#头条创作挑战赛 #
01
Does "battlefield yellowflower" refer to chrysanthemum?
Life is easy to grow old, and the years are heavy. Now it is heavy and sunny, and the yellow flowers of the battlefield are particularly fragrant.
The annual autumn breeze is strong, not like spring. Like spring light, the sky is frosty.
This is Chairman Mao's "Caisangzi Chongyang" written in October 1929.
In October 1927, the Red Army arrived in Jinggangshan to establish a revolutionary base area. In the following year or so, the ranks of the Red Army continued to grow, and the base areas continued to consolidate and develop. From February to October 1929, Chairman Mao personally led the Red Army from Jinggangshan to fight at the junction of the three provinces of Gansu, Guangdong and Fujian, and fought many victories, thus establishing the revolutionary base area in southern Gannan and the revolutionary base area in western Fujian. Chairman Mao spent most of his time in the battlefield. On the day of Chongyang Festival, Chairman Mao was in the base area of western Fujian, and the experience of the Red Army's transfer to war made him extremely emotional, so he wrote this poem with the title "Chongyang", borrowing the description of the autumn scenery of the battlefield to express his revolutionary pride.
A great feature of Chairman Mao's poetry is that it is bold and open-minded. Throughout the ages, there have been many poems that sing about life, but most of them have "pessimistic colors". Chen Ziang's "Dengyouzhou Tai" is a typical example: "I don't see the ancients before, and I don't see the comers later." Thinking of heaven and earth, I cried alone. Cao Cao is an all-round talent in literature and martial arts, but he also has the feeling of "wine as a song, life is geometric". Chairman Mao is not like this, no matter what the situation, his poetry has a unique spirit of uplifting.
The poem "Qinyuan Spring Changsha" also describes the "autumn artistic conception": "Independence in the cold autumn, Xiangjiang River goes north, orange continent head." Look at the red mountains and the layers of forests," a few words describe the artistic conception of late autumn, giving people a sense of vastness. Chairman Mao turned his pen and wrote: "If you ask the vast earth, who is the lord of the ups and downs?" "Impressive. The last line of the poem: "To the middle of the stream to hit the water, the waves to stop the flying boat." "Borrowing the autumn scene and symbolism, it vividly expresses the top gun of a generation of revolutionary youth.
The psalmist begins: "Life is easy and it is difficult to grow old." "Life is easy to age" is an objective phenomenon, but the universe and nature are long-term existences, constantly developing and changing. Therefore, "life" is short compared to "days". The poet does not evade this objective fact, but emphasizes that man is consistent with the change of objective laws, and no matter how the objective laws change, people must survive with vigor: "The years are heavy." Now it's heavy again. "When the Chongyang Festival comes, how should revolutionaries spend it?" Battlefield yellow flowers are very fragrant"!
The second half of the poem describes the strength of the autumn breeze.
Several of Chairman Mao's poems describe autumn, from which it can be seen that Chairman Mao liked autumn. It is worth noting that Chairman Mao's description of autumn is unique. In classical literature, autumn is always associated with the consciousness of "sad autumn". For example, Du Fu's "Eight Songs of Autumn Xing" begins: "Jade dew withers the maple forest, Wushan Wuxia qi Xiaosen." "In just a few words, the sad atmosphere of autumn is well depicted. However, Chairman Mao compared the autumn scene to "spring light", although it is not spring, but it is better than spring, looking at the river and the clouds, it seems so broad and lofty; Looking at the thousands of miles, the frosted trees show different colors, which is so brilliant and colorful. In this poem, Chairman Mao depicted the autumn scene more colorful than the bright spring, expressing his revolutionary pride, and at the same time showing his spectacular scene of the vigorous development of the revolutionary base areas and his praise for the bright prospects for the future.
On the whole, this poem is clear and far-reaching. Every excerpt is a classic, and the poetry contains deep philosophy.
In "Caisangzi Chongyang", what can represent the inner spirit of this poem is the sentence "battlefield yellow flowers are particularly fragrant".
In contrast to "life" are the objective outside world: "Tian", "Chongyang", "Battlefield", "Autumn Breeze", "Spring Light", "Jiang Tian", "Wanli Frost". Objective laws cannot be changed, but people can control and change their own destiny, so the poet pointed out the theme of the poem as "battlefield yellow flowers are extraordinarily fragrant" - revolutionaries fight for human ideals, and the yellow flowers on the battlefield bloom so brilliantly, more fragrant than usual.
There is a question here: what kind of flower does the poet refer to by "yellow flower"?
The interpretation of literary works is generally associated with the "scene" described in the work. The poem describes the "Chongyang Festival". The ancients used to watch chrysanthemums during the Chongyang Festival. "Lü's Spring and Autumn Ji Qiu Ji": "The Moon of Ji Qiu... Chrysanthemum has yellow flowers. Therefore, "yellow flower" here means "chrysanthemum". In the "Appreciation of Mao Zedong's Poems" edited by Zang Kejia, it is explained as follows: "Yellow flowers refer to chrysanthemums, and the main varieties of ancient chrysanthemums on the mainland are yellow. Writer Wei Wei also pointed out when reading "Caisangzi Chongyang" that battlefield yellow flowers are "chrysanthemums in the battlefield". In other interpretations, "yellow flower" refers to chrysanthemums, wild chrysanthemums, or yellow wildflowers.
