Wei Yingwu, (737-792), a famous poet of the Middle and Tang Dynasties, had a fresh and elegant poetic style, similar to the poetic style of Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Liu Zongyuan and others, who were also known as Wang Mengweiliu.
In the poem "Title Xunyang Lou", Ziju Yi clearly pointed out that Wei Yingwu and Tao Yuanming were the objects of his admiration: "Often love Tao Pengze, Wen Si He Gaoxuan." Blame Wei Jiangzhou, the poetry is also idle. ”
It should be known that Bai Juyi was a leading figure in the poetry circle of the Middle And Tang Dynasties, and the two predecessors of his heart were Tao Yuanming and Wei Yingwu. In Bai Juyi's mind, what kind of person was Wei Yingwu, who could be juxtaposed with Tao Yuanming?
Wei Yingwu was born in Jingzhao Weishi, and Wei Shi was in Chang'an at that time, which was the symbol of the "Official N Generation".
Du Fu's poem "Seven Praises for Wei" says: "There is no shortage of sages in the township, and Du Lingwei qu is before the Yang Dynasty." The Erjia family recently had three elephants, and the time theory was the same for five days. ”
Du Fu originally noted in the "shaku five days": "Slang: 'Chengnan Weidu, go to the tianzhi five.' "'The heavens here (like the "heavens" in "Plain Face Facing the Heavens" that Mo Sauce said a few days ago) are the heavens of the Son of Heaven. The surnames of Wei and Du are one foot and five inches away from Tianzi, and it is conceivable that they have a close relationship with the royal family.
That is to say, Wei Shi and Du Shi were the top two most prosperous families in Chang'an City at that time.
Wei Shi lived in Weiqu, south of Chang'an City, and adjacent to Duqu to the east, all within the scope of Duling. This "qu" here means the place where the township is concentrated.
The so-called Duling was the ancient Du Bo State, which was later renamed Du County. Duling is named because the mausoleum of Emperor Xuan of Han was built here.
That is to say, in the area of Duling, there are two noble families living in Wei and Du.
(Ink sauce note: Du Fu is not the Jingzhao Du clan, and the late Tang Dynasty poet Du Mu was born in the Jingzhao Du clan, but by his generation, the family has declined.) ）
The poet mentions "Duling" or generalizes "Dumen", also referring to his own origin.
Later, after Wei Yingwu went through twists and turns, he sighed and said, "Ask me Yu Dumen, I can't fly high."
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Wei Yingwu of his youth: Qiu Ma is light and crazy, and the standard clumsy boy</h1>
Fourteen or fifteen years old, Wei Yingwu became a "Three Guards Lang" by virtue of his birth, that is, a close bodyguard in Tang Xuanzong. It has to be said that Wei Yingwu's experience is very similar to that of the Qing Dynasty poet Naran Zhide.
Because in ancient China, the emperor's bodyguards were generally selected from some nobles and descendants of the family, and the rulers believed that such candidates would be more loyal.
As a bodyguard, Wei Yingwu's life was quite easy and pleasant. Why? Look at a passage in the poem "Feng Yang Kai Fu":
Emperor Wu of Shaoshi, a rogue and a scoundrel.
In the middle of the body, the family hides the outlaws.
Towards the holding of the Fan Pu Bureau, Twilight steals the East Neighbor Ji.
Si Li did not dare to catch it, and stood on the white jade mound.
Lishan Mountain wind and snow night, long Yang Yu hunting time.
I don't know a word, and I drink recklessly.
Emperor Wu ascended to immortality, emaciated and deceived.
It's too late to read, put pen to learn inscription poems.
The "Wu Emperor" in the poem is Xuanzong, and the Tang people like to write poems "with Hanbi Tang". (This question was mentioned in detail in the previous article Ink Sauce, interested friends can click on the link at the end of the article to read.) ）
Wei Yingwu and the other guards were not afraid of the emperor's grace. In the street, even if anyone kills someone, Wei Yingwu dares to hide criminals in their homes, not to mention gambling and oppressing women. Anyway, no one dared to punish them, because guards like Wei Yingwu "stood on the white jade mound"—they were standing under the steps of the white jade building in front of the emperor's palace, and no one of the emperor's cronies could move.
Of course, usually the emperor's travel guards also hunted and sacrificed together. In a word, Wei Yingwu in his youth was the standard "stupid disciple".
At the age when he should have studied the most, Wei Yingwu wasted a lot of great time.
In 755, the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Tang Xuanzong left Chang'an, and none of the guards were lucky enough to follow.
Later, Emperor Xuanzong returned from Shu and died soon after, and the guards who had lost their protection were often bullied at this time. Wei Yingwu, who has experienced major ups and downs in life, is not yet twenty years old.
This former "little hooligan" began to think about life:
Is it still too late to read? Did you learn to write poetry late at the age of twenty?
As long as it is taken seriously, there is no late start.
According to the system at that time, those who could be selected as bodyguards could enter Taixue without conditions.
After the Anshi Rebellion, Taixue resumed operation, and Wei Yingwu also began to throw himself into the embrace of knowledge.
