Liu Bingzhong, the designer of the Great Yuan Empire

The Yuan Dynasty began in the northern desert, annexed the Western Regions, pacified the Western Xia, destroyed the Jurchens, made Goryeo submit, pacified the Southern Zhao, and then occupied Jiangnan, so that the world was unified. In the establishment of this great cause of the empire, there is one person who plays an immeasurable role. He not only took the name of the country "Yuan" for this empire, but also designed a set of legal systems, rules, etiquette and other systems for this empire, and also designed and established the capital capital for the Yuan Empire. He was Liu Bingzhong, a generation of famous ministers who were ordered to return to the world after he became a monk.

Liu Bingzhong, a prominent Han intellectual, was the one who helped build the vast Yuan Empire and the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, beijing today.

Genghis Khan led the Mongol Iron Horse and burned the flames of war throughout Eurasia. The Yuan Dynasty, founded by his grandson Kublai Khan, was the largest of all Chinese dynasties. The Ming Dynasty scholar Song Lianzhi wrote in his History of the Yuan Dynasty. In zhi tenth geography I, there is a discussion of the territory of the Yuan Dynasty. Song Lianzhi said that since the reform of the feudal system into a county system in Chinese history, those who occupy the world, with the Han, Sui, Tang, and Song dynasties as the most prosperous, but in terms of the size of the territory they occupy, these dynasties are no better than the Yuan Dynasty, the Han Dynasty is limited to the Di in the north, the Sui Dynasty cannot make Dongyi submit, the Tang Dynasty is often worried about the invasion of the Western Frontier Rong, the Song Dynasty is trapped in the northern border troubles, but the Yuan Dynasty is different, they started from the northern desert, annexed the Western Regions, pacified the Western Xia, destroyed the Privets, let goryeo submit, pacified the Southern Zhao, and then occupied the Jiangnan, so the world was unified. Its territory exceeds the Yin Mountains in the north, reaches the desert to the west, occupies the left side of Liao to the east, and reaches the sea in the south. That is to say, the territory of the Yuan Dynasty stretched north to the north of the Yin Mountains, the northeast to today's Sakhalin Island, the west crossed Central Asia, and the south included the Taiwan Islands, and helped establish this huge empire, that is, for this empire to take the name of the country as "Yuan", and designed a set of legal systems, rules, etiquette and other systems for this empire, and also designed and established the capital capital for the Yuan Empire - that is, today's famous subjects of Beijing, but a prominent intellectual of the Han nationality, he is Liu Bingzhong, who was ordered to return to the world after his renunciation.

Liu Bingzhong (1216-1274), initially known as Liu Kan (劉侃), courtesy name Zicong (子聪), was a Chinese poet. A native of Xingzhou (邢州; present-day Xingtai, Hebei), his ancestral home was Ruizhou. Great Mongolian state to the early Yuan Dynasty outstanding statesman, literary figure.

Liu Bingzhong has been intelligent since childhood, and when he entered school at the age of eight, he could recite hundreds of words a day. At the age of thirteen, he served as a hostage in the Shuai Mansion, and at the age of seventeen he served as the envoy of the Xingtai Festival, so that he could raise his relatives nearby. Liu Bingzhong was often depressed for Ling Shi, and sighed one day: "My family has been an official for generations, would I rather become a secretary and a petty official?" The eldest husband was born at the wrong time, and only retreated to wait for the time to rise. He abandoned the official and lived in seclusion in the Wu'an Mountains. A few years later, he was accepted as an apprentice by the Zen master of Tianning Temple. Later, he traveled in the clouds and stayed in Nantang Temple. Before yuan shizu ascended the throne, Master Haiyun was summoned, and when he passed through the clouds, he heard that Liu Bingzhong was erudite and talented, and invited him to accompany him. After Liu Bingzhong met with Yuan Shizu, Yuan Shizu praised him very much and inquired many times.

Liu Bingzhong read everything in the book, especially the in-depth study of the "I Ching" and Song Shaoyong's "Book of the Classics", as for astronomy, geography, legal calendar, divination are all proficient, the world is well understood.

After Liu Bingzhong followed Kublai Khan, although Kublai Khan had not yet become emperor, Liu Bingzhong wrote to Kublai Khan many times and designed a blueprint for the construction of the future Yuan Empire from all aspects.

First of all, the canonical Fadu, Liu Bingzhong suggested that Kublai Khan follow the example of the Duke of Zhou, he said: The canon, the lile, the fadu, the three gangs and five constants, from Yao and Shunshi, xia yu, Shang Tang, zhou wu three kings followed, and the Spring and Autumn five hegemons destroyed it.

Liu Bingzhong believed that among the hundreds of officials in the imperial court, there was no greater than the prime minister, because the prime minister had to command a hundred officials and educate the people; the most important thing outside the imperial court was the general, because they commanded the three armies, appeased the four cities, chose a good minister and a marshal, and helped each other inside and outside.

Liu Bingzhong also suggested that thin endowments, high salaries, incorruptible people, and corruption should be cured.

Liu Bingzhong also suggested that the punishment be re-educated and light, believing that because the people had not been indoctrinated, it was advisable for prisoners in prison to be pardoned and then legalized to let them know what could be done and what could not be done. Liu Bingzhong also straightened out the relationship between the state and the people, and the country and the people are like fish and water.

Liu Bingzhong asked Kublai Khan to store grain nearby, a tax reduction law, and a ban on luxury goods, especially those made of pearls, gems, gold and silver.

