Novgorod, located in northwestern Russia, was the land of Tsar Longxing in the era of The Russian Empire.
It's hilarious to say.
In the middle of the 9th century AD, the lords here fought each other, presumably thinking that if they continued to fight, everyone would be finished, but no one would obey anyone, and they actually came up with a way -
Go to Scandinavia and ask the Vikings, known locally as the Rus', to be the boss.
The Vikings, yes, were the most famous pirates of the year.
Of course, in addition to being a pirate, there are also other livelihoods.
For example, doing business.
For example, armed robbery.
For example, doing business does not achieve the use of knives.
(Vikings stills)
In any case, they not only managed to make British and Western European children stop crying when they heard the name, but also left their own big names on the plains of Eastern Europe.
This was the brain opening of the lords of Novgorod.
Because this kind of thing, in the future era, is simply a traitorous act.
As a result, three Viking brothers came, and the eldest brother, the second brother, and the third brother were divided into one city.
The two younger brothers died first, and the three cities of Rurik, who led Novgorod, were unified and became the boss.
They came in 862, but more than 20 years later, the Ruriks captured Kiev, moved the capital here, known as Kievan Rus' and began the Rurik Dynasty in Russian history.
Two hundred years later, Novgorud became independent from Kievan Rus' .
Before and after this, they created a splendid culture.
One was that the boss at the time, the Grand Duke, could not live in the city, because he was only the nominal chief, and in fact, the power of Novgorud was in the hands of the Council of Citizens, who elected the mayor to administer it.
Yes, it was the eleventh and twelfth centuries, the last year of the Northern Song Dynasty...
If it continues in this way, who knows what Russia will look like in the future? Perhaps, it is not the ladies of Moscow who envy Paris, but the ladies of Paris who yearn for Moscow.
(Old Russian photo)
Of course, history does not assume, let's talk about another splendid culture.
Novgorod was geographically advantageous, on the only way from northern Europe to Greece, where trade between the various regions was transited; the Hanseatic League in the northern German cities had built trading stations here.
The development of the economy has brought about the prosperity of civilization. In ancient times, how developed a place was could be judged by the estimated literacy rate.
Experts from historical records feel that Novgorod should be a place with a high literacy rate, but they can only infer from the literature, without physical support.
In the 1950s, while building a residential building, Novgorud dug up some birch bark.
This is actually quite normal, because the birch tree is a Specialty of Russia.
However, after identification, it was found that these birch barks are not simple.
It turned out to be a variety of materials from the 11th and 15th centuries.
Because it is buried deep in the oxygen-deficient soil, it is not oxidized, and the handwriting and pattern are clearly recognizable.
In the song of Pu Shu and Ye Bei, the quiet village is drifting with white snow, pigeons flying under the hazy sky, and the birch tree is engraved with those two names, and they swear to love each other and use up this life...
And there's a birch bark with a girl's love letter written on it—
I love you, you love me, why can't you stay together?
Someone warned —
The money you owe me has not been repaid, and your servants have been sent quickly...
Experts have examined that in these more than 1,000 pieces of birch bark, there are personal letters, business affairs, legal disputes, shopping lists, tax returns, wills, marriage proposals, prayers, spells...
The most interesting is the legacy of a six- or seven-year-old boy named Onhim who lived in the middle of the 13th century.
Scholars have seen that such a young child has gone to school, he has to learn letters, numbers, and psalms...
Of course, like most young boys, he does his homework and is half-hearted.
(Onhim's drawing source network, if there is infringement, please contact to delete)
He drew a knight on the side of his homework, and the knight stood on his horse and knocked another man to the ground with his weapon. Apparently, this knight is Onhim himself.
He drew another beast, and he noticed next to it—I am a beast.
He also kept a letter from his friend with only a simple greeting to Onhim, followed by a signature.
Scholars have thus deduced that the civilization of Novgorod was more developed than had been previously imagined.
The content of these birch bark covers all aspects of Novgorod and is of great help in understanding the early history of Russia.
For this reason, they are stored in museums and become national treasures of Russia.