<h1 class = "pgc-h-arrow-right" > rapidly reinvented Vesperme: many growths tend to be completed in a very short period of time</h1>
Young people grow up, sometimes very quickly. Wei Yingwu had completely changed into a person in just a few short years.
After experiencing great twists and turns, the former "stupid children" quickly matured.
In 764, at the age of 27, Wei Yingwu graduated from Taixue and was appointed to the post of county magistrate below Luoyang. Due to the destruction of the Anshi Rebellion, Luoyang was desolate everywhere. Wei Yingwu put a lot of energy into the treatment, and soon received very good results. However, the corrupt bureaucratic mechanism caused him to encounter many setbacks, and after five years of work, Wei Yingwu resigned.
In 774, Wei Yingwu was appointed as Jingzhao Gongcao, serving under Zhaoyin Ligan. He worked very diligently, inspecting the disaster situation and providing relief to the victims. A few years later, his superior, Li Gan, was killed and his wife died of illness, which dealt a big blow to him, and he resigned again on the grounds of poor health.
In 781, Wei Yingwu was appointed as a Shangshu official, and later served as the History of Chuzhou Thorn and the History of Jiangzhou Thorn. On the one hand, Wei Yingwu punished maladministration with a warm heart, and on the other hand, he paid keen attention to the people's livelihood and suffering.
At that time, the "little hooligan" had left a good name of high character at this time.
In 787, Wei Yingwu was transferred to the imperial court as Zuo Shilangzhong, mainly assisting the chancellor in mastering the outline of the various ministries. Soon after, he was appointed as the Assassin of Suzhou.
Suzhou was one of the richest places at that time, and Wei Yingwu held an important official position here, but he always strictly disciplined himself, and did not even agree to the entrustment of relatives and friends. In 791, Wei Yingwu was deposed from Suzhou. After three years as an official here, Wei Yingwu did not even have the fare to go home. He had to find a temple outside Suzhou to live in and rented two acres of land. He died not long after.
"The Tang people are wise and admired, and they dare not be famous, and they all know Wei Suzhou." (Zhu Changwen's "Continuation of the Wu County's Map Classic")
<h1 class="pgc-h-arrow-right" > Wei Yingwu's poems and far away: "officials", not forgetting their original intentions in busy government affairs</h1>
Let's talk about Wei Yingwu as a poet.
People who start learning poetry from an early age will learn in a more pure state, and many contents will be inclusively "take-ism". And a person who learns to compose poetry after becoming an adult will intentionally choose some special breakthroughs that are easy for him to become, and Wei Yingwu is intent on learning the landscape poems of Xie Lingyun and Tao Yuanming, and in the form of five-character poems.
The reason for this choice is related to the special social background of the Middle and Tang Dynasties and the poet's personal experience, after the ups and downs of the official arena gradually became interested, Wei Yingwu had a yearning for seclusion.
The poet held many positions in half his life, the most important of which was the three assassins, but in the end he was only a magistrate. The boredom of official duties, the loneliness of being far away from the imperial court and hometown, coupled with the poet's own high quality and certain independent spiritual pursuits. The "hidden" gene in the bones of Chinese literati is easily revealed.
The poet came out at the time of the Chuzhou Assassin History. Gift to friends Shiyun: "Only the king out of the dust, appreciate the love like the mountain family" ("Junzhai gifts Wang Qing"), showing the yearning for the otherworldly realm of friends.
He served as the Assassin of Chuzhou for about a year; later became the Assassin of Jiangzhou; then entered the Dynasty as Zuo Shilangzhong; and soon after, he served as the Assassin of Suzhou. Judging from the experience of eunuchs in the later period, the official position held by the poet is getting higher and higher, but the poet's concern for this is getting weaker and weaker.
The ups and downs in the bureaucracy made Wei Yingwu rethink the ordering of life. At some point, he understood that the ultimate meaning of life is nothing more than self-adaptation.
In the Middle And Tang Dynasty, where "official yin" was popular, Wei Yingwu was also not exempt from vulgarity. The so-called "official concealment" is to hide while serving. The Hanyu Da Dictionary explains this as follows: "Not to be haunted by Li Lu, although he is an official, he is like a hermit." ”
In fact, "official cain" not only allowed Confucians to realize their ambitions to govern the country, but also to satisfy the ideal of seclusion. It not only enriched the hermit culture of ancient China, but also emancipated the minds of many readers.
Wei Yingwu grasped the essence of it and flexibly walked between "official" and "hidden".
When he was traveling alone in the empty garden, the poet said to himself, "Whoever loves the tiger charm will eventually return the old hill." ("Moon Obscure Memories last year with relatives and friends Qu Shui Youyan")
When the official duties are heavy, the poet imagines that "the blame is exempted from the head, and the annual feast is angelica returned to the field." ("Answer to Cui Du Shui")
When the affairs are idle, the poet laments that "there will never be anything in the county, and the return of the mind will be self-sufficient." ("Liu Langzhong"
All of them show Wei Yingwu's determination to the world and his yearning for pastoral life.
