The sunrise river flowers are red and the fire is better, and the spring river is as green as blue. In the vast and varied poetry and praise, Jiangnan is like a paradise on earth with four distinct seasons and bright scenery. The fascinating Wuyue Blessed Land has bred Jiangnan folk songs with diverse forms and rich themes, which are infiltrated with the social environment, customs and aesthetic tastes of wuyue region.
Whether it is the Han Dynasty Xianghe song of "Jiangnan Can Pick Lotus", or the love song minor tune of sustenance, or the labor trumpet of tea picking and fishing, although Jiangnan folk songs have undergone changes in time and space and artistic flow, they are still engraved with unique poetic temperament and cultural symbols, inheriting the tradition of "Wu Ge" in a diverse and unified way, integrating the musical styles of Jiangnan opera rap, folk song and dance, folk songs and dances and silk bamboo orchestras, passing them on orally, passing them on from generation to generation, vividly recording the colorful lifestyle and emotional world of the people of Jiangnan for thousands of years.
Modern and contemporary musicians have taken root and infiltrated Jiangnan culture, absorbed regional traditional arts, been inclusive, and absorbed the strengths of all, and created and formed a large number of modern And modern Jiangnan folk songs with beautiful elegance, diverse elements and different styles, such as tea picking dance music, jasmine flowers, red ling, purple bamboo tones, etc., the ancient rhyme of the continuation, the flow of fusion, showing the vigorous growth of Jiangnan folk songs, depicting the endless farming and happy and colorful beautiful life of the people of Jiangnan, expressing praise and love for their hometown, just like reflecting a picture of "spring life, summer long, autumn harvest, winter Tibet" The beautiful picture scroll of "Four Seasons of Jiangnan" conveys the unchanging charm, sound characteristics and sincere emotions of Jiangnan music and art.
【Sound of Spring】
Origin of "Tea Picking Dance"
"The stream is clear and the stream is long, and the scenery on both sides of the stream is good. Brother, the upper and lower parts of the rice plant; sister, Dongshan Xishan is busy picking tea..." Jiangnan folk song "Tea Picking Dance Song" is pleasant to the ear and beautiful in sound and painting. The misty tea mountains, the clear streams, the tea pickers wearing red and green, what a charming scene of early spring breeze and labor...
Li Chun, the first of the twenty-four solar terms. After the spring, everything recovers, the grass returns to bud, and the Hangzhou Longjing spring tea sprouts green. In the Tang Dynasty, tea farmers dressed up the mountain, one person beat the drum, and everyone shouted in unison: "Tea sprouts... Tea sprouts..." The sound of drums and cries echoed all over the mountain, and the scene was spectacular. According to legend, the Qianlong Emperor went to Jiangnan six times and went to Longjing four times, personally picking tea leaves, and leaving many tea poems. According to the "West Lake Chronicle": "Emperor Gao toured the south, sipped his tea and was willing, and asked the heavens, then there were eighteen plants in the Wang's Fang Garden, and the lotus was sealed." Also known as: "In front of the Hugong Temple, the land is less than one acre, and the annual production of tea is less than one pound, to pay tribute to the top." The house of Snai Longjing is a supreme product. Since then, "Eighteen Imperial Tea Trees" has been known as "the best of tea", and Longjing has become a famous tourist attraction.
In the spring of 1957, Premier Zhou Enlai accompanied foreign guests to Meijiawu Village in Hangzhou for the first time, browsing the scenery of the tea village, visiting tea production, and chatting with tea farmers, and the premier was very happy and happy: "Hangzhou's mountains are good, the water is good, the tea is good, the scenery is good, it is the lack of a popular song to praise." Composer Zhou Dafeng was inspired by the prime minister's words and decided to compose a tea song. In the spring of 1958, Zhou Dafeng accompanied the Zhejiang Yue Opera Second Troupe to tour Dongxi Township in Taishun, Wenzhou, and when he went up the mountain with the villagers to pick tea, he was inspired by the scenery, can he use the traditional opera form? Xiqu is an ancient traditional art form in the mainland, which is like a twin sister to folk songs, and the performance skills and themes of works have been integrated and mutually learned and developed so far. In particular, opera elements are introduced into traditional national operas and narrative songs, and the dramatic effect and expression of songs are greatly enhanced. For example, in the opera "Sister Jiang", the use of "tight play and slow singing" plate style and the unison of the triplet tremolo strongly sets off the scene of the north wind whistling and the image of the protagonist who waddles alone, achieving the immersive and gripping artistic appeal. Yue opera is known as the most widely circulated local drama genre, but also the most representative opera in Zhejiang Province, its singing voice is fresh and beautiful, the performance is moving, the appearance is elegant and beautiful, and it is very beautiful in Jiangnan.