Liu Bingzhong attaches great importance to education, he said: Since ancient times, schools have not been abolished, and although there are schools in counties and counties today, they are not run by the government, so schools should be built and professors should be set up, and as for students, they are mainly the descendants of the founding heroes. When the State needs officials, it selects competent students from among them to appoint them. Liu Bingzhong particularly stressed the importance of county-level officials, saying: Among the officials, the one who has the closest relationship with the people is the county zai, and if the county zai is an upright official, the people can live a stable life.

Liu Bingzhong advocated the respect of Confucius and Confucianism, he believed that Confucius was the master of the ten thousand worlds, established the ten thousand worlds of the law, and although the temple is damaged now, there are still many, and it is advisable to make the prefecture and county sacrifice.

Liu Bingzhong also demanded that lynching be banned, the criminal law be commuted, and the punishment of whipping be abolished to show the virtue of loving life. Liu Bingzhong's suggestions drew a complete blueprint for the future construction of the Yuan Empire in terms of politics, canon, law, etiquette, and education.

The name of the "Great Yuan" was formally established in November of the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1271), when Kublai Khan followed Liu Bingzhong's advice.

Liu Bingzhong believed that the achievements made by the Yuan Dynasty during this period were not available in the successive dynasties, and according to the meaning of the "Great Qianyuan" in the I Ching, "Dayuan" was taken as the new national name.

In the Chinese cultural system, the name of the country is the most critical political and cultural symbol of a dynasty. The "Spring and Autumn Biography" said: "The king is ordained and the king will choose the beauty of the world to call himself." ”

Throughout Chinese history, the naming of the Yuan Dynasty's national name can be said to be a watershed.

Before the Yuan Dynasty, each dynasty used the principle of naming dynasties by region or title: Xia, Shang, Zhou, and Qin were all named after the names of the places where they were born; Han, Wei, Wu, Sui, and Tang all used the original titles or titles of the founders; and the names of the liao and Jin countries were all derived from the names of the rivers in the place of origin.

Similar to Tang Yao and Yu Shun's name of "Wenyi Jian", "Dayuan" was named according to the meaning of the character, and the naming method of the national name during the Five Emperors period was restored.

This practice of naming dynasties from the perspective of literal meaning was continued, and the Ming and Qing dynasties continued this principle, and even the Republic of China and the People's Republic of China named country names from the perspective of literal meaning.

The connotation of "Yuan" is exactly in line with the Mongolian belief in "eternal life", conforms to Kublai Khan's strategic thinking that "those who respond to heaven are only sincere, and those who save the people are not profitable", which can be recognized by the Mongolian nation and conform to Liu Bingzhong's political strategy of "judging the past and the present".

Liu Bingzhong was the planner and designer of the Yuan Dynasty capital, the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, and laid the initial urban prototype of Beijing.

In 1256, Kublai Khan was still in his residence, but already had plans to dominate the Central Plains, and in order to march into the Central Plains, he asked Liu Bingzhong to design and build a city in the east of Huanzhou and the north of Luanshui. Liu Bingzhong spent 3 years to complete this work.

After the city was repaired, it was named Kaiping, and later promoted to Shangdu, where Kublai Khan ascended to the emperor's throne, and its ruins are 20 kilometers east of the zhenglan banner in present-day Inner Mongolia.

In the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (1266), Liu Bingzhong was ordered to design and build a new capital city in the northeast of the former Yanjing City, named Dadu, the predecessor of today's Beijing City. Construction began in 1267 and was not completed until 1285, which lasted 18 years.

As one of the greatest urban designers in the history of the world, Liu Bingzhong became the political, economic and cultural center of a unified multi-ethnic country, laying the foundation of the Ming, Qing and even today's Beijing City, and was one of the largest cities in the world at that time.

In the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty (1274), Liu Bingzhong followed Kublai Khan to live in the capital Nanping Mountain, in August, sitting without illness, at the age of 59, Kublai Khan was shocked when he heard the news of his death, and said to the courtiers; Bingzhong followed me for more than 30 years, careful and careful, not avoiding risks, no hidden feelings, he was proficient in yin and yang techniques, many things he knew in advance, the details were only clear to me, others did not understand. Therefore, he ordered Zhao Bingwen, a servant of the Ceremonial Department, to escort Liu Bingzhong's coffin back to bury Dadu. In the twelfth year of the Yuan Dynasty, he gave Liu Bingzhong the title of Taifu (太傅), the Duke of Zhao (赵国公), and Yuwen Zhen (谥文贞), and when Emperor Chengzong of Yuan arrived, he also gave it to Taishi (谥文正). When he returned to Emperor Renzong, he became the King of Changshan. Liu Bingzhong was constantly given gifts after his death, which shows what great merit he made for the establishment of the Yuan Empire!

Liu Bingzhong has been studious since childhood, and he has never faded into old age, he is a very popular subject, but he lives with coarse tea and light rice. He was a remarkable visionary politician, a world-class architect of urban construction, and a writer of works. He called himself a Tibetan springer, and his hobby was to chant poetry, and 10 volumes of anthologies were handed down.

Because Liu Bingzhong was proficient in yin and yang techniques, Kublai Khan openly said that he could predict the future, and many wild histories also deified him. For example, when his tomb was stolen, when Si Si entered the tomb to investigate, he found a stone slab with a prophecy left by Liu Bingzhong: Someone stole my tomb on a certain day in a certain year. A division followed suit and caught the tomb robbers.

It can be said that during the entire Yuan Dynasty period, only Liu Bingzhong was able to win the respect and love of the imperial family and win the honor.

Liu Bingzhong, as a Han intellectual, spent his life working hard for the country and was highly valued by Kublai Khan, which was rare in the Yuan and Mongolian periods, where the ethnic hierarchy was strict.

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