainly to ask about the illness, the simplified text is composed of the former words, the fate words, the divination words, etc., and the other type is the dispatch strategy.
The new Cai Chujian provides valuable archaeological materials for the study of the history of the Chu state, ideological beliefs, medical history, and the font and calligraphy art of the Chu script. Because these Chu Jian were unearthed in the Huai River Valley, it is of great historical significance for studying the similarities and differences between the hinterland of the Chu State and the eastern territory in terms of ritual customs such as divination and prayer.
The Nanjing Museum's collection of cultural relics hanju Yanmujian has the words "Jiaqu Guan" on it, which was excavated in 1913 in the Juyan area of Ejina Banner in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. "Jia Qu" is a place name, Jia Qu Guan is an official position, and Mu Jian only has three words for Jia Qu Guan, which is probably an object such as a pass.
New Cai Geling Chu Jian
During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Juyan set up a capital lieutenant under the jurisdiction of Zhangye County,Taishou (太守) of Zhangye County, who not only built fortifications, but also emigrated tuntian, built water conservancy, cultivated and prepared for war, and the pawns and immigrants jointly reclaimed the border, Juyan was the central area, and the activities of soldiers and civilians around Juyan City lasted for more than 200 years in the Han Dynasty, forming a large number of Juyan Hanjian. Looking at Juyan Hanjian, the content covers a wide range of aspects, including the records of policies and han orders (such as the military system and the Tuntian system) and important events, there are letters of appointment of officials and the organization of hou officials, there are arrest warrants for the pursuit of fugitives, there are notices of border guards, there are provisions on the beacon system and beacon signals, and even there are sales contracts and loan contracts between officials and people, and there are also some copied fragments, such as the "Book of Arithmetic", "Nine Nine Techniques", "Prescriptions", "Scrolls", and so on, which can be called "Juyan Encyclopedia".
Jin Jian, the only cultural relic left behind by Wu Zetian
Many people have heard of brick stoves and pottery stoves, but have not heard of golden stoves, and the Eastern Han Dynasty golden stove (1.2 cm high, 3 cm long and 1.7 cm wide) of the Xi'an Museum was unearthed in Lujiakou Village, Weiyang District, Xi'an, which was eye-opening.
The stove consists of a door, a stove, a stove, a kettle and a chimney, and the kettle on the stove is filled with corn and grains. The word "Rili", a seal inscription "Rili" welded with gold wire at the bottom of the stove, is similar to the meaning of the common "Rili Qianjin" and "Daily Income" printed on the Wadang, Poman, and Ji languages of the Han Dynasty.
In the Han Dynasty, there was a funerary concept of "treating death as life", and the wind of thick burial prevailed, and pottery or copper model vessels were commonly used in Han tombs as burial items, and gold stoves were extremely rare. This gold stove is small and delicate, not long, but the structure is complete and the components are readily available. At present, archaeology has found that the bottom of the Han Dynasty golden stove also has "Yizizi" and "Yizi" and other Auspicious words.
Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in Chinese history, and the treasure of the town hall of the Henan Museum, Wu Zetian Jinjian, excavated in 1982 on the peak of Zhongyue Song Mountain, is the only golden Jane found in China, and it is the only movable cultural relics related to herself left by Wu Zetian that have been found so far, which is a rare treasure.
This is wu Zetian's visit to Songshan on July 7, the first year of Jiushi (700 AD), to pray for blessings, and he sent the Taoist priest Hu Chao to surrender to the gods to get rid of sin and eliminate disasters. Jin Jian is rectangular, with 3 lines and 63 characters engraved on the front of the double hook letter inscription, and the small kai of the beautiful and healthy show is superbly engraved, the line is combined with virtual and real, and the penmanship is expressed in place.
"The seal of the runes, so show its letter also"
Ancient seals and rune plates were generally inscribed with words to show power and cross-examine the credibility, "The seal of the runes, so show their faith." "It is made from a variety of materials, including metal, jade, ivory and animal horns. The seal first appeared as a tool for stencifiers, and later became a symbol of the authority of successive dynasties, a credit certificate for officials at all levels to exercise power, and a relic of social interactions of the ancients.
The Qin Dynasty sealing mud treasured by the Xi'an Museum is the remains of the ancient seal, and the two sealed muds are well preserved, and there are traces of hemp rope under the sealing mud. This group of sealed mud was excavated in XiangjiaXiang Village, Hancheng Township, Weiyang District, Xi'an, and stamped on the clay surface with the Words "Neiguan ChengYin" and "Langzhong ChengYin" respectively, which are the official seals of the Central Government Office of the Qin Dynasty. Sealing mud is often used to seal official documents or letters of bamboo and wood. In the bundle of bandaged Jane Mu plus a piece of wood (wood pieces with square grooves), tied with ropes, tied at the inspection point and sealed with soft mud, and then pressed on the mud with a seal to press out the seal, after drying and hardening, that is, the sealing mud. Such exchanges of documents can prevent private demolition and play a role in confidentiality. In addition to the jane, the sealing mud is also used to seal the utensils of the contents. After the Han Dynasty, paper gradually replaced Jian Mu, and the method of printing was changed from sealing mud to sealing.
The inner official seals the mud
During the Western Jin Dynasty, the golden seal of the "King of Jingui yihu" (2.6 cm high and 2.3 cm side length) of the Xiongnu leader Guishun is now treasured in the Luoyang Museum. Gold, printed in a square shape, buttons in the shape of a camel. The seal book "Jin Gui Yi Hu Wang" is engraved on the printing face. The layout of the printed text is strict and stable, the handwriting is regular and strong, and the shape is simple and concise.
Attribution, that is, surrender, surrender. Hu is the ancient Central Plains Dynasty's collective name for the nomadic peoples of the Western Regions, Central Asia and northern China. During the Han and Jin dynasties, the Central Plains Dynasty disintegrated the power of the ethnic minorities in the north through military action or appeasement, and some ethnic minority tribal leaders chose to submit to the Central Plains Dynasty. The Western Jin Dynasty Xiongnu Guiyi occurred during the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin, and this seal was first acquired in Gansu, and the "Hu King" referred to in Indian as "King Hu" should be the Xiongnu leader of Liangzhou who was enfeoffed by the Jin Emperor. The seal button is in the shape of a camel, which is an old practice of using camels and sheep as buttons for the leaders of the Indian ethnic minorities since the Han Dynasty. The seal is not only a precious material for the study of ancient seal engraving art, but also an important object for studying the integration of nationalities in the Western Jin Dynasty.
Writing is the carrier of culture and the foundation of the inheritance of civilization. Legend has it that the ancient Cangjie made characters that shocked the world and wept ghosts and gods, reflecting the importance of words. Before the invention of paper, the Chinese ancestors chiseled the script into the oracle bone, cast it in gold stone, and wrote it on bamboo. After the Han Dynasty, paper gradually became the most common writing material, but "non-paper books" were still widely used in seals, inscriptions, ceramics, coins, etc., and were also an indispensable part of life. The "non-paper book" carries China's long tradition of writing and witnesses the evolution of Chinese characters through the "Jia Jin Seal Li Kai Cao Xing", and the rich information contained in the words is an important empirical evidence of the development process of Chinese civilization.
"Non-paper books" can fill in the gaps in the literature and sometimes correct their mistakes, helping to determine their age, producer, owner, location, purpose and purpose. From the perspective of calligraphy, "non-paper books" are also important resources for calligraphy art. Along the roots of national culture, "non-paper books" lead the audience to explore and trace the dusty historical memory of words.