That night, he picked the lamp to fight at night and wrote "Tea Picking Dance" in one breath. The music is based on the Yue opera "ruler tone" singing cavity with distinct Jiangnan tone colors, and integrates the "beach spring" structure of the song art and the "stacked plate" style with more words and fewer cavities, and uses the musical accompaniment of Jiangnan silk bamboo.
When the actors sing, they use the Opera vocal method of yue opera's biting character line cavity, which was mainly nasal and flat tongue sounds, highlighting the characteristics of the biting character of the word head, the voice is in front, the singing cavity is coherent, the timbre is sweet and crisp, the lyrics are catchy, and the technical characteristics of Yue opera singing are fully utilized, which is very rich in traditional characteristics.
The day after the creation was completed, Zhou Dafeng went to Dongxi Primary School to ask students to learn to sing "Tea Picking Dance". Unexpectedly, after a class, it was loved by the children, and they danced and danced while singing and imitating the action of picking tea. After repeated revisions, reprocessing and recording, "Tea Picking Dance" quickly became popular throughout the country, swept the urban and rural areas, and became one of the most well-known and most popular Jiangnan folk songs, frequently appearing in major evenings and foreign affairs activities, and was selected by UNESCO as "Excellent Teaching Materials in Asia-Pacific Style". On the evening of September 4, 2016, the Hangzhou G20 Summit "The Most Memorable is Hangzhou" West Lake live performance, between the lake and mountains, beautiful tea song melody, 300 tea pickers on the lake surface light rhythm, interpreting the fusion dialogue between Chinese Shen Yun and world culture.
【Summer Rhyme】
Fragrant jasmine
"A good jasmine flower, a good jasmine flower, full of flowers, incense is not fragrant..." When you hear this Jiangsu folk song "Jasmine", it is like a fragrant "Jiangnan Jasmine Map": tender branches, snow-white petals, golden buds. A summer breeze strikes, like a young girl dancing in the wind, graceful and graceful, emitting a sweet fragrance that pervades the entire courtyard.
Jasmine is a unique oriental traditional aromatic plant, one of the top ten fragrant flowers in mainland China. As early as the Han Dynasty more than 2,000 years ago, the ancients had records of the introduction of jasmine flowers, which were widely used in tea, medicinal, beauty and ornamental. Jasmine flowers are clean and elegant, fragrant and vulgar, leaving many poems and masterpieces, such as "flowers bloom in the middle of summer, too hot, a rain is cool and durable to see", "If I cultivate the history of flowers in his year, I will be listed as the first incense in the world", "Linglong snow in Lychee Township, to help Chang'an a summer cool", etc., expressing the ancients' love and praise for jasmine.
"Jasmine" is a typical work of Jiangnan minor. As a unique branch of Chinese folk songs, Jiangnan minor key is integrated into the time tune, slang, the style is simple and natural, the meaning is subtle and flexible, and the singing is popular and kind, such as "Mengjiang Female Tune", "Stacked Broken Bridge Tune", "Yang Liu Qing Tune", "Embroidered Lotus Bag Tune", etc., through the oral creation, circulation and processing of the working people, many different styles of tunes have been derived, reflecting the pure and sincere thoughts and feelings of the working people and the simple desire for life. In the winter of 1942, He Fang, a 14-year-old literary and artistic warrior, accompanied by the Huainan Popular Theater Troupe of the New Fourth Army, came to perform at the foot of Nanjing Liu alloy niu mountain and visited a local singing artist. Subsequently, the singing artist performed the Ming and Qing dynasty folk song "Flower Tune". He Fang was immediately fascinated by the melody of "Flower Tune", asked the artist to teach him to sing on the spot, and wrote down the song score sentence by sentence. More than 10 years later, the General Political Committee elected the frontline song and dance troupe to perform in Beijing, and He Fang, who had become a military musician, remembered this memorable "Flower Tune" and began to carry out professional and artistic adaptation.
