Second, the overview of Bayu's poetry and songs

(1) Bayu poems

1. The source of Bayu poetry

According to the Huayang Guozhi Bazhi, "King Wu of Zhou, the master of Shide Bashu, wrote according to the Book of Shang. Ba Shi yongrui, singing and dancing to Ling Yinren, former disciples turned against each other, so the world called the day "King Wu cut down the silk, before the song and after the dance' also. ”

This is the earliest record of Bayu song and dance in historical books. Unfortunately, I didn't see the lyrics. Reviewing the Book of Shang, the "Pastoral Oath" records that there were eight ethnic groups of "Yong, Shu, Qiang, Qi, Wei, Lu, Peng, and Pu" who participated in the wu king's cutting, but there was no "Ba"; but the Commentators believed that the location of the eight ethnic groups was the southwest, of which there should be the Ba.

The "Ba Zhi" also contains: After the Emperor, the barbarians of the plate shield are "brave by nature, initially han forwards, trapped in battle, sharp and good at dancing." Emperor Liu Bang (劉劉) Shan Zhi said, "This Song of the King of Wu is also." It is for musicians to learn, and now the so-called 'Bayu Dance' is also. "It can be seen that bayu dance has a long history. It originated in the ancient Bayu land, retaining the artistic characteristics of early human beings, poetry and music, dance trinity, is a popular way of entertainment for folk. Although it is difficult to know the specific content of Bayu's lyrics, as well as its specific musical tunes and dance forms, through the above ancient books, it is still possible to imagine the masculinity embodied in the performance of Bayu dance.

2. Bayu Lefu folk songs

The tone of the creation of Lefu folk songs is "feeling the joy of mourning, and the cause of events" (Hanshu Yiwenzhi). Bayu folk songs are no exception. Northern Wei Li Daoyuan recorded a widely circulated "Patong Fisherman's Song" in the "Water Jing Zhu Jiang Shui": "The Badong Three Gorges Wuxia is long, and the apes sing three tears." "Ancient and Modern Lefu" has "Daughter Son": "The three gorges of Padang are singing and mourning, and the apes are crying three times and staining their clothes with tears." Shen Deqian said, "Speaking of the sorrow of the ape's voice, it begins here." ("Ancient Poetry Sources") It seems that the two poems are identical in conception and artistic conception, and both describe the unique ape crying and mourning in the Three Gorges area, indicating that this kind of folk song belongs to the nature of collective creation. They are widely spread by mouth and ear, so the form of singing is diverse. The "Records of the Mountains and Rivers of Yidu" says: "The Forests of the Three Gorges are high and lush, the apes are singing until the Qing Dynasty, and the walkers hear it, and they do not cherish the soil, so the fishing song is sung." The singer is sad and sad, and the listener is overwhelmed. This side of the land is the place where the sons and daughters of Bayu in the Three Gorges region have lived and inhabited for generations, and the lament of mourning is the true portrayal of their lives.

Bayu Lefu is rooted in reality, reflects social problems, and exposes the shortcomings of the times. The children of Bayu have clear love and hatred, and they are grateful for the more. They hated corrupt officials and corrupt officials, and praised the clean officials who did good things for the people from the bottom of their hearts. For example, the "Fengba County Taishou Poem" said: "Obviously the heavens are heaven, and the lower earth is pro." After the emperor elected the Yuan, he asked for an anthem. Do not read, but the blessing is borne by man. May the king obey the commandments, but the virtues will be renewed. Because Because Berkshire was too conservative for many years, the people were dissatisfied with him and pretended to be this poem to exhort.

Another example is the "ThornBarshire Shou Poem":

The dogs barked noisily, and there were officials coming at the door. Cloaked and sent out, the house remembered to get money. Poor language begging period, the official's anger is reversed. Walking around the house, there is nothing to do at home. Thinking of borrowing from the neighbor, the neighbor has spoken ill of him. How rare is money, so that I am lonely.

This is the "real record" of the crime of robbing the people of the people of Ba County during the time of Emperor Xiaohuan of the Han Dynasty, when Li Sheng, a native of Henan, was greedy for money and heavy endowments, and the crime of plundering the people's fat and people's anointing. The common people have been forced to ruin their homes, begging for loans and losing nowhere. The poem exposes the greed and tyranny of the rulers, the people's bloody and tearful indictment of corrupt officials, and the ruthless criticism and ridicule of their cruel atrocities.

