A long-standing and colorful Bayu song

The so-called "Bayu Song" mainly refers to the Bayu folk song. Folk songs are oral rhymes collectively created by the broad masses of people in the process of production and life for a long time. From the time it was produced, it was closely integrated with the tune, and there was no precedence between the song, the lyrics and the tune. Because it is rooted in the folk, the local color is distinct, multi-disciplinary customs, lyrical feelings, sincere simplicity, free form, is a major category of folk literature. Judging from the literature, the ancient Ba people were a people who could sing and dance. The long-standing Bayu folk songs have distinctive and colorful characteristics. From the perspective of unifying content and form, Bayu folk songs can be roughly divided into main types such as labor songs, mountain songs, and ritual songs. Although its content is related to working life, it is integrated with unique art forms, and it has its own characteristics and is its own category. It should be noted that the "Chinese Song Integration • Chongqing BaXian Volume", which has been collected for five years since 1983, contains a more detailed classification table of Bayu folk songs.

2. Yiyuan Wonders: Bayu Bamboo Branch Words

(1) Interpretation of the name of "bamboo branch word"

Bamboo branch words, ancient name bamboo branches, bamboo branch songs, bamboo songs. Originally, it was a folk song with distinctive local characteristics, strong local atmosphere and long love rhyme in ancient mainland China. Because "the bamboo branch word is originally from Bayu" (Guo Maoqian's "Lefu Poetry Collection"). Therefore, it is also called "Bayu Qu" and "Bayu Ci".

In the original sense, "bamboo branch" and "bamboo branch word" are not the same thing, there is a difference between the two. Roughly speaking, bamboo branches, originally folk oratorios in the Bayu area, are a concept with "bamboo branch songs" and "bamboo branch songs"; bamboo branch words refer to new words created by later generations of literati imitating folk bamboo branches, and later gradually became a special poetic style that narrates customs and customs, that is, scene lyricism, similar to word plates with fixed names. The "word" in "bamboo branch words" does not refer to long and short sentences that are different from poetry, but a general term for the new sounds of Tang Dynasty songs. "The Song of the Lanes" is also one of the origins of the 'word'. Such as "Bamboo Branch Words", "Willow Branch Words... (Zheng Zhenduo, History of Chinese Literature). In this regard, Liu Yuxi's "Bamboo Branch Word Order" said very clearly: "Yu Lai Jianping, Li Zhong'er Liange Bamboo Branch ,...... Therefore, Yu also wrote the nine chapters of "Bamboo Branch Words"...". In addition, in many verses, the mention of Bayu folk songs is only called bamboo branches, and there is no bamboo branch word. For example, "gradually the clouds and mountains are good to the south, and the only thing you hear and sing bamboo branches all the way" (Zhang Yuan's "Sending Branches to Liu Mingfu")," "Ba Nu riding a cow sings bamboo branches, and when the lotus silk leaves stop the river" (Yu Hu's "Ballad of Ba Women")," listening to bamboo branches at night, looking at Yan Heap in autumn" (Bai Juyi, "Qu Jiang Xiang Qiu") and so on. Because the literati originally imitated the bamboo branch music for creation, that is, "filling in the words according to the sound", compared with the folk bamboo branches, it was obviously elegant in language, and tended to mature in terms of grammar, and in the lyrical style, it coexisted with vulgarity and elegance. However, like the creation of lefu, because the music is difficult to pass on for a long time, it finally leaves the music and becomes a disciple poem.

(2) The origin and development of bamboo branch words

From the dicheng point of view, the bamboo branch word originated from Bayu, which is equivalent to today's Chongqing area, and has a strong local color. In the Tang Dynasty, places such as Kui Prefecture (夔州, present-day Fengjie), Wanzhou (萬州), Chungju (present-day Zhong county), and Tongzhou (present-day Daxian City, Sichuan) were the birthplaces of bamboo branch words. Ancient texts have clear records of this: The Song Dynasty Guo Maoqian's "Collected Poems of Lefu" Yun: "The bamboo branch word originated from Bayu." "Taiping Huanyu Chronicle" "Wanzhou Customs" Yun: "On the seventh day of the first month, the township and city scholars and women crossed the Jiangnan Emei Moraine to make chickens, beat small drums, and sang bamboo branch songs." Volume 1 of the "Chronicle of the Prefecture of Fu" records the folk customs cloud of Kaixian County in Wanzhou: "Fishing trees cultivate and graze, and it is good to sing bamboo branch songs." This is probably related to the local customs of "believing in witches and ghosts, and emphasizing obscenity" and the natural characteristics of green bamboo everywhere.

However, as to when the origin of the bamboo branch word is limited to the literature, it is impossible to examine. In fact, as a kind of folk song, because its production is closely related to the local customs and customs, its formation and dissemination is also a fairly long historical process, so before the Tang Dynasty literati consciously discovered and imitated it, it can be affirmed that it has existed for a considerable period of time. Bai Juyi's poem "Listening to the Reed Pipe" reads: "The new reed pipe of the pharynx, the desolate ancient bamboo branch." Calling it an "ancient bamboo branch" illustrates this point.