This is a relatively common view in the literary world. So, is there another interpretation?
At the beginning of the new century, the calligrapher Shu Guan Guan provided a historical document: his father Shu Tong had a conversation with Chairman Mao and proposed another interpretation...
02
"Red Army calligrapher" Shu Tong: Chairman Mao's "battlefield yellow flowers" refers to something else
Shu Tong is a native of Dongxiang, Jiangxi.
Born in 1905.
In 1930, he joined the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army and experienced a 25,000-mile long march.
As an old revolutionary, Shu Tong is probably known to readers for his calligraphy. Shu Tong's article is well written, and the font is even more unique.
It was famous back in the time of the Red Army.
There is such a story:
In order to unite in the war of resistance, Chairman Mao decided to invite a former Qing Hanlin named Xiao Zhibao to work in the border region. But several invitations were rejected by him. Xiao Zhibao said: "The Red Army is very good, but they are all soldiers and fight, I am a cultural person, I can't talk about it!" When Chairman Mao heard this, he asked Shu Tong to write him a letter in the name of the Red Army to publicize the idea of the anti-Japanese united front. After receiving this letter, this "Mr. Hanlin" finally agreed to "go out of the mountain", saying: "This letter is not only beautifully written, but also better written than mine, and there are really many talents in the Red Army!" Chairman Mao was very happy when he heard this, and praised Shu Tong as a "Red Army calligrapher."
On the one hand, this example shows that Chairman Mao paid attention to talent; On the other hand, it shows that he appreciates Shu Tong's calligraphy and writing.
In 1932, the Zhangzhou Campaign began, and Chairman Mao personally commanded the battle, showing outstanding military command skills. On 16 April, Chairman Mao held a military conference in Mashan, attended by Luo Ronghuan, Nie Rongzhen, and others, and after listening to the reconnaissance report, Chairman Mao proposed that the enemy's left flank should first contain the enemy's left flank, concentrate troops to eat the weak forces on the right flank, and then detour back to Jingcheng, surround Yang Fengnian's brigade, and completely annihilate the enemy.
Under the command of Chairman Mao, the Battle of Zhangzhou achieved a major victory. In one fell swoop, most of the enemy's 46th Division was annihilated, more than 1,670 people below the deputy brigade commander of the enemy were captured, and more than 2,100 guns, 6 cannons, more than 130,000 rounds of ammunition, 1 radio, and 2 aircraft were captured. Chairman Mao's military talents were brought into full play, and his strategy and tactics won the support and support of the commanders and fighters of the Red Army.
After the Battle of Zhangzhou, 27-year-old Shu Tong commanded Red Army soldiers to clean up the battlefield. The position was still filled with gunsmoke, and Chairman Mao came to the position. When he saw Shu at the same time, he quickly walked over and grabbed his hand and said, "You are Comrade Shu Tong, I have known you for a long time." I have read your articles and seen the words you write. "Chairman Mao was a revolutionary, a military strategist, a thinker, and he was a calligrapher and poet, so he was very concerned about Shu Tong, who also liked to write articles and calligraphy well, and praised his articles and calligraphy for writing well.
Subsequently, Shu Tong reported the battle to Chairman Mao, who from time to time lamented the heroic deeds of the Red Army soldiers. When they reached the top of the mountain where the battle was most intense, Chairman Mao suddenly bent down to grab a handful of scorched earth, and slowly stretched out his hand, and saw several copper bullet casings peeking out of the scorched earth, shining in the light of the setting sun. Chairman Mao said affectionately: "This is the battlefield yellow flower!" ”
Shu Tong was deeply impressed by Chairman Mao's great revolutionary spirit and rich and delicate emotional world. As the leader of the people, Chairman Mao led the Red Army through hardships and dangers, and commanded the Red Army to victory with superb military art. On the Chongyang Festival in 1929, Chairman Mao composed the poem "Caisangzi Chongyang" in the revolutionary base area of western Fujian, leaving the famous phrase "yellow flowers in the battlefield are extraordinarily fragrant" and expressing the fearless spirit of revolutionaries in pursuing ideals. Three years later, the battle of Zhangzhou achieved another major victory, and it turned out that the "battlefield yellow flower" was a bullet casing!
Many of Chairman Mao's poems were written during the revolutionary war years, most of them circulated among the revolutionary ranks, and it was many years after they were officially published.
In the May 1962 issue of People's Literature, Chairman Mao's "Caisangzi Chongyang" was officially published, which attracted widespread attention from readers, and Chairman Mao's poems became more and more popular and loved by readers. Many experts and scholars began to interpret Chairman Mao's poems. Years later, when Shu Tong and his son Shu Guan Guan talked about Chairman Mao's "Caisangzi Chongyang", they told him about the accurate understanding of the "battlefield yellow flower":
There is a line in Chairman Mao's poem: "Battlefield yellow flowers are fragrant." Later experts and scholars often interpreted it as chrysanthemum or cauliflower. But my father told me that Chairman Mao's "battlefield yellow flowers" meant something else.
