Text|Contains winter and summer
Edit|Contains winter and summer
According to the Book of Zhou, the Turkic name comes from "Jinshan resembles a Dou Gong, and its common name is 'Turkic' because it is called Yan", and then "after several generations, it is related to the cave and subordinate to Ruru", becoming a "ironworker" of Rouran.
In June of the 17th year of the unification of the Western Wei Dynasty in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Turkic head of the territory made peace with Princess Changle of the Western Wei Dynasty, which was the beginning of the peace between the Turks and the Central Plains. In the fifth year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty sent an envoy to the Turkic place to greet Princess Ashina. In March of the third year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Turkic Princess Ashina, escorted by the greeting envoy, went to Chang'an to marry Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
Therefore, through relevant historical materials, it is found that during the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Turks established a close relationship with the Western Wei and Northern Zhou dynasties of the Northern and Southern Dynasties.
The north and south are facing the west and the princess of Wei Changle is out of the background
During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, due to the imbalance in the strength and status of the Turks and Rouran, Rouran refused to make peace with the Turks. Later, the harmonious relationship between the Turks and the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Wei Dynasty led to a change in the strength and status of the Turks and Rouran. According to the Book of Zhou, Princess Changle of the Western Wei Dynasty was the first princess of the Central Plains regime to make peace with the Turks, and the establishment of a military alliance between the Western Wei and the Turks had an important impact on the decline of Rouran, and thus created a precedent for the Central Plains regime to make peace with the Turks, providing an important reference for the peace of the later regimes.
There are a variety of views in the academic circles on the background of the Turkic leader's proposal to the Western Wei Dynasty, one is represented by Cui Mingde, which can be summarized as the seventeenth year of the unification of the Western Wei Dynasty, the Turks cooperated with Tiele to launch an attack on Rouran, and captured more than 50,000 people of Rouran, and then took the opportunity to propose peace to Rouran, and after being refused, turned to the Western Wei Dynasty to propose marriage, and was hired as the princess of Changle.
Another point of view, represented by Bao Wensheng, summarizes the second point of view, in the twelfth year of the unification of the Western Wei Dynasty, the Turkic Tumen blocked the attack of the Tiele tribes on Rouran, and captured more than 50,000 Tiele tribes, and then proposed to Rouran with the help of merit and strength, but was refused. In the seventeenth year of the unification of the Western Wei Dynasty, the Turks turned to peace with the Western Wei Dynasty. In the first year of the abolition of the emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty, Tumen led his troops to attack Rouran.
Comparing the above two views, it can be seen that, on the one hand, the two views have different positions on Turkic warfare, the first view is that the Turks rebelled against Rouran together with the help of Tieler, and the second view is that the Turks helped Rouran to put down the rebellion for identity reasons. On the other hand, the two views have different views on the time when the war occurred, the first view is that the war took place in the 17th year of the Great Unification of the Western Wei Dynasty, and the second view is that the war took place in the 12th year of the Great Unification of the Western Wei Dynasty. Because of the difference between these two views, there is no comparison and verification of historical materials.
By establishing friendly relations with the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Wei Dynasty, the Turks strengthened their own strength and had reliable foreign aid, laying the foundation for defeating Rouran and becoming the overlord of the Mongolian steppe. The Western Wei also stabilized the frontier and strengthened its strength to compete with the Eastern Wei through the establishment of a marriage relationship. It can be seen that through the way of harmony, the Western Wei and the Turks consolidated their interdependence.
The Turkic princess Ashina entered the fortress
In order to strengthen their own strength, the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Northern Zhou and the Northern Qi vied with each other to establish peaceful relations with the Turks in order to establish and consolidate military alliances. Princess Ashina of the Turks is in such a historical background, she can be called a princess because of the identity of the daughter of the Turkic leader, or because she married Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty for the sake of being called the queen, here unified as the princess of Ashina.
Initially, when Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty of the Southern and Northern Dynasties was alive, "I Jin Xu Jin was a daughter in Taizu", and the Taizu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty died suddenly, which delayed the peace from the Western Wei to the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Princess Ashina entered the fortress and became close, strengthening the military alliance between the Northern Zhou and the Turks, and the Turks received generous gifts and ensured the stability of the Northern Zhou border to a certain extent.
Most of the existing studies on Princess Ashina's entry into the Northern Qi Dynasty focus on the war process of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Turkic joint attack on the Northern Qi Dynasty before the entry into the Northern Qi Dynasty, the process of arguing on the basis of reason after the Northern Zhou Dynasty envoy was detained in Baoding in the fifth year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the vacillating attitude of the Turkic wooden pole Khan in the interests of both sides.