On the one hand, He Fang rewrote the three kinds of flowers described in the three lyrics of jasmine, honeysuckle and rose as jasmine, singing and sighing three times, making the musical image more distinct. Change "full of flowers and plants" to "full of flowers and flowers", "people who see flowers should scold me" to "people who are afraid of seeing flowers scold", so that the artistic image of the song is more vivid. In terms of music, the tune of "Jasmine" is soft and beautiful, kind and gentle, with a very Jiangnan minor key charm, presenting the beauty of music, words, imagery, emotion, elegance and customs, and never tire of listening. The structure of the song is a typical five-tone pattern, the layout of "starting, bearing, turning, and closing" is regular, the melodic lines are gentle, and more cutting rhythms and sixteenth notes are used, the rhythm is light and compact, and the melody is smooth and varied. The melody of the two short sentences in the first sentence begins with the "horn" and ends at the "sign", with symmetry, overlapping words, and full of emotion. The second sentence adopts the traditional creative method of "fish biting tail", which naturally undertakes the first sentence and leads to a new lesi, which runs through the step and jump around the so sound. The third phrase smoothly undertakes the second phrase, gradually showing the meaning of "turning", analyzed from the perspective of melody, can be divided into six bars, and falls on the "sign" in the repetitive melody. The melody of the closing sentence is supplemented by the nine degrees of jumping into the high octave singing, coupled with the melodious and gentle dragging cavity, giving people a feeling of unfinished meaning and lingering sound, showing the subtle and delicate emotions of Jiangnan women who love flowers and cherish flowers, and the simple and pure beautiful soul.
"Jasmine" blooms, and the fragrance floats all over the world. The beautiful melody of "Jasmine" has successively played major events and foreign affairs ceremonies such as the handover ceremony of Hong Kong's return to the motherland, the closing ceremony of the Athens Olympic Games, the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympic Games, etc., and is known as "China's second national anthem" and has become a musical symbol of Chinese culture.
【Autumn Harvest】
Water townspeople pick red diamonds
"The two of us rowed the boat, picking red diamonds, picking red diamonds." Whenever the folk song "Picking Red Ling" sounds, it is like wandering in the water town of Jiangnan in the sparkling water shadow: the egrets playing on the lake, the small fish that jump out of the leaves, the ling leaves that are crowded next to each other, and the ling sister's royal savior, not Mu Ronghua, returning to the water town, the moving legend of boating and picking ling, which is yearning...
In autumn, it is the crisp and sweet harvest season of Lingjiao, and Cailing has become the daily and unforgettable memory of the farmers in Jiangnan Water Town. Lingjiao is a traditional food of the people of Jiangnan, and is known as the "Eight Immortals of Water" in Jiangnan, along with "lotus root, water lettuce, lettuce, ulva, cress, chicken head rice, cispora" and known as "water spirit, fresh nourishment". According to the "Compendium of Materia Medica", the rhombus angle can "tonify the spleen and stomach, strengthen the femur and knees, relieve internal heat, and strengthen the qi", and has many medicinal nutritional functions. In the life of the peasant family, cailing horn is not as relaxed and romantic as the song sings, and the picking of ling is not a small boat, but a wooden barrel or wooden basin, the basin is put into a small bench, cross-legged sitting on the front end, and then slowly paddling into the pond that is tightly covered by the red diamond leaves, paddling with his hands, or left or right, or floating forward. After rowing for a long time, you will have back pain, and if you are not careful, you will even "overturn the boat". However, from time to time, frightened shrimp and small fish jumped into the basin from the diamond leaves, which caused everyone to be surprised and laughed.
This popular "Picking Red Ling" originated in Gaochun, Jiangsu Province. Gaochun has a long history and culture, rich folk cultural resources, since ancient times, there is a custom of "going out of the mountain song into the door play", known as the rich mining area of national folk culture. According to the "Book of Jin and Lezhi", "Wu Ge miscellaneous songs, and out of Jiangnan, since the Eastern Jin Dynasty, slightly expanded." Gaochun folk songs belong to the "Wu Ge" system, which integrates the characteristics of Wudi Han folk songs and folk songs, infiltrates the rice culture and boat culture of Jiangnan Water Town, and forms a unique, diverse and diverse Form of Gaochun folk songs. There are nine varieties of field songs, pastoral songs, labor trumpets, ceremonial songs, current political songs, love songs, spring songs, children's songs, historical and legend songs, etc.; seedling songs, Yuntian songs, cattle herding songs, Shangliang songs, house sending songs, toast songs, love songs, car water trumpets, rammer trumpets, pulling boat trumpets, dragon boat trumpets and other genres, presenting colorful folk culture, expressing love and longing for life. The song rhymes smoothly, lively and cheerful, with five tones as the main melody, mi, la, do as the backbone tone, sometimes euphemistic undulating, sometimes high-pitched and soothing, flowing clouds and flowing water, beautiful and beautiful.
