One day someone (A) came to the river and hurriedly squatted down to rub his ears, but was seen by a cattle herder (B) not far away, and B Jun asked confusedly: Hey! Brother, what are you doing here?
A: Why? Can't you see me washing my ears here?
B: I know that there are eye washes, but I have never seen any ears washed.
A: Tell you what, someone asked me to rule the world, but I don't want to!
B: Oops! Who lifted you up like that?
A: Emperor Yao! Later, I saw that I was unwilling and asked me to be an "official", and I did not go! Doesn't this make my ears dirty, wash it here!
B: Don't mind, it doesn't matter if you wash it, it gets dirty, and I don't want to drink water for this cow! Walk!
Xu by washing the ears
Oh, this is not a cross-talk, but a dialogue of the sages in ancient times, "holding" is a hermit - the nest father, the ear washer is xu Youye, who can be called the "originator of the hermit".
Legend has it that Xu Yu lived in a tree for a long time, and when it was cold, he would find a cave to live in, pick fruit when he was hungry, and go to the river to drink water when he was thirsty.
Often, people will see his whereabouts and ask, "How good is it to drink water with a gourd!" After saying that, he handed it to Xu Yu.
Xu Yu drank the water with a scoop and hung it on a branch. Unfortunately, when the wind blows, it will make a noise, and Xu Yu thinks that this is the source of impurity, and throws him away.
Let's think that living in a tree is real, but the seclusion is still seen by passers-by to feel a little strange, just this happened in the summer, people's activities are more frequent, so seeing Xu Yu, it can also be said that it makes sense.
The dying Emperor Yao thought that his son Danzhu was not angry, and hoped to find a wise man with both moral integrity and ability to rule the world, and after several turns he found Xu You.
Lü Shi Chunqiu's "Theory of Prudent Conduct and Seeking People" has clouds: the former Yao Chao Xu was in Pei Ze, and said:
"Ten sunrises and a constant fire, not also tired? The Master is the Son of Heaven, and the world has been ruled, please belong to the Master. Xu Youzhi said: "For the world is not governed and? And it has been cured. Self-inflicted? It nests in the forest, but only one branch; the rat drinks in the river, but it is full of belly. Return, Junhu! Evil use of the world? ”
Vernacular: Yao said to Xu You, "If ten suns appear together and the torches have not been extinguished, isn't it futile?" I hope that you will rule the world as the Son of Heaven, please accept the heavy responsibility entrusted to you by the world. ”
Xu Yu resigned: "If you are not too peaceful, you need to govern, but if you still want to govern if you are too peaceful, isn't it for your own sake?" Cranes nesting in the forest occupy a branch, no matter how many trees there are, and moles can drink water and fill their stomachs at most. I suggest you go back, I don't need the world. ”
There is a passage in "Zhuangzi Inner Chapter: The Getaway":
Yao let the world rise from Xu Youyue: "The sun and the moon are rising, and the fire is endless, and it is not difficult for it to be in the light!" When the rain falls, and judas is flooded, its Yu Zeye, not also tired! The Master stands, and the world rules, and I am a corpse, and I regard myself as lacking, please give it to the world. Xu Youyue: "The Son rules the world, the world has ruled, and I am the Son, I will be famous?" Famous people, real guests also. Will I be binhu? Wrens nest in deep forests but are only one branch; rats drink from the river, but full of belly. Return to the king, to the useless world! Although the cu people are not cured, the corpse blessing does not cross the bottle and replace it. ”
Although it is all said to be one thing, the second half is more weighty than "Prudent Behavior: Seeking People": "Am I ruling the world in your place for fame?" Fame is only an external thing, why should we strive for it? Please come back, although the cook does not cook, he can't cross the line! ”
After a few years, Emperor Yao's "old love recurrence" went to Xu You again, on the grounds that he wanted him to be the governor of Jiuzhou, but this time the result was even more unexpected, and it was left behind for thousands of years.
When Xu Yu heard that Emperor Yao wanted to be the governor of Kyushu himself, he refused and ran to the river to wash his ears.
At this time, his friend Nest Father led the calves to the river to drink water. When Father Chao saw Xu Yu washing his ears, he felt strange and asked him, "Do you have something dirty in your ears?" ”
Xu Yu replied, "Yao wants me to come out and be the governor of Kyushu, but this kind of talk has dirty my ears, so come and wash it." ”
Father Chao is even more "clean" than Xu Yu: "As a hermit, you have nothing to do outside, if you were in the mountains, you would definitely not have this!" Half of your reputation is also 'strolling', and now you are running to the river to wash your ears, I still hide away, the river is already dirty", said the nest father led the cattle to the upper reaches of the river.
But no matter what the legend goes, Xu You eventually lived in seclusion in the deep mountains for life, and was buried at the top of Ji Shan after his death, so Ji Shan is also called Xu Youshan. There is a morning glory market at the bottom of the mountain, there is a spring called calf spring by the yingshui, and the hoof prints of the calf are still preserved on the stones, which is said to be the place where the former nest father morning glory drank water.