However, the time when the Turkic wooden pole Khan and the Northern Zhou Taizu agreed on a peace relationship, the official time of Princess Ashina's marriage, and the composition and reasons of the welcoming team need to be further explored. Related studies include the failure of the Turkic alliance with the Northern Zhou to the Northern Qi attack on the Northern Qi from the third year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the fourth year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and the Turkic desire to perfidiously unite with the Northern Qi Dynasty and detain the envoys of the Northern Zhou Dynasty from the fifth year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the third year of the Northern Zhou Dynasty.
The wooden pole Khan and Taizu set a marriage time test. First of all, the time of peace between the Turkic Wooden Pole Khan and the Northern Zhou Taizu should be both during the reign of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty and during the lifetime of the Taizu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. "Book of Zhou" records that "at the beginning, Emperor Wei Gong", Tong Jin and Taizu agreed to make peace, and because the "deed is not decided" Taizu died in Yunyang Palace. According to the three years of the abolition of the emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, "Taizu and the Gongqing agreed to abolish the emperor and respect the king of Qi, which is for Emperor Gong", the first year of Emperor Xiaomin of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Dinghai day of December, "Emperor Wei edict to the land of Qiyang to seal the emperor as the Duke of Zhou."
Gengzi, Chan is located in the emperor", it can be seen that the reign of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty was between the third year of the abolition of the Emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty and the first year of Emperor Xiaomin of the Northern Zhou Dynasty. According to the Yihai day of winter October, "collapsed in Yunyang Palace, and Chang'an mourned." It can be known that Taizu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty died in the third year of Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty, and the Yihai day of the winter and October, so the time for the Turkic Wooden Pole Khan and the Taizu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty to agree on peace should be between the third year of the abolition of the Emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty and the Yihai day of the winter and October of the third year of the Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty.
Because the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Qi Dynasty "competed", the Northern Zhou Dynasty "befriended the Turks for foreign aid". Due to strategic considerations and other factors, after the collapse of "Taizu", Gaozu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty continued to make peace with the Khan of the wooden pole. This time the relationship can be described as a long and difficult road. The Northern Zhou Dynasty and the Turks "did not have time to settle", and the Northern Qi Dynasty also sent envoys with generous gifts to the Turks to seek peace opportunities. The wooden pole Khan was "greedy for the thickness of his coin" and began to hesitate.
In the third year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Zhou Dynasty sent Yang Jian, Wang Qing and others to Dingqin, and the pro-envoys through the way of "edict to faith", coupled with natural disasters, let the wooden pole Khan "make a marriage without Qi envoys", and conspire with the Eastern Expedition. From the third year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty to the fourth year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the Turks and the Northern Zhou Dynasty jointly attacked the Northern Qi many times, all of which ended in failure. This made Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty even more eager to make peace with the Turks as soon as possible and further consolidate the military alliance with the Turks, in order to achieve success in the conquest of the Northern Qi.
The composition and reasons of the Northern Zhou greeting personnel. Regarding the composition of the Northern Zhou Dynasty's greeting personnel, in addition to the emperor's book part of the official history, it is also recorded in the biography part. According to the records of "Book of Zhou", "Book of Sui" and "Northern History", in the fifth year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty ordered "Chen Guogongchun, Xu Guogongyu Wengui, Shenwu Gongdou Yi, Nanyang Gongyang Gongyang, etc." to go to the Turkic tent as envoys. Wang Qingyin has experience, "Fu and Yuwengui make the Turkic rebel woman." ”
Zhao Wenbiao "made the Turks from Yuwen Gui and welcomed the queen", responsible for managing and pro-etiquette. Li Xiong "was followed by the Turks from Chen Wangchun. Xin Yanzhi was sent to welcome the Turkic queen back. It can be known that in the fifth year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty sent the people who went to the Turks to greet Princess Ashina mainly including Yu Wenchun, Yu Wengui, Dou Yi, Yang Jian, Wang Qing, Zhao Wenbiao, Li Xiong, Xin Yanzhi and others.
After that, the selection of people to welcome relatives was also carefully selected, and most of them had unique abilities and experiences, such as Wang Qing's experience in envoying to the northern nomads and strong diplomatic ability. According to the second year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Wang Qing sent an envoy to Tuyuhun to discuss reconciliation matters, which made the "Hun lord satisfied". Zhao Wenbiao was proficient in the etiquette system, so he "entered and stopped the ritual notes, and all made the text and the table canon". Yang Jian has experience with Rouran and pro.
