In ancient times, "black clothes" was a kind of clothing worn by monks, and "black prime minister" refers to monks who participated in the government and could influence the emperor. Speaking of the "black-clad prime minister", we have to mention the Daoyan monk Yao Guangxiao of the Ming Dynasty. His fame is much greater.
Monks
And the Yuan Dynasty also had a "black-clad prime minister", that is, Liu Bingzhong. Maybe Liu Bingzhong did not have any fame in the folk, but to talk about his historical merits is more than that of the Daoyan monks.
Liu Bingzhong's real name was Liu Kan, and he was a native of Ruizhou. Liu Bingzhong's family was originally a large clan of Youzhou, and after the Liao state occupied Youyun Sixteen Prefectures, Liu Bingzhong's family became officials in the Liao state for generations.
The Jin Dynasty destroyed the Liao, and his grandfather served as the deputy envoy of Xingzhou jiedu in the Jin Kingdom, and his grandfather moved his family to Xingzhou.
Mu Huali led the Mongol army to attack the Jin Dynasty, conquered Xingzhou, and established the Capital Marshal's Office, and Liu Bingzhong's father Liu Run became the capital of the Mongol army.
Yuan Dynasty establishes a diagram
When Liu Bingzhong was born, he looked very handsome and had a heroic ambition. He was a child prodigy since he was a child, and when he entered school at the age of eight, he could recite the articles of the Hundred Sons and Hundred Families. At the age of thirteen, he served as a proton in the Capital Marshal's Mansion, and it seems that the Mongols also believed in these surrendered Han Chinese, and han Chinese who were officials in both the Liao and Jin dynasties.
Liu Bingzhong is smart and studious, and has great talent. At the age of seventeen, he achieved the Xingtai Jiedushi Envoy Lingshi. However, Liu Bingzhong had poetry in his belly and great ambitions, and he was by no means a person who was subordinate to people and was willing to be a small official with a sword and a pen.
He has empty ambitions, but the hero is useless, unable to display his talents and realize his long-cherished wish to govern the country and the world. So he was often sullen and unhappy, and he threw his pen and sighed: "My family has been dressed for generations, but Nai Mi did not bother for the sword and pen!" The husband does not meet the world, but should live in seclusion to seek the ear of the ear. ”
Therefore, Liu Bingzhong threw his pen and hung up the crown. From then on, he escaped into the empty gate and worshiped under the seat of The Zen Master of Tianning as an apprentice, the Fa Trumpet Zi Cong. He swam to the Nantang Temple in the clouds and lived here temporarily.
The Great Khan of the Mongol Empire at that time was Kublai Khan's brother Möngke. Möngke appointed Kublai Khan as the prime minister of the Southern Han Dynasty, and stationed himself in the land of Kudu in the south. His brother Ali Buge was stationed in Hala and Lin, the capital of Great Mongolia.
Kublai Khan revered Confucianism, "Shengdu Youhong, Kaibai Bingxuan, Good Confucianism, Joyful Clothing, and Reverence." Kublai Khan co-opted the Han chinese in order to better implement Mongol rule. Master Haiyun was summoned by Kublai Khan to the Yunzhong Nantang Temple, and when he heard that Liu Bingzhong was well educated, he invited him to meet Kublai Khan with him.
Kublai Khan
Liu Bingzhong saw that this was an opportunity, so he followed Master Haiyun to see Kublai Khan. Kublai Khan soon summoned Liu Bingzhong to discuss with him the affairs of the world and his strategy to destroy the Song Dynasty. Liu Bingzhong suggested to Kublai Khan that the three roads should be cut down from the Song Dynasty, with the east road taking Jinling, the middle road taking Xiangyang, and the west road taking Sichuan Shu. If you take the world, you must not kill people. Kublai Khan was so pleased that he asked Liu Bingzhong to stay in his shogunate as a counselor.
Liu Bingzhong suggested that the monks remained in Kublai Khan's shogunate, and Liu Bingzhong returned to Xingzhou to serve filial piety after the death of his father. When the period of filial piety expired, he was invited to Helin by Kublai Khan.