However, this does not mean that Wei Yingwu has a hidden mind and begins to be passive and sluggish, in fact, it can also be seen in the previous resume that Wei Yingwu is conscientious every day he is on the job. The so-called "official concealment" is nothing more than a way to relieve pressure.
In the last time, the poet lived in the Yongding Jingshe, that is, the poet's family was poor and had nowhere to go, and the "dark words were wasted", but the poet felt that "he was idle and the heart was fine" ("Yuju Yongding Jingshe"), showing the happiness and satisfaction of finally staying away from the right and wrong of the government.
As a poet, Wei Yingwu's label is "Landscape Pastoral Poet". Also a "landscape pastoral poet", Wang Wei's poems include the quiet and leisure of the Enlightened Dao Cultivation Buddha, Meng Haoran's retreat due to the failure of the Ji Dynasty, and Liu Zongyuan's works have obvious misfortunes and the taste of landscapes.
Wei Yingwu's "Landscape Idylls" not only depict and praise pastoral pictures, but also mostly have a sense of compassion and distress, and some even show the destruction of the beautiful tranquility of the countryside by war. It can be said that Wei Yingwu's "landscape idylls" are more inclined to political poetry.
This kind of poem is represented by "Guan Tian Jia", try to see:
The light rain is new, and a thunder sting begins.
The Tian family was idle for a few days, and farming began from then on.
Ding Zhuangju was in the wilderness, and the field garden was also taken care of.
Returning to Jing Changyan, drinking the water of the west stream.
Hunger is not self-suffering, anointing and joyful.
There is no storage for the warehouse, and the servitude is still not over.
Fang Kuo does not cultivate, and Lu eats out of Luli.
After the "sting" festival, the tense and hurried farm life began. The young and middle-aged men all worked in the fields and did not dare to delay for a moment; when the ploughing returned late, the farmers led their calves to the stream to drink water.
If this five-word poem only goes here, it is complete. As the sun sets, the old cow returns at dusk, everything is so quiet and peaceful. If it stops abruptly, it can also leave a lot of room for imagination.
However, at this time, Wei Yingwu had already witnessed the chaos of the government and the people's livelihood, and had a profound understanding of the sufferings of the people. The ups and downs of life and the vicissitudes of the sea have long since reborn him.
He wrote, "Hunger does not suffer, anointing and rejoicing", and the peasants who endure hunger and hard work never cry bitterness, and a spring rain as expensive as oil fills their hearts with joy. The farm was busy and hungry, but they did not think it was bitter, because a spring rain that moisturized the land was a great hope.
Then it is pointed out even more pointedly that even with such hard work, worrying about the weather conditions day and night, it is very difficult to save food, because there are taxes and servitude. There is no grain in the granary, but the government's expropriation is endless.
Writing here, the poet is ashamed of the officials who do not cultivate but have good money, and lament the oppression of the rulers on the people at the bottom of society. The thought of oneself as one of the "non-cultivators" is even more disturbing.
Wei Yingwu also wrote in "Sending Li Dan Yuanxi" that "in the field of many diseases, Yi has exile and shame money." Being an official made Wei Yingwu feel particularly guilty, which was lamented by Fan Zhong as "the word of benevolence" and called "xianyi" by Zhu Xisheng.
Wei Yingwu's poetry had a direct impact on the later "Yuan Bai" (i.e., Yuan Shu, Bai Juyi) satirical poetry creation concept.
Bai Juyi pointed out: "In recent years, Wei Suzhou song line, in addition to talent, is quite recent and ironic. It can be seen that Bai Juyi found the direction to be taken in Wei Yingwu's poems.
Bai Juyi even copied Wei Yingwu's works. He later wrote a poem called "Guan Ke Mai": "... There are three hundred stones in the official, and there is surplus grain in the old Yan. I am ashamed of myself and cannot forget it for the rest of my life. Very similar to what is expressed in Wei Yingwu's "Guan Tian Jia", it is all lyrical that the Tian family has worked hard all year but has no food and clothing, and that he himself as an official has nothing to do, while Feng Lu comes from the shame and shame of the township.
It is not only Bai Juyi who imitates it, but also Li He. Wei Yingwu wrote a poem called "Jade Picking", a simple six-sentence poem that highlights the very hard life of jade pickers in order to fulfill the requirements of the government. Later, Li He wrote a "Song of Old Man Picking Jade", which was expanded on the basis of Wei Yingwu's original poem, showing in detail the difficult and dangerous life of jade mining migrant workers, and the criticism of the ruler was even greater.
His influence on poetry creation and the mentality of the literati is much more...
Wei Yingwu left an indelible mark on the history of poetry.
The former Joma's frivolous imperial bodyguard quickly matured after quickly adjusting his state of life. "The leaves are full of empty mountains, where to find the traces?" Confused and pragmatic, he did what he was doing, and then he looked up and conceived poetry and distant places. Although he has a wild heart, he has not lost his sense of responsibility as an official.
And the light of warm compassion that he exudes has also traveled through thousands of years, which makes people can't help but feel warm.
Is Bai Juyi's "middle concealment" a smooth way of dealing with the world?
Ming Ming was complaining about the emperor of the Tang Dynasty, why did the emperor of the Han Dynasty lie down with a gun?