In the first year of the unification of the Western Wei Dynasty, Emperor Wen sent him as an envoy. In addition, most of the people who greeted relatives were important officials in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, such as Yu Wenchun, in the first year of Wucheng in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, he had already "sealed Chen Guogong and 10,000 households". Dou Yi also has the important identity of "being a relative of honor and dignity". It can be found that in order to ensure the smooth progress of harmony, in addition to carrying a rich dowry, the team is huge, and the personnel selected by the Northern Zhou Dynasty also have particularity, the envoys are mostly in high positions, and some personnel have rich experience in envoys and are proficient in the etiquette system.
Formal and pro-time exams. On the question of formal and pro-time. In the fifth year of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the welcome was not smooth. Due to the reason that the Northern Qi Dynasty also courted relatives, the Turkic wooden pole Khan "still has two ambitions", and this time he welcomed his party, except for Yu Wengui and others who returned early for physical reasons. The others were held by the Turks for three years, and at one point were even in danger of being escorted to the Northern Qi Dynasty. Later, due to the sudden "wind and thunder" bad weather, the tent inhabited by the Turks was blown away, and the envoys of the relatives "told them to be faithful", the wooden pole Khan was invited to let the Northern Zhou Yingqin and his party pick up Princess Ashina to embark on the return journey.
In order to ensure that nothing goes wrong, on the way back, it is also arranged as well as possible, and Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty deliberately "edicted the expedition and the general Wang Jie led the crowd to welcome and defend the head of the realm". Zhao Wenbiao also tried his best to shorten the return time, when the Turkic envoy Luo Moyuan "entrusted the horse to thin Xu Xing", Zhao Wenbiao urged for reasons such as Tuyuhun and other possible sneak attacks, so he "doubled the way" and did not delay too much.
According to the relevant historical materials such as "Northern History" and "Shufu Yuangui", it can be known that on the Northern Zhou Day and the third year of March, Princess Ashina and her party arrived in Beijing. Therefore, the official marriage time should be on the day of the Northern Zhou Dynasty and the third year of March, rather than the Northern Zhou Day and the second year. After arriving in Beijing, "Emperor Wu received a personal greeting gift", and his envoys were also rewarded and promoted. From the beginning of the Northern Zhou Dynasty Taizu to the official marriage of Gaozu, the more than ten years of Northern Zhou and Turkic peace process can be regarded as officially completed.
On the Wuxu day of May in the first year of Xuanzheng of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, Emperor Xuan succeeded to the throne, and Princess Ashina was respected as the queen mother. In February of the first year of the elephant of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, "it was changed to the Empress Dowager of Tianyuan." In February of the second year of the elephant of the Northern Zhou Dynasty, "he was also called the Empress Dowager of Tianyuan". After Emperor Jing of the Northern Zhou Dynasty succeeded to the throne, he was "honored as the empress dowager." In the second year of Emperor Kaihuang of Sui, Princess Ashina, who was only thirty-two years old, died.
After the Turkic princess Ashina reconciled, the Northern Zhou Dynasty still implemented the preferential treatment of the Turks, giving the Turks "100,000 pieces of silk and silk" every year, and treating the "Turkic teachers in Beijing" with preferential gifts. At the same time, the Northern Qi Dynasty also "poured the government to give it", because the Northern Qi and the Northern Zhou Dynasty competed to give generous gifts to the Turks, so the Turkic Tuobo Khan once proudly declared that "there is no evil to worry about".
At the end of the Western Wei Dynasty of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the Turkic Wooden Pole Khan and the Northern Zhou Taizu agreed that the time of peace should be between the third year of the abolition of the Emperor of the Western Wei Dynasty and the third year of the Emperor Gong of the Western Wei Dynasty. The official time of the arrival of the Turkic princess Ashina in Beijing should be on the Northern Zhou Day and the third year of the March Lunar New Year. In the five years of Baoding in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, the envoys who participated in welcoming relatives mainly included Yu Wenchun, Yu Wengui, Dou Yi, Yang Jian, Wang Qing, Zhao Wenbiao, Li Xiong, Xin Yanzhi and others. In order to ensure the smooth progress of the peace process, the prerequisites for the selection of envoys and pro-envoys should include considerations such as the position of the envoy, the experience of the envoy, and the familiarity with the etiquette and legal system.
epilogue
Harmony is generally a marriage between two regimes for political, economic, cultural and other reasons, and to a certain extent, harmony has played a role in stabilizing borders, enhancing military strength, and promoting cultural exchanges.
By combing through the relevant historical materials, the background of the war between the Turks and Tiele before the princess Changle of the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Wei Dynasty went out of the fortress, the time when the Turkic wooden pole Khan and the Taizu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty were married, the composition and reasons for welcoming Princess Ashina and the pro-envoy, and the time when Princess Ashina and Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty made formal peace.