The development of bamboo branch words has roughly gone through three stages from folk oratorio to literati "filling words according to sound" to leaving music disciples. Before the Tang Dynasty literati imitated and created, the specific content of the folk bamboo branches that had been sung for a long time could no longer be examined, but through the relevant literature records, we can understand that the folk bamboo branches have the following characteristics: the singing methods are mostly collective choruses and individual chanting, and holding bamboo branches in their hands, stepping on the ground and dancing; the lyrics are mostly "despicable" and shallow; the music tune is mournful and mournful; the language is popular and natural. The Tang and Song dynasties were the earliest stages of the transplantation of bamboo branch words from folk to the poetry world. During this period, all the poets who had lived in the area of Fu wu were deeply fond of this art garden and created according to it. Among them, the creations of Liu Yuxi, Bai Juyi, and Fan Chengda are particularly popular among the population and have been sung through the ages. Most of these bamboo branch words have the characteristics of language like subtlety, that is, lyrical scenery, vivid image, long rhyme, etc., and the format of seven words and four sentences is retained and fixed. After the Yuan Dynasty, the creation of bamboo branch words continued to grow and develop, and by the Qing Dynasty, especially after Qianlong, it had become a common practice, and in the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1348), Yang Weizhen selected and compiled the first collection of bamboo branches in the mainland- "West Lake Bamboo Branch Words", which included a total of 128 bamboo branch words. Since then, there have been Collections such as Qu Dajun's "Bamboo Branch Words in Guangzhou", Shen Mingchen's "Bamboo Branch Words in Langao Beiye", Wang Shizhen's "Bamboo Branch Words in Hanjia", Zheng Banqiao's "Bamboo Branch Words in Huaixian County", Wang Zaixian's "Bamboo Branch Words in Chengdu", and "Bamboo Branch Words in Taiwan" by Zhou Changgeng and Huang Fengchang. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, there were also bamboo branch words describing foreign customs and customs, such as You Dong's "Foreign Bamboo Branch Words" 100 songs, bureau layman's "London Bamboo Branch Words" 99 songs, etc., and derived from the "Bamboo Branch Words" "Orange Branch Words", "Pine Branch Words", "Peach Branch Words", "Guizhi Words" and so on. Although there are many titles, they all follow the development of the end of the description of local customs and customs. Therefore, the creation of bamboo branch words has spread from the Bashan Yushui to the north and south of the Yangtze River, bordering the sea frontiers, and even spreading as far as Asia and Europe, which is the era of great development and popularization of bamboo branch words. Although the bamboo branch words of this period also appeared from time to time, on the whole, they showed the characteristics of detachment from life, narrow content, little innovation, and lack of poetry.

(3) Bayu bamboo branch words and their creation

Bayu is the hometown of bamboo branches. The "Law of Words" is called "Bamboo Branch Words", a "Bayu Ci". Huang Tingjian also said: "The bamboo branches are out of the three bars, and their flow is in the lake Xiang'er." Liu Yuxi's "Bamboo Branch Word Order" and its words are also clearly called YuZhou, while the New Book of Tang is easy to be Langzhou, Hunan, and later the "Lefu Poetry Collection" and so on are from it, which is obviously wrong. Moreover, the natural environment described in the poem, such as "White Emperor", "Huan Lu", "Shu River", "West", "Zhai Tang", "Baiyan Mountain" and so on, is even more obvious. As early as the Tang Dynasty literati discovered and created, bamboo branch words have been widely popular between the Bashan and Yushui, streets and alleys, men and women, young and old, everywhere you can hear the song of bamboo branches, see the dance of bamboo branches. Li Yi's "Sending People Back to the South": "Helpless and lonely, the mountain song smells the bamboo branches."

Bai Juyi's "Listen to the Bamboo Branches, Give Li Shuyu": "Ba Tong Witch Bamboo Branch Song, Chagrin Who Complains More?" The land tour that once toured the Three Gorges also has records of "dancing bamboo branches through the Qu" and "corresponding bamboo branch songs in the four neighbors". His local customs can most arouse the interest and preference of the wanderer; the mournful tune can also most arouse the wanderer's homesickness and the sadness of the world. Therefore, almost all the literati who lived in or passed through the Three Gorges were deeply influenced by the local bamboo branch folk songs.

The Tang and Song dynasties were the pioneering period of Bayu bamboo branch creation, and at the same time it was the peak period. Gu Quan of the Tang Dynasty was the first person to consciously create bamboo branch words. Du Fu also imitated this and composed the "Ten Absolute Sentences of the Song of Fuzhou". However, the one who really let the bamboo branch word enter the poetry world and open up a new world should be Liu Yuxi first. His two groups of bamboo branch words, a total of eleven, almost the first of which are round and jade, are very popular and particularly eye-catching. Since then, Bai Juyi, Li Shi, Sun Guangxian, Su Shi, Su Rui, Fan Chengda, Lu You and others have also created a large number of bamboo branch words, or pan yong terroir, or instant lyricism, or leisurely stepping on the moon, the language is brisk, the style is quiet and beautiful, thus making the bamboo branch words shine, attracting many literati to create and spread to all parts of the motherland.

However, unfortunately, when the bamboo branch words have continued to grow and develop from the Bashan Yushui to the north and south of the great river, the creation of the bamboo branches of the Bayu bamboo branches has shown a weakening trend. Later, some literati who came to the Three Gorges occasionally chanted, but their influence was not great. Therefore, in the existing Ming and Qing dynasty local chronicles, the length of bamboo branches contained in them is very limited. For the case of bamboo branches, the narrative is also very limited. But it is gratifying that although the number of creations directly based on the name of bamboo branches has decreased, other titles that are similar to bamboo branch words have increased significantly. These works, from content to form, are actually "bamboo branches". This is probably slightly similar to the evolution of Lefu poetry from writing current affairs through ancient inscriptions to "instant famous articles".