The children of Bayu are clearly distinguished between right and wrong. During the reign of Emperor An of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Chen Jishan, a native of Ba County, served as a lieutenant colonel and was a strict and upright man. There were Shan people (present-day Burma) who performed their skills at the Han court (presumably similar to performing magic tricks in present-day). Emperor An and the Manchu officials were relieved to see it, but Chen Jishan refused to watch it, believing that these demagogic side-doors should not be viewed at the imperial court. The Ba people sang in praise of Chen Jishan, saying:

The building room is loaded with straight beams, and the chinese people are honest. Evil entertainment does not look up, and it does not move wildly. The treacherous track is far away, and the reason and righteousness are in harmony with the people.

- "Ba Ren Song Chen Jishan"

Emperor Yongjian of han filial piety, there was Wu Zi, a Taishan man, who was the Taishou of Ba County. Wu Ziqin loves the people and has made great achievements in government. During his tenure as Taishou, Berkshire received numerous bountiful harvests. The Ba people were grateful to this qing official. Wrote a poem praising him:

Learn to the morning wind, the rain to moisten the seedlings. I am sorry for the affairs of the times, and I am a man of good grace.

Later, Wu Zi was transferred away at the end of his term of office, and the people sent him farewell, and they were in love and sincere. Song:

Looking far away, I wandered in sorrow. The grace is unforgettable, and the heart will always be cherished.

- "The People of Berkshire are Wu ZiGe"

Bayu Lefu folk songs have a long history, she is rooted in the folk, the local color is distinct, multi-disciplinary customs, lyrical folk feelings. The language is simple and condensed, generally based on five-word poems, whether it is narrative or romance, it is full of feelings. When commenting on the song of Han Le Fu, The Ming Dynasty Hu Yinglin said: "Picking Lu Yan is not by polishing; but the quality is not slang, shallow and deep, near and far, the world is the most literary, and it is too much!" (Shi Xue, vol. 1) This comment is also suitable for the evaluation of Bayu folk songs.

3. Tang Dynasty Bayu poems

3.1 Overview of Bayu poems of the Tang Dynasty

The Tang Dynasty was the golden age for the development of ancient Chinese poetry. During this period, the "poetry crowd" (Gao Tang's "Summary of Tang Poems"), famous artists, a wide range of themes, many genres, diverse styles, and brilliant achievements. Tang poetry is the pinnacle of classical Chinese poetry. The Tang Dynasty was also a period of development and prosperity for Bayu poetry.

The Bayu poems of the Tang Dynasty have undergone significant changes compared with the creation of the pre-Tang Dynasty. From the perspective of the theme of singing, landscape poetry has become a beautiful landscape, and masterpieces of singing the scenery of the Three Gorges, the beauty of Bayu Landscape, and the historical and cultural landscape have sprung up like mushrooms. At the same time, a large number of works reflecting the customs and customs of Bayu people and works of Yongshi Huaigu have appeared in large numbers, providing us with valuable materials for us to understand bayu in the Tang Dynasty. Judging from the objects and places of landscape poetry, the scope has been expanded. Although the poems conceived around the Three Gorges and the Goddess of Wushan continue unabated, there are also poems describing the landscapes and folk customs of Jiangzhou, Jialingjiang, Chungju, Wanzhou, Pengshui and other places. From the perspective of the main body of creation, famous poets of the Tang Dynasty such as Yang Jiong, Chen Ziang, Wang Wei, Meng Haoran, Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi, Liu Yuxi, Li He, Li Shangyin, etc. all had the experience of taking the Road or living in Bayu, and because of their joining the song, Bayu poetry appeared many popular masterpieces. Judging from the number of poetry creations, a large number of works have emerged, which can be unprecedented. Judging from the achievements of poetry creation, both the ideological content and the artistic level are far superior to the previous generation. It can be said that Bayu poetry followed the footsteps of the development of ancient Chinese poetry. It should be pointed out that although there are many poems in the pre-Tang Dynasty ancient inscription Lefu poem "Wushan Gao", they are all depictions of Wushan And three gorges, but these works are not necessarily the true feelings of poets visiting their places, so poetry often has a conceptual and formulaic tendency. Most of the Bayu poems of the Tang Dynasty express the poet's personal experience and unique feelings, casting the poet's own encounters and real emotions, so that they can move the reader more.

