Ukraine, a doomed loser.
It has been on the road of division and annexation...
Ukraine, a country that has been a loser from the beginning, has not been strong for a day.
Although Ukraine is a country with a long history, it rarely exists as an independent state.
Ukraine originated in the Rus' kingdom in the mid-to-late 9th century as a Slavic nation-state.
On this land, many peoples once lived until the 9th century, when Igor established himself as the Grand Duke of Kiev and established Kiev as the new capital of Rus'.
The Ukrainian region became a unified country
。
In 1240, the Mongol Iron Horse occupied Kiev, the archbishop moved to Russia, and the state of Kiev fell.
In 1349, the Duchy of Galicia-Warren, which gained a decisive power in the region, was recognized by later generations as
The first one
"Ukrainian Nation-State".
But the good times did not last long, and soon Galicia succumbed to the Poles, and Warren became under Lithuanian rule.
The first Ukrainian nation-state collapsed.
This is where the contradictions between ukrainians and Russians begin.
The Russians considered themselves the successors of the Rus' Principality, the true East Slavic state, the Rus' people.
Ukrainians, on the other hand, believe that Russia is heavily influenced by Mongolia and is no longer ethnically, religiously, and linguistically rus' people. On the contrary, it is believed that the Kievan Rus' who later came under Polish-Lithuanian rule retained the traditions of the Rus' people as the real Rus' people.
If interpreted by the Russians, then ukraine's independence and history will be denied, and Ukrainians can only be called "little Russians". Russians, in turn, would be considered "little Ukrainians."
This is the biggest ethnic dispute between Ukraine and Russia, and part of the reason for the division of Ukraine, which has a low sense of national identity.
Ukraine during this period had no unified state, only Ukrainians under Polish and Lithuanian rule until later
Rise of the Cossacks
However, Khmelnytsky, a Cossack considered a hero by Ukraine, drove out Polish and Lithuanian rule and placed Ukrainian regions under Russian rule.
Russia became a great power in Eastern Europe, the Tsar became the monarch of Russia and Ukraine, and Russia then attacked Poland, but the Ukrainian region ushered in 30 years of "great decline".
In 1658, the Cossacks and poles signed the Gagachi Agreement, which, if realized, would free the vast majority of Ukrainian territory from Russian influence and become a principality.
Unfortunately, Ukraine did not have such an opportunity, in 1686, Poland and Russia signed a permanent peace treaty, Ukraine was divided into east and west halves,
The eastern half became Russian territory
After the failed Mazepa Rebellion of 1709, Russia became the supreme leader of the Cossack army. The Russians began to own a large amount of land in Ukraine. In 1721, the Archdiocese of Kiev in Ukraine was abolished, the Orthodox Church came under the administration of the Russian state, the economy was controlled by Russia, and the right to vote was lost.
Catherine II
After Catherine II ascended the throne, the autonomy of Ukraine was completely abolished, and Ukraine became part of Russia, and any delusion of autonomy and independence was suppressed by Russia.
Southern Ukraine also became part of Russia after 1775, and in 1783 Crimea was incorporated into Russia.
In the 18th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Republic was divided between three neighboring countries, with Russia dividing most of it, gaining the right Ukraine and the Warren region.
So far
Ukraine is completely under the oppressive rule of Russia
The Ukrainians became serfs without a constitution, without political rights, without the right to vote.
At this time, the territory of today's Ukraine still exists
A small percentage did not come under Russian rule
That is, Galicia and Bukovina in western Ukraine, two places that were ruled by the Habsburg Empire for more than a century until they were occupied by the Soviet Union.
At the end of the 19th century, people in Ukraine began to abandon their previous names for themselves and began to call themselves Ukrainians.
Ukrainian national consciousness began to awaken
A unified nation is formed, the next step
inevitable
It is the pursuit of political independence and autonomy, but Ukraine's independence and autonomy are combined
Not smooth
Political movements in Ukraine began before the First World War, but it was not until the outbreak of the First World War and the fall of Russia and Austria-Hungary that ukrainian nationalism was an opportunity.
However, the complex international environment did not provide a suitable stage for Ukrainians, and during this period, a number of groups emerged in Ukraine seeking independence.
In 1917, the Ukrainian Central Rada issued a declaration of autonomy, attempting to separate and separate Russia from russia, and the Ukrainian people had the right to arrange their own lives on their own land.
However, this statement was not supported, Ukraine still has not formed a strong national army and an effective government institution, and Ukraine remains in a vacuum of political power.
The rise and fall of various rights governments, political views and programmes of action eventually led to the outbreak of civil war in Ukraine.
After the civil war, the Bolsheviks in the east were victorious, the Central Rada regime fled westward, and in 1918 the Ukrainian People's Republic was proclaimed, signing a treaty with Germany and Austria, and sheltering with german rule.
Although the Ukrainian People's Republic was under German rule, this period was the most important period in Ukrainian history.
The Ukrainian People's Republic forced the Russian Bolsheviks to recognize the Ukrainian People's Republic. The Ukrainian Bolsheviks were forced to withdraw to Russia to form the Ukrainian Communist Party.
During this period, Ukraine emerged a person who was indispensable in the history of the Ukrainian state -
Pavlo. Skoropatsky
Pavlo.
Skoropatsky, Tsarist general, descendant of Cossack Getman.
Since the central Lada could not meet Germany's needs, Germany sought a new spokesperson.
Kropatsky, with the support of Germany, finally gained the right to Ukraine.
