In February 1956, Khrushchev made the famous "secret report" in history, and from that moment on, the airtight system painstakingly built by the former supreme leader collapsed in an instant, and the impact of this chaos on the socialist family was no less than a tsunami. It seems that even Khrushchev's words were too lazy to take care of them.
In this round of reform, Poland is undoubtedly the thorn that has caused Moscow the most headache. Today, the reason for the Soviet Union's acquiescence to Polish reforms is generally attributed to the unity of the Polish government and the military and the people, which made Moscow afraid of the consequences and forced to make concessions, in fact, Władysław Gomulka's personal influence can never be ignored. To put it simply, Gomulka was a weakened version of Stalin, and despite Khrushchev's tough rhetoric, he was not at all an opponent of the former.
On October 19, 1956, Gomulka was elected as the top polish leader, and at the same time, the old group of commissioners was forced to resign en masse, and the entire Polish core power circle changed dramatically. In fact, before this meeting, Khrushchev had made some concessions to what Poland had done, but still asked to be invited to the meeting. Who expected Gomurka to have a tough attitude and actually rejected the other party. Halfway through the meeting, Gomulka abruptly adjourned the meeting, and it turned out that Khrushchev had cut first and played the last game, and parachuted into Poland with a luxurious delegation. In fact, this is also a political tradition of the Soviet Union, with a high-pressure posture to give the new authorities a way out. However, what Khrushchev did not expect was that in this round of competition, it was himself who ate Ma Wei.
The Soviet delegation's plane hovered over warsaw airport, but the ground did not land on it, and after more than an hour of delay, the plane was able to land on the verge of running out of fuel. When the hatch opened, Khrushchev was the first to rush out and roar at the Polish official who picked him up: "We have shed blood for this country, and now you are trying to sell it to the Americans and the Zionists!" Gomulka shot back tit-for-tat: "Comrade Khrushchev, you are speaking on Polish territory, and we have shed more blood than you have. ”
Khrushchev was so angry that he smoked, and he gave the other side an ultimatum, saying that the Soviet tanks were ready to advance toward Warsaw, and if Gomulka and the others did not know the good and evil, they would not blame Big Brother for being rude. Gomulka was not in a hurry, and immediately said that if the Soviet army dared to act, then he would immediately make public what Moscow had done, you know, now the Polish government and the military and the people are in the same vendetta, they are not afraid of making a big deal out of it, just waiting for you to make some moths! Halfway through hearing this, Khrushchev turned the subject back to the starting point and asked to enter the meeting; Gomulka's reply was still very crisp - no, nothing.
You know, Khrushchev dared to knock on the table at the United Nations meeting and ask the United States and Western countries "who is the boss of the world now", and he rarely suffered losses in his mouth because he was extremely eloquent. Gomulka not only dared to commit the crime, but also forced Khrushchev to make concessions in front of his colleagues in the Moscow delegation behind him, not to mention how much fire there was in his heart. No, just after the turmoil in Poland, another little brother couldn't hold back and wanted to emulate Poland. Who would have guessed that the country would unfortunately have hit the muzzle of Khrushchev's gun, and the country would be the unlucky Hungary.
Hungary was not quite the same as in Poland, where Poland and Russia were historically entangled in grievances, and even after joining the Red Camp, a considerable part of the Polish people were at odds with the Soviet Union. Hungary, on the other hand, was much more "obedient" than Poland, especially since 1947, when Laxie Matthias came to power, a fanatic of Stalin who followed the Soviet ass and moved the Soviet Union's set to Hungary step by step. However, the Soviet system was able to achieve temporary success in the Soviet Union, but Hungary could not provide the soil to nourish the system, and after entering the 1950s, the country's economic development stagnated, and the internal contradictions were sharp, and it had reached the point where it had to change.
In the heat of reform in fraternal countries, the Hungarian people have also put forward their demands in a radical way. On October 23, 1956, a large-scale demonstration broke out in Budapest, initially the members of the parade were mostly university students, and many citizens along the way volunteered to join, but later, the parade swelled to a terrible 200,000 people, who clashed with the police in the city, and the angry masses took the poor police as a venting target, and many people were beaten to death. In anger, the people actually pushed down the statue of Stalin in the square. Seeing that the situation was out of control, the Hungarian leader, Rog Erno, could only turn to Moscow for help.