"Battlefield yellow flower" does not really refer to a specific flower, but a metaphor, comparing the copper bullet casings left by Red Army soldiers fighting the enemy on the battlefield as "yellow flowers". The ancients watched chrysanthemums on the day of Chongyang Festival, and revolutionaries hit the enemy with bullets on the day of Chongyang Festival, and this copper bullet casing was scattered on the battlefield, like yellow flowers! Life is easy to die, revolutionaries fight "only the day" for the ideal of mankind, the poet not only describes the scene of autumn in the Chongyang Festival battlefield, but also uses this as a metaphor for the great situation of revolutionary development.
03
"Battlefield yellow flower": Is it better to interpret it as "chrysanthemum" or "bullet casing"?
Art comes from life above life.
Classical Chinese poetry pays attention to discipline, and it is especially difficult to write well.
In 1965, Marshal Chen Yi sent his poem to Chairman Mao, asking for correction. Chairman Mao wrote a letter to Chen Yi talking about the "image thinking" of art. Chairman Mao said: "Poetry should be thought with images, and cannot be said as directly as prose, so the two methods of comparison and development cannot be used." ”
What is Bi and Xing?
"Compare with the other, compare with the other."
"He who rejoices, presuppose other things to cause the words that are sung."
"Comparison" is a metaphor, using this object to another object; "Xing" is "borrowing lyricism", first expressing another "thing" to express one's emotions. There are many "bixing" techniques in Chairman Mao's poetry.
Taking "Bodhisattva Man Da Baidi" as an example, the poet begins by writing: "Red orange, yellow, green, blue and purple, who holds the color to practice the empty dance?" "Comparing the rainbow to dancing silk is the poet's way of giving life to the rainbow, not that the rainbow is really flying in the air, but that the poet has sprouted the pride of revolutionary struggle after experiencing hardships and twists and turns, and this emotion fills the mountains and rivers. The subsequent sentence "Guanshan bursts of sky" is to show that although the dark clouds have not yet dissipated, Guanshan is still there, and the slanting sun is just right, which cannot cover the green of Guanshan. The poet borrows the majesty of Guanshan to express that despite the setbacks of the revolution, he still feels bright about the future: the people are the creators of history, and justice will eventually triumph!
After the above analysis, let's look at the term "Caisangzi Chongyang", the poet also uses the technique of "comparison and prosperity": "autumn wind" and "spring light", and the technique of "comparison" is compared to "enemy" and "spring light" is compared to the situation of revolutionary development. Although the enemy is fierce, it is only through revolutionary struggle that "spring" can be ushered in, which is an indispensable process; When the "autumn breeze" comes, the "vast Jiangtian" is covered with "thousands of miles of frost", but no matter how the "frost" is destroyed, it still cannot change the vastness of the "Jiangtian", and the revolutionaries struggle to pursue ideals and achieve final victory, this process must be magnificent! This is the technique of "Xing" used. Similarly, the "yellow flower" written by the poet cannot be "simply" considered to be a specific "flower": chrysanthemums, wildflowers, cauliflower, but a "metaphor", which is "compared to this thing by another thing", "this thing" is "yellow flower", so what about "other things"? I think it is the accurate understanding that Shu Tong got from Chairman Mao: "yellow flowers" are bullet casings!
Therefore, the accurate interpretation should be: yellow flower, refers to the copper bullet casings of Red Army soldiers fighting the enemy scattered on the battlefield, not a specific flower. The poet compares bullet casings to "yellow flowers", indicating that revolutionaries must go through arduous struggle in pursuit of human ideals, and this process of struggle is "extraordinarily fragrant"!
Chairman Mao wrote poetry very rigorously, first, he did not easily publish his own poetry, and constantly honed his words; Second, before the official publication, he often gave the poems to Guo Moruo, Zang Kejia and others to appreciate and revise until they were satisfied. The poem uses "image thinking" and "cannot be said directly like prose", so the "battlefield yellow flower" in "Caisangzi Chongyang" is not "directly speaking" a specific "flower", but "borrowing" the "other thing" of "yellow flower" to express the real "this thing": copper bullet casings!
Chairman Mao said: "Poetry is difficult and not easy to write. Those who experience it are like fish drinking water, cold and warm self-knowledge, not enough for outsiders. (Letter to Hu Qiaomu, September 7, 1959) It is difficult to write poetry, and it is certainly not easy to interpret poetry, because the interpreter is an "outsider" after all, and without the author's personal experience, it will inevitably lead to deviations in interpretation.
Of course, literary works are "image thinking", not scientific judgments and standards like "rational thinking", and when we interpret the "battlefield yellow flower" in "Caisangzi Chongyang", it is not impossible to interpret the yellow flower as a chrysanthemum. But I think another meaning should be added: "yellow flower" refers to the copper bullet casings scattered on the battlefield after the Red Army soldiers hit the enemy. This meaning is undoubtedly more profound than saying a "flower" directly!
Friends, how do you think Chairman Mao's "battlefield yellow flowers" should be better explained?