The prosperity and development of Bayu poetry was closely related to the wandering fashion of Tang dynasty poets. Tang Dynasty poets, before entering the shi, duoxi roamed. They generally take a positive and enterprising attitude and an open mind to visit the famous mountains and rivers and enjoy themselves. Li Bai's words may tell the mentality of most literati in the Tang Dynasty to visit the mountains and rivers: "This trip is not for the perch, but for the self-love of the famous mountain people in the middle" (Li Bai," "The First Descent of jingmen"). They often linger in the beautiful and magnificent mountains and rivers, and in the closeness to nature, they understand the interest of landscapes and rivers and capture the inspiration of poetry; in their closeness to nature, they broaden their horizons and broaden their insights; they cultivate sentiments and cultivate aesthetics in their closeness to nature.

The beautiful and spectacular scenery of the Three Gorges has attracted countless poets and made them fall for it, and the Three Gorges has become one of the best places for poets to visit and watch. Since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, there has been a saying that "all the people under the heavens have entered Shu". The so-called "Shu" here actually includes Bayu, because the literati used to call the Three Gorges in the territory of the Wushan Mountains also known as Shudi.

Shudi poets like Chen Ziang and Li Bai visiting Bayu can be described as "the first to get the moon near the water tower". Chen Ziang's footprints are all over Bayu, visiting various scenic spots in Bayu, leaving behind many masterpieces of landscape and water. For example, "Hezhou Jinkou Beishe Brother to Dongyang Gorge took advantage of the lack of time to have memories to show it", "Entering Dongyang Gorge and Li Mingfu Boat Before and After", "Wanzhou Xiao issued a boat to ride up and send Shu zhong relatives and friends", "White Emperor City Huaigu" and so on.

Li Bai entered the Three Gorges three times in his life, and he and the Three Gorges were even more indissoluble. In his youth, Li Bai, in order to seek a broad world and realize his ideal ambitions, went to the country with a sword and roamed out of Shu. He went down the river, took the road to the gate, and stopped along the way, enjoying the scenery along the way, and enjoyed it. In his later years, Li Bai was exiled to Yelang, and once again passed through the Three Gorges, feeling full of emotions and depression, and the scenery of the Three Gorges was all stained with the sad feelings of the poet. When he learned of the news of the amnesty, Li Bai was overjoyed, and he immediately dropped the ship to the east, went straight down to Jiangling, and wrote the "Chaofa White Emperor City" that has been sung for thousands of years: "Among the clouds of the White Emperor, the Thousand Mile Jiangling will be returned in one day." The apes on both sides of the strait could not stop crying, and the light boat had already passed through the Ten Thousand Heavy Mountains. ”

Foreign poets such as Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, Shen Qi, Meng Haoran, Wang Wei, Wang Changling, Gao Shi, Du Fu, Li Shangyin and other poets have all had the experience of visiting Bayu and left many poems describing the scenery and customs of Bayu's mountains and rivers. In particular, Du Fu lived in Bayu for two years and eight months, composing more than 470 poems, accounting for 1/3 of the total number of Du poems. Du Fu's "Chuzhou Poems" are a portrayal of the lonely life of the poet wandering in the southwest in his later years, and this period is also an important period for the mature and stereotyped style of Du Fu's poetry "depression and frustration". There is no doubt that these Bayu landscape poems are an important part of the Tang Dynasty landscape idylls.

The second reason for the prosperity of Bayu poetry has to do with the derogatory writing of the literati. Due to bayu's remote location and backward economy and culture, it has always been a place for the imperial court to charge the army and distribute officials. These literati were far away from the imperial court and far from their hometowns, frustrated in their careers, had no way to serve the country, and felt lonely and lonely, and they were sad and sad. They sang this emotion, and correspondingly there were some derogatory poems. In their poems, they often express their grievances and grievances through lyrical means of scenery, and their feelings are sincere. They watched the scenery of Bayu in the role of foreigners, experienced the customs and customs of the land, and wrote many poems that provided us with rich information for understanding the cultural background of Bayu in the Tang Dynasty. Bai Juyi's "Chungju Poem" and Liu Yuxi's "Chuzhou Poem" are the more representative derogatory poems of this period.

The Tang Dynasty also featured Li Yuan, the first poet of Bayu. The Quan Tang Poems recorded 35 of his poems, and the Quan Tang Poems Supplement and Continued Addendum added 1 poem, and a total of 36 poems existed.