At this time, Khrushchev was holding a fire in his stomach, seeing that all countries were eager to get out of control, and the Polish incident had weakened moscow's authority a lot, and if he did not hurry to grasp a typical example, the big socialist family would be scattered. Therefore, the Soviet high-level, which has always been more cautious in military intervention, did not hesitate much this time, and under the personal planning of Marshal Zhukov, the Soviet army entered Hungary at 14:15 on October 24, 1956, and this round of intervention, the Soviet army dispatched 1 armored division and 1 infantry division.
At the same time as the Soviet army advanced, Khrushchev suddenly changed his mind. It turned out that the Soviet delegation sent to Hungary suddenly sent a message back at this time, saying that the situation in Hungary was not as serious as imagined, although the procession seemed to be huge, and some of them did a lot of extreme things, but the vast majority of people just ran to the streets to spread anger, and went home after making enough trouble. In general, events in Hungary have generally subsided. However, the words fell silent, and the news of the two Soviet divisions advancing toward Budapest provoked a new round of anger among the Hungarian people, this time, not only the students went on strike and the workers went on strike, but even some of the troops turned against the enemy, providing weapons to the citizens and threatening to fight with the Soviets. After the Soviet army entered the city of Budapest, many Hungarians hid on the roof and put black guns, which were invincible and suffered heavy losses.
At this juncture, the Hungarian authorities tried to act as peacemakers and demanded that the people remain sane, and the Soviets promised to withdraw. In fact, the Soviets did not agree to leave Hungary immediately, but only agreed to return to their garrison after the situation had subsided, and then waited for the opportunity to move. On October 25, the Hungarian government made a drastic adjustment to the top leadership, hoping to get Moscow's forgiveness, who expected this move to be seen as a weak compromise by the Hungarian people, the government suffered a crisis of confidence, and in just a few days, the number of the Hungarian Workers' Party dropped from 871,000 to 38,000, and Budapest was even more chaotic.
At this point, the Soviet top brass split into two factions: Khrushchev, in the spirit of making big things small, hoped to "handle it in a low-key manner" as much as possible; while the hardliners represented by Suslov advocated "thickening the big stick" and giving the dishonest little brother a little color to see, which could also play a role in killing chickens and making monkeys. Originally, there was still room for maneuver in the matter, who knew that the Soviet side had not yet made a final decision, but the Hungarian people had cut off the back road themselves.
On October 26, 1956, rioters seized a group of government officials and military officers and escorted them to Budapest's Republic Square for public execution. This act directly angered Moscow, and then 17 Soviet divisions rushed into Hungary in multiple directions, targeting Budapest. The orders the Soviets received were rather brutal: those who encountered resistance on the road were executed directly if necessary, without reporting. Hungary, for its part, was desperate to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact and become a neutral country, accusing the Soviet Union of "intending to overthrow Hungary's legitimate democratic government." However, this could not save the situation, and after only 4 days, the Soviets took control of all of Hungary, an operation that killed more than 2,700 Hungarians and wounded 13,000, while the Soviets suffered 1,937 casualties.
This is the controversial "Hungarian October Incident" in history, which has given the Western countries a grip and denounced it one after another, claiming that the Soviet Union "brutally snuffed out Hungary's attempt to transform from a 'totalitarian system' to a 'democratic system'". Not to be outdone, the Soviet Union fought back against Hungary, which was good enough to become a rebel, and is it not the credit of the "counter-revolutionary forces" in your Western countries? Although the operation damaged the reputation of the Soviet Union in the international community, they at least tasted sweetness: not only did Khrushchev lose most of his anger in Poland, but other younger brothers also relented, and more importantly, this "quick knife and mess" method of solving the problem clearly provided a reference for the Soviet authorities, and later in dealing with similar problems, such as the "Prague Spring" in 1968, they obviously became comfortable.