During his reign, he restored many of the old administrative systems, and although he was not a pure Ukrainian democrat, he formed the state institutions of Ukraine in his own way, and left many Ukrainian-language secondary schools, universities, academies of sciences, national libraries, art academies and other cultural institutions to later generations of Ukraine.
During this period, Ukraine, as a sovereign state, established diplomatic relations with many European countries, making it so
The legitimacy of the Ukrainian concept of state is recognized.
The conquests of each other during World War I ended in victory for the Soviets.
In June 1920, Poland, which had invaded western Ukraine, and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic reached an agreement in which Poland occupied Eastern Galicia and Western Bukovina, recognizing the rule of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic in the east.
After Lenin realized that the path of Russification was not suitable for all nationalities, he allowed the non-Russian ethnic groups within old Russia to establish their own unique socialist system under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, the Ukrainian Soviet.
When the Soviet Union was founded in 1922, The Ukrainian Soviet leader Rakovsky retained Ukraine's sense of independent national identity and the right to withdraw from the Soviet Union.
Today, however, there is still a part of Ukraine that is not under Soviet rule. More than 7 million people are displaced in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Romania. Galicia and the cantons of Warren, on the other hand, were controlled by its western neighbor, Poland.
Between World War I and World War II, Ukraine was ruled by the Soviet Union and Poland, and their circumstances were not the same.
Ukrainian nationalist groups flourished in western Ukraine because of dissatisfaction with Polish rule, but were brutally suppressed by Poland.
Ukraine existed as a Soviet republic, and although its rights were guaranteed at the beginning, most of the decisions were decided by the CPSU, Ukraine did not have much decision-making power, and Ukrainians suffered political oppression and famine.
However, the biggest advantage of Ukraine during this period was that the economic structure of the economy underwent fundamental changes, no longer the former foreign food base, but the emergence of large-scale industrialization and urbanization.
However, the suffering in Ukraine did not end, and soon the Second World War broke out, and Ukraine was an important battlefield for Germany and the Soviet Union, which was devastated by the war and almost destroyed the entire Ukraine.
In August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union divided Poland, on September 1, Germany attacked Poland from the west, and the Soviet Union invaded Poland from the east, quickly occupying today's Belarus and western Ukraine, but did not completely copy the Soviet political system, so that the Ukrainian language in this region gained more space and showed the characteristics of Ukrainianization.
Ukraine, a land that has been ruled by several countries for centuries,
Once again, it became a unified country
Cultural and educational exchanges between Eastern and Western Ukraine have developed tremendously, but contradictions between them over Soviets and capitalism persist.
In June 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union, gaining great popularity among Ukrainians in the Ukrainian region, who attempted to obtain better treatment than in the Soviet Union.
However, Germany, which entered Ukraine, did not meet the demands of Ukraine's independent statehood, but further oppressed and discriminated against Ukrainians, treating them as inferior citizens. More than 2 million young people were forced to become slave workers in factories in Germany.
The oppressive rule of Germany naturally provoked a constant revolt of the Ukrainians.
In 1943, Germany's war situation on the Eastern Front began to be unfavorable, the Soviet Union, after paying a million people, began to fight back, and by October 1944, the Soviet Union completely liberated Ukraine. The battle destroyed Ukraine again, and the Soviets even met with Ukrainian resistance when they entered western Ukraine.
After the end of the war, Stalin adopted a new policy towards Ukraine, and Galicia, Warren, Northern Bukovina and other places broke away from Poland, Rome and Czechoslovakia and formally joined the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.
Ukraine got it
Historic unity
Although it was under Soviet rule.
A unified Ukraine grew tremendously under the Soviet family, but the western Ukrainian region did not feel happy.
Before its incorporation into Ukraine, Western Ukraine had not experienced Soviet rule, and had clashed with the Soviets and constantly launched attacks on the Soviets. To this end, the Soviet Union exiled more than 200,000 Western Ukrainians, and even wanted to exile the entire West Ukrainians, but it was terminated because there was no suitable place.
After the end of World War II, Ukraine achieved great development within the big family of the Soviet Union, but it was constantly oppressed by the Soviet Union, the ukrainian people's life was not happy, and internal contradictions were still prominent.
In August 1991, Ukraine officially declared its independence. On December 25, 1991, the Soviet Union announced its termination and Ukraine officially became independent.
Although Ukraine has become independent, its domestic problems are still serious. The uneven development of the East and the West, the contradictions between the Ethnic Groups of the East and the West, the contradictions between the Ukrainians and the Ethnic Russians, the contradictions of the old bureaucracy and the law are still in front of the Ukrainians.
For a long time, Ukraine and Russia have a long history of relations, for many Ukrainians, their own history is not glorious, for a long time Russia's rule over Ukraine, so that Ukraine's national independence and cultural development has been frustrated.
In this case, a section of Ukrainians find it very useful to maintain contact with Russia. Another part of the population wants to be able to forge close ties with the West and make themselves part of Europe.
Throughout Ukraine's more than 1,000-year history, except for a few times when it was a unified country, most of the others were under the rule of Europe and Russia, respectively, which caused the biggest East-West contradiction within Ukraine. The West wants to be a member of Europe, and the East wants to be a member of Russia.
In this game between East and West, Ukraine can not avoid the fate of the pawn in the end, and is doomed to be a loser. Either the east will be annexed by Russia or an independent Russian nation-state will be established. It is almost impossible to become a unified country again!