"Mencius" Detailed Interpretation 63 Teng Wen Gong Shang 3 Civil Irrepressible Also 2 (Watermelon Video Synchronization)

5.3 Civil cannot be suspended

5.3.2 [sic]

Make Bi Zhan ask the well (1).

Mencius said: "The king of the son will practice benevolent government, choose and make the son, and the son will be encouraged (2)." Fu Renzheng must begin with the meridians: the meridians are not correct, the wells are uneven, and the valleys are uneven (3). It is the tyrant who will slow down his meridians (4). The meridian is correct, and the division of the field can be sat and determined (5). Futen is small and will be a gentleman and a savage (6). No gentleman Mo Zhi Savage, no Savage Mo Yang Gentleman (7). Ask Nozomi to help, and the tithe in the country is self-appointed (8). There must be Guitian below the Qing, and Guitian is fifty acres (9). Twenty-five acres (10). Death does not leave the country (11). The countryside is the same well, the people are in and out of each other, they are friendly, they are watching out for each other, and the disease is supported by each other--then the people are friendly (12). Fang Li and well, well nine hundred acres (13). Among them, it is public land, and the eight families are privately owned for 100 acres, and the same public land is raised (14). After finishing official business, he then dared to govern private affairs (15)--so don't be wild people (16). This is also roughly the same, if the husband runs the zeze, then in the Jun and Zi Yi (17). ”

5.3.2 [General Interpretation]

Teng Wengong sent Bi Zhan to inquire about the implementation of the well field system.

Mencius said, "Your monarch intends to practice benevolent government, and you have to be sent through repeated screenings, and you must work hard." That line of benevolence must begin with the demarcation and determination of the field boundary: the field boundary is not correct, and the area of the well field is not equal. Therefore, the tyrant and the filthy officials must treat the division and determination of the boundaries of the fields with contempt. After the boundaries of the fields are clarified, the criteria for assigning Ida to determine the fenglu can be steadily implemented. The land area of the Country of Na Teng is not large, and it is necessary to support those who have official positions, and it is necessary to support those who do not have official positions. Without officials, there is no one to manage those in the opposition, and no one in the opposition to support those who have official positions. Please implement the law of assisting the nine families without official positions for the well and one public land, and implement the tax law in the city where they pay their own taxes. Nobles below the secretary of state must have a field for the sacrifice fee, and fifty acres of land for the sacrifice fee. Underage men were given twenty-five acres of land. Death does not leave the countryside. People from the same well field in the township land come and go in and out of each other, the guards look out to help each other, and take care of each other when they are sick--the people are close and harmonious with each other. The land within a radius of one mile is a well field, and each well field has nine hundred acres of land. The middle of the well field is public land, and the eight families have private land of one hundred acres and jointly cultivate public land. After the agricultural work of the public land is done, only then do they dare to do the agricultural work of the private land--this is also the way to distinguish those who do not have official positions. This is the general situation of the Ida system; as for the detailed operation plan for the implementation of the Ida system, it is up to the monarch and you. ”

5.3.2 [Notes]

(1) Make Bi Zhan ask about the well: Teng Wengong sent Bi Zhan to ask about the implementation of the well field system. Wellland, Ida. Ida was first seen in the "Gu Liang Chuan Xuan Gong Fifteen Years": "The ancients took three hundred steps as a mile, known as Ida" "Ida, 900 acres, Gongtian juyi." "The ida system of the Shang and Zhou dynasties came because of the summer. In the process of implementation of the well field system, there have been developments and changes from content to form, and there have been two main models of eight wells and public fields and nine husbands for wells and no public fields.

(2) The king of the son will practice benevolent government, choose and make the son, and the son will be encouraged: your monarch intends to implement benevolent government, and repeated screening will send you, and you must work hard. Choose, pick and choose, choose and choose. And, it is equivalent to "talent". Reluctantly, work hard.

(3) Fu Renzheng must start from the meridian boundary: the economic boundary is not correct, the well land is uneven, and the valley is uneven: that line of benevolence must start from the division to determine the field boundary: the field boundary is not correct, and the area of the well field is not equal. Meridians, the demarcation of land or territory, as verbs, divide and determine the demarcation of land or territory. Equal, equal. Gu Lu ( 谷禄 , 俸禄 ) , in ancient times , measured the level of the grain in terms of the amount of grain. Flat, equal, as high.

(4) It is therefore that the tyrant filthy officials must slow down their boundaries: therefore the tyrants and filthy officials must treat the division and determination of the boundaries of the fields with contempt. Slow, verb, treated lightly, willfully.

(5) The boundaries of the economy are correct, and the division of the field system can be determined: after the boundaries of the fields are clarified, the criteria for assigning Ida to determine the Lulu can be steadily implemented. Both positive and clear. To determine the standards and methods for the issuance of Lulu. Sit, sit safely. And, the equivalent of "... ground". Determined, determined, implemented.