At this time, Liu Bingzhong came up with fourteen strategies for Kublai Khan to stabilize the country:
First, take the world immediately, but cannot rule the world immediately. Kublai Khan was asked to be the Duke of Zhou of Mongolia. 2. Appoint generals, and separate the descendants of the founding heroes as the guardians of the world, and reward and punish for their merits. Third, the people's taxes are too heavy, please reduce the burden on the people, set a hundred officials, and prohibit officials from killing and plundering at will. Fourth, the reduction of the death penalty, as well as the sentencing of the death penalty, should be reviewed repeatedly. 5. The people are the foundation of the country and forgive the debts of the people. Sixth, formulate commercial taxes and persuade farmers to do so. 7. Running schools and opening up subjects to obtain scholars. Eighth, recruit the people to engage in production, reduce the harsh taxes and miscellaneous taxes, and the state support widows and widows and loneliness. IX. Honor Confucius, recruit Confucians from all over the world, and visit famous Confucians for the use of the state. 10. Promulgate a new calendar and write the History of Jin. 11. Tax exemptions are levied on those who read books, and those who have a skill will be retained and used. XII. Open up the way of speech, far away from the villain, close to the gentleman. Thirteen, do not say profit, reduce the gap between the rich and the poor. 14. Define the degree of legislation, the criminal law is lenient, and the severe punishment is prohibited. Improve the imperial court system and use official positions to win the hearts and minds of the people.
Kublai Khan agreed with Liu Bingzhong. Liu Bingzhong petitioned the people of Xingzhou, hoping to appoint Zhang Geng and Liu Su as xingzhou's pacification envoys and deputy envoys. Kublai Khan agreed.
Ruins of Yuan Shangdu
Kublai Khan asked Liu Bingzhong to establish a city in Huanzhou, and Liu Bingzhong found Longgang in the north of Huanzhou's eastern Luanshui and spent three years to build a new capital. Named Kaiping.
Emperor Bing was loyal to the north of Huanzhou's Eastern Luanshui, and the city was built in Longgang, three years later, and his name was Kaiping.
In 1252, he followed Kublai Khan on an expedition to Dali and conquered Dali. Liu Bingzhong suggested that the heavens and the earth should be born well, and the god of kings should not be killed. Therefore, no one was killed at will after Yunnan was pacified.
Kublai Khan stopped his attack on the Southern Song Dynasty and led his army back to the north. Liu Bingzhong suggested that Kublai Khan first succeed to the throne and win a political advantage. In the spring of 1260, the Kuritai Assembly was held in Kaiping and the enthronement ceremony was held. On 5 May, Kublai Khan ascended the throne as Emperor of the Great Mongol Empire, the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire.
At the suggestion of Liu Bingzhong, Kublai Khan adopted the imperial system, calling himself Shuo, with the jiannian name being Zhongtong and Kaiping as the capital. This move caught Ali bu brother by surprise. Ali Bu ge was also calling himself the Great Khan with Lin.
The two men each received the support of the Mongol nobles of the North and the South, and the two sides fought a decisive battle. Kublai Khan relied on the rich manpower and material resources of the Han Dynasty to launch a four-year-long battle for the Khan's throne.
In 1261, at the Battle of Ximutu'er, the Mongol army led by Kublai Khan and the Mongol army led by Ali Buge met, and these Mongol armies knew each other and were formerly brothers and relatives. So they were unable to march in front of each of the two armies.
Liu Bingzhong suggested that Kublai Khan use the Han army to detour back to the enemy's rear to raid. Kublai Khan followed his advice and defeated Ali's army.
After the defeat of Ali's army, he was imprisoned by Kublai Khan, who won the battle for the Khan's throne.
In the fourth year of central unification, Liu Bingzhong was ordered to build a capital. Tailiuchi Qionghua Island was selected as the center and a new city was designed. The new city was built and named Dadu.
In 1271, Liu Bingzhong suggested that the meaning of "Dazha Qianyuan" in the I Ching be changed to "Dayuan". Kublai Khan heeded the advice, and from then on the Yuan Dynasty was established, and Kublai Khan also had the emperor of the Great Mongol State who became the founding emperor of the Yuan Dynasty.
The previous country names were all place names, such as the Qin, Han, Sui and Tang dynasties. The national name with large characters began with the Yuan Dynasty, and the ming and qing dynasties in later generations were used.