In the 1950s, Liu Yun and Xia Dan sisters sang a duet version of "Cai Hong Ling" that became very popular in the Hong Kong music scene. In 1966, Shanghai composer Yao Min and Jiangsu lyricist Chen Dieyi re-adapted "Cai Hong Ling" for a more popular couplet version, and 14-year-old Teresa Teng Lijun sang this song "Cai Hong Ling" to win the competition championship, and since then, her fame has risen and she has embarked on the professional music scene. Contemporary songwriters' creation and adaptation of Chinese folk songs such as "Cai Hong Ling" has boosted the development of Chinese pop music, and a series of popular songs with folk song elements have spread throughout the north and south of the river, resounding throughout the Chinese music scene, deeply influencing generations of Chinese.
【Winter Delight】
Haina Baichuan silk bamboo tone
"A purple bamboo straight seedling, sent to my brother to make a pipe pipe." The flute is facing the mouth, the mouth is facing the whistle, and the tune of flowers is blown out of the pipe. Ask the brother, this pipe is good, ask the brother, this pipe is good..." In the traditional customs of the Spring Festival in Jiangnan, there is always an elegant melody of silk bamboo, rendering the joy of the festival, diluting the cold of winter, and raising the strong characteristics of Jiangnan.
Jiangnan silk bamboo, elegant and feminine, fresh style, soft and gentle tune, with unique charm and cultural charm, is a treasure of Chinese national music culture. The sound of "soft, beautiful and sticky" silk and bamboo exudes a leisurely water town charm, which is deeply loved by the people of Jiangnan.
The origin of silk bamboo music has a long history and a long history. From the pre-Qin "Music of Shuser", the Xianghe Song of the Two Han Dynasties "Silk bamboo more harmonious", and the "DanQu" of the "Qing Shang Music" of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, silk bamboo music has gradually become an important form of performance in the folk and court. In the Song Dynasty, Silk Bamboo Music had special performance venues such as Shijing and Washe, with bands of "fine music" and "small instruments", and the musical style also changed into the characteristics of "clean, small, fine and elegant". During the Ming and Qing dynasties, silk bamboo music maintained the fresh and elegant style of the Song Dynasty, absorbing the "fine music", "silk bamboo" and "qing music" in folk customs, and fusing percussion instruments to become an accompaniment music form. In the 1910s, silk bamboo music gradually centered on Shanghai, and many performance groups emerged, such as "Civilization Yaji", "Qingping Society", "Juntian Society" and other music clubs. "Silk bamboo music" was also called "Chinese music", and the class that played "chinese music" was called the National Music Society. After that, it was gradually collectively called "Jiangnan Silk Bamboo", and the performance organization was called "Silk Bamboo Class". Such as Shanghai Jiangnan silk bamboo "Qing cameo" and "silk bamboo class".
Today, there are still many music clubs active in the urban and rural areas of Jiangnan, with regular musicians, regular gatherings and rehearsals, inheriting and continuing the ancient silk bamboo art and enriching the cultural life of the city. In 2006, Taicang City, Jiangsu Province and Shanghai Municipality jointly declared Jiangnan Silk Bamboo, which was successfully included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list.
Jiangnan Silk Bamboo has a rich repertoire, and the traditional eight pieces of music are "Happy Song", "Yunqing", "Old Three Six", "Slow Three Six", "Zhonghua Six Plates", "Slow Six Pulls", "Four Harmony Ruyi" and "Xingjie". In addition, there are "Partridge Flying", "Liu Qingniang", "Alpine Flowing Water", "Neon Song", "Reverse Pull Oar" and other music. Musician Nie Er once changed "Inverted Eight Plates" to "Golden Snake Crazy Dance", which quickly swept the country. Liu Tianhua's adaptation of "Variant New Water Order" has long become a famous song in the music world. Traditional techniques include techniques such as "you are complex and simple, you are high and I am low, add flowers and variations, inlay to make way, improvise", etc., which contain profound social and cultural connotations such as mutual humility, coordination and innovation between people, and reflect the humanistic and cultural heritage of the people of Jiangnan.
One side of the water and soil, nourish the other side of the culture. For thousands of years, the industrious and intelligent labor production of the people of Jiangnan, the rich cultural accumulation, and the unique folk customs are the source of folk music and the source of music creation. A song rhymes like a gorgeous flower, dazzlingly blooming in the world's vocal art, emitting a long-standing and intoxicating fragrance, telling the colorful and beautiful Jiangnan. Time goes by, the classic is eternal, let us remember the melody that once gave us incomparably warm and beautiful memories, pay tribute to time, and bless the homeland.
Author:Dong Wei (Associate Professor, Hangzhou Normal University)
Editor: Fan Xin
Planner: Zhou Minxian
Editor-in-Charge: Xiaofang Xing
*Wenhui exclusive manuscript, please indicate the source when reprinting.