(6) If the land of Futen is small, it will be a gentleman's land, and it will be a savage: the land area of the State of Naten is small, and it is necessary to feed those who have official positions, and to feed those who do not have official positions by virtue of this. The loam is small and the land area is small. For, pronounced wéi, feed. A gentleman, an official, a man with an official position. 焉, adjunct, therefore, "by this" and "by it". Savages, people in the opposition, people without official positions.

(7) No gentleman Mo Zhi Savage, no Savage Mo Yang Junzi: Without an official, there is no one to manage the people in the opposition, and without the people in the opposition, there is no one to support the people who have official positions. Mo, no one, no one. Governance, management. Raise, feed.

(8) Ask for the help of Ye Jiuyi, and the tithe in the middle of the country is self-appointed: Please implement the law of aiding the nine families without official positions for the well and one public land, and implement the tax law in the city where they pay their own taxes. Please, please implement. Wild, in the opposition, not an official. Nine one and help, nine families out of a public land to help. Kingdom, capital city. Tithe, ten pumps a tax law. Self-financing, pay your own taxes.

(9) There must be Guitian below the Qing, and the Guitian must be fifty acres: the nobles below the Qing must have the fields for the sacrifice fees, and the fields for the sacrifice expenses must be fifty mu. Below the secretary of state, refers to those who enjoy the treatment of nobility, including secretaries, doctors and scholars. Guitian, a field used by ancient secretaries, doctors, and priests for sacrifice.

(10) Twenty-five acres of yufu: Underage men give twenty-five acres of land. Yufu, a man who does not enjoy the land, in this case refers to a man who has not reached the age of enjoying Ida. Twenty-five acres, as a verb, give twenty-five acres of land.

(11) Death does not leave the countryside: Death does not leave the township. Death, death. Migrate, relocate.

(12) The township and the well come and go to make friends, watch over each other, and support each other with the disease - then the people are close: the people are close to each other: the people in and out of the same well on the township land are accompanied by each other, the guards look forward to helping each other, and the sick take care of each other - the people are close and harmonious. Same well, same well, refers to the same well field people. Phase, mutual. Friend, verb, make friends, partner. Watch, watch over. The dash is equivalent to "in this case".

(13) Square and well, well 900 acres: The land within a radius of one mile is a well field, and each well field has 900 acres of land. Square, one mile to square, one mile to square. And, just. The former "well", as a verb, counts as a well; the latter "well", the noun, each well.

(14) Among them, there are public lands, and the eight families are all privately owned 100 acres, and the same public land is raised: the middle of the well field is public land, and the eight families have private land of 100 acres, and jointly cultivate public land. Among them, that Ida in the middle. Private, as a verb, has a private field. Maintenance, maintenance, that is, tillage maintenance.

(15) After completing official affairs, then dare to manage private affairs: after the agricultural work of the public fields is completed, only after this dares to do the agricultural work of the private fields. Public affairs, agricultural affairs of public land, public affairs. Bi, done. Govern, manage, serve.

(16) - So don't be savages too: - This is also the way to distinguish between those who do not have official positions. This sentence is a judgment sentence, and this sentence is a general summary of the previous explanation of the Ida system. The dash is equivalent to "look at it from another angle" and "the benefit of doing so is". So...... approach.

(17) Roughly, if you are in the Company, then in the Jun and Zi: this is the general situation of the Ida system; as for the detailed operation plan for the implementation of the Ida system, it is up to the monarch and you. It refers to the Ida system. Roughly, roughly. Joph, as for. Moisturize, for... Moisturize, for... Develop a detailed plan. It refers to the Ida system.

5.3.2 [Interpretation and Review]

If, earlier in this chapter, Mencius's advice in answering Teng Wen's question on the strategy of governing the country was to give the people a permanent property and the people to persevere: the implementation of assistance is the best form of thorough law, and attention is paid to educating mingren, Mencius's answer to Bi Zhan's question is specifically to Ida's explanation.

If you read this chapter, you will know what is going on in Ida. By the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, the land system of Ida had been destroyed by the tyrannical monarchs. In an agrarian society, the peasants had a very close relationship with the land; the feudal lordship relationship made the payment of taxes a very important management issue. Mencius actively advocated and vigorously propagated the well field system, which was of positive significance to maintaining feudal rule and ensuring the people's stable life. The well field system is actually a form of individual contracting for the public ownership of land. Of course, Mencius's ida system is temporary, does not adapt to the dynamics of the population, and is impossible to achieve. In the same way, the form of contracting for dividing the land and doing it alone also involves policy issues such as dynamics and continuation.