Ming Dynasty Zhu Guozhen's "Yongdong Sketch" Volume II "National Number" article: "The word on the national name began with Hu Yuan, and I went to the north because of it." ...... Its words are the Great Han, the Great Tang, and the Great Song Dynasty, and they are the honorific titles of courtiers and foreign yi. ”
At Liu Bingzhong's suggestion, Kublai Khan moved the capital to Dadu. After the world was pacified, Liu Bingzhong formulated the system of the Yuan Dynasty and the strategy of governing the country and the people. For the former courtiers of the imperial court, the mountain forest hermits were hired.
Floor plan of the meta capital
In the first year of the Central Unification, the ancestors of the world took the throne, asked the great scriptures for ruling the world, the good law of raising the people, faithfully adopted the old texts of the ancestors, and participated in the ancient system that is suitable for the present. Therefore, he issued a decree to build the Yuan Dynasty, and established the Zhongshu Province and the Xuanfu Division. The old courtiers of the imperial court and the remnants of the mountains and forests were hired by Hammi, and the cultural relics were completely new.
Moreover, the issuance of paper money by the Yuan Dynasty also has the credit of Liu Bingzhong. At that time, Liu Bingzhong suggested to Kublai Khan that copper coins should be used for yang, and paper money should be used for yin. Huaxia, the area of Yangming; desert, land of shadows. Today, His Majesty Long Xingshuo Desert, if he is in charge of the Central Plains, is suitable for issuing paper money. His Majesty should advise future generations that if copper money is circulated, it will be difficult for the whole world to be at peace in the future.
As a result, the Yuan Dynasty was the first dynasty in history to use paper money entirely as circulating currency, and the Yuan Dynasty banned the circulation of heavy metals such as gold, silver, and copper.
Ming Tao Zongyi's "Chu Geng Lu Coin": "The Emperor tried to ask the Taibao Liu Wenzhen With coins, and the public said: 'Money is used for yang, and yin is used for yin.'" Huaxia, the area of Yangming; desert, the realm of shadows. Now Your Majesty Long Xing Shuo Desert, King's Landing in the middle of summer, it is advisable to use the coin. "Never use money." Emperor Wuzong used it quite a bit. Soon, it was over. Although this is the study of the number of wefts, it is tested in the present, and the result is as it is said.
After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Liu Bingzhong still wore monk's clothes, and was known as Secretary Cong. In the first year of the First Yuan Dynasty, the Hanlin scholar chengzhi Wang Yan said: "Bingzhongjiu serves the mansion, accumulates years, participates in the conspiracy of the drapery, determines the grand plan of the society, and is loyal and diligent, and should be praised." The Holy Ming Emperor is the pole, all things are new, and the faithfulness is still its wild clothes scattered, deep and unsettled, it is advisable to correct its clothing, and to worship its rank. ”
Liu Bingzhong accepted the emperor's appointment and took the affairs of the world as his responsibility. He combined the old system of the Yuan Dynasty with the system of the Song Dynasty and the Jinxia system of the Song Dynasty to formulate the clothes of the Emperor of the Yuan Dynasty, the etiquette of meeting the Heavenly Son, the official system of the official, and the official system of the imperial court.
Bingzhong has been ordained to take the world as his duty, and everything is big or small, and everyone who has a general body of the country knows everything and listens to everything. If he promulgates the seal and dress, holds up the imperial ceremony, gives the feng lu, and determines the official system, he is loyal to him and becomes a constitution for a generation.
In the eleventh year of the Yuan Dynasty, Liu Bingzhong followed Kublai Khan to Shangdu, and he came to know that his life was imminent. So he built a house in Nanping Mountain to live in, and sat down in August. He died on December 31, 2012 at the age of 59.
Map of the territory of the Yuan Dynasty
When Kublai Khan heard about this, he told his courtiers: "He has been loyal to his people for more than thirty years, careful and careful, not avoiding hardships and dangers, and has no hidden feelings." The essence of its yin and yang techniques, the knowledge of things, if it is in line with the contract, but the knowledge of the decay, others can not hear it. ”
The yuan dynasty court gave Liu Bingzhong tuicheng a conspiracy to cooperate with Deyi Yun, Taishi, Kaifu Yi tongsansi, Shangzhu Guo, and Changshan Wang, with the title of "Wenzheng".
It can be said that Liu Bingzhong, the black-clad prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, and Yao Guangxiao, the black-clothed prime minister of the Ming Dynasty, are both strange people of a generation and have established immortal feats. But none of them are good monks, good monks.