Ear wash springs
No matter how many legends there are in ancient times, and whether or not the protagonist is deified, the values of the narrator are reflected between the lines.
It can be seen that Zhuangzi's pursuit of the spiritual level is relatively pure, so there will be a saying that the chief priest crosses the ceremonial vessel to replace the chef to do the table).
So far, Zhuangzi's life record is relatively small, we can only know a little from the "History" and "Zhuangzi", Zhuangzi name Zhou, is the Warring States period Song Kingdom Mongolian people. Although poor, he despised the glory and wealth very much, and eventually showed a very independent personality trait, and the word "idle" was one of the most important labels of Zhuangzi.
Since his values were very close to Lao Tzu, he devoted his life to developing Lao Tzu's thought and had his own doctrine.
Zhuangzi's life is the life of recognizing the "Tao". "Heaven and earth are born with me, and all things are one with me." ("The Theory of QiWu") Spiritually rushing out of the small individual, the short life merges into the universe between all things, soars in the "land of nothingness" ("Getaway"), travels through the limitations of time and space, and enters the realm of "sitting and forgetting" ("The Great Grandmaster") where there is no ancient or modern, no death and life beyond perception.
For example, Zhuang Zhou Mengdi, in a simple way, is "How do you know that the so-called world is the real world, and the world in the dream is an illusory world?" How do you prove that you are not the butterfly? ”
Deeper, it means that "there are three ways of materialization, namely: dreaming, biochemistry, and death." In the dream, man changes into something else. Zhuang Zhou dreams of becoming a butterfly, or a butterfly dreams of becoming Zhuang Zhou. ”
Zhuangzi first highlighted the difference between spirit and material, and Zhuangzi believed that different things can be transformed into each other. Because there is only one breath that runs through the heavens and the earth, everything is the condensation of qi, and the result of condensation is the "materialization" mentioned earlier.
Therefore, the concern about the material level does not make much sense, so in Zhuangzi's pen, Xu You becomes an absolute "spiritual purity", and his earwashing behavior becomes easy to explain.
Second, Zhuangzi highlights the meaning of yue li, everyone has their own mission and responsibility, you have to be yourself, you don't need to be resigned to others, so that you can respect your own heart, this is "leisure" also.
On the other hand, who among us today can be truly free?
Amartya Sen (author of The Idea of Justice, Nobel Laureate) believes that freedom has a "plus or minus" distinction;
Kant will say that there is any "positive and negative" freedom, such as the essence of going to work is to exchange labor for money to make a living, whether you love it or not, then we are not free in front of life.
Kant
Taleb (author of "Antifragility" and "Black Swan") will say that no matter how glamorous your life is, such as patting your boss's ass for a raise, such as forcing yourself to buy luxury goods for the eyes of others, etc., in Taleb's view, the act of "patting yourself on the back" is free, while the process of hypocrisy is not free; similarly, the purchase process of luxury goods is free, and the original intention of the purchase is still unfree.
The topic of human freedom never stops, and Zhuangzi's views may be sharper than these scholars, because he has changed dimensions.
This dimension is to respect one's own heart, because with the shackles of abandoning "materialization", it is natural to achieve no distraction.
Zhuangzi incorporated this insight into the dialogue between Emperor Yao and Xu You, and since governing the world was not his own need or responsibility, he could naturally respect his own heart and make acts of rejecting Emperor Yao.
Zhuangzi
To sum up, Zhuangzi's "materialized" views and "idle" behavior derive his values: true hermits must be spiritually free, and this is true freedom.
The nest father believes that Xu Yu lived by the river or in the trees, and did not stay away from the crowd, of course, not a hermit.
In Zhuangzi's pen, he wrote about the hermit in his heart: no matter where Xu Yu is, even if he is in the red dust and lives in the downtown, as long as the spirit is detached, you are a hermit, which has a bit of a taste of "small hidden in the wild, big hidden in the city".
At the same time, Xu Yu did what he said in his mouth was what he thought in his heart, and he was not afraid of offending Emperor Yao, but he directly expressed his views.
Xu You
How many other people in the world can "be directed to the world"? We are busy every day, no matter what we say, we must always be afraid, because we are afraid of being misunderstood, because we are afraid of offending people, and because we can't say something directly, which is called the "way of survival".
And this "survival" is not the other "survival", in fact, we are talking about the way to deal with the world, most of them can not die people.
Xu Yu has done his straightness to the extreme, because he is facing the supreme power, he has put aside his personal safety, and even if there is a slight danger, he can better set off the rarity and absoluteness of his "pure spirit".
At this point, it also reflects one of the principles of Lao Zhuang's "useless use", Xu Yu gave up the world, retained the purity of the spirit, and his "uselessness" also left the opportunity for Emperor Shun to step onto the stage of history.
No matter how many descendants record the legend of Xu You, he has become the "hermit originator" in the eyes of the public, next time we talk about the "ancient and modern hermit poet sect" - Tao Qian, please pay attention!
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