Read the Analects once a year (2022.15)

Ten lectures in the Analects

Comment on each passage of the original book, and give each quotation cluster class;

The large categories were sorted according to certain rules, so there was a new Analects.

The fourth lecture is in and out

Knowing what to do and knowing the stop, the focus is on "stopping."

He who stops, is content, content and always happy.

The "measure" of this stop is difficult to grasp, and it is the most common kung fu.

The "direction" of this line is very important, the most visible pattern.

enter? withdraw?

Where to go? Where to go back?

Although there is not much to say in the Analects, every sentence is wisdom.

【Advance and retreat】【Tasting】

5.2 Zi is called Nan Rong, "The state has a way, and it is not abolished; the state has no way, and is exempt from torture." "His brother's son and wife."

Nan Rong, Nangong Shi, Zi Zi Rong, Confucius disciple. Nangong is a compound surname, "Nanrong" is a literal name, birth and death year unknown. Uncle Yu. Brother of Meng Yizi.

Confucius commented on NanRong, "When the state is in a normal state, he will be used; if the country is in an abnormal state, he can also avoid being harmed." ”

Nan Rong is a cunning person, left and right, Danone and the world, poor can be alone. Confucius also liked the student and married his brother Meng Pi's daughter to him.

5.21 Zi Yue: "Ning Wuzi, if the state has the way, it knows; if the state has no way, it is foolish." Its knowledge is reachable, and its stupidity is also unattainable. ”

Ning Wuzi, Wei Guoshiqing, Ming Yu, Yu Wu.

Ning Wuzi is a man who is shrewd and capable when the country is in a normal state, and he is confused when the country is in an abnormal state. Not a confused person, but able to pretend to be confused, this is a trick of obscurity. Confucius said that Ning Wuzi's cleverness can still be learned, but his pretense is difficult to learn.

Knowing how to judge the situation, being shrewd when it should be shrewd, and being confused when it should be confused, this is a very intelligent and extremely intelligent person. Its shrewdness is not something that anyone who wants to learn can learn.

Confucius was born in a chaotic world, knowing that he could not do anything. When he said this, he also lamented that he could not learn the stupidity of Ning Wuzi.

"Stupid" has evolved into an idiom, and the meaning has become "stupid".

15.7 Zi Yue: "Naoya Shiyu! The state has a way like a arrow, and the state has no way like a arrow. Gentleman! The state has a way, and the state has no way to roll it up. ”

Shiyu, loach, character fish. Doctor Wei Guo.

Wei Linggong did not use the sage Gong Boyu but favored Yu Chen's Mizi flaws, Shi Loach counted the advice, and LingGong did not listen. The loach will die, and order his son to know: "I cannot be a righteous king in my life, and there is no way to die, so I will put the corpse under the mullion." "The spirit is hanging, and it is strange to see it." His son sued. Linggong exclaimed, "The fault of the widow is also." "So he went into the jade and withdrew from the flaw." Confucius sniffed, "Naoya Shiyu! If you die, you will be like a corpse. ”

蘧, qu, 2 sounds. Yu Boyu was also a famous courtier of the Wei Dynasty.

Scroll and Nostalgia: Refers to living in seclusion and not being an official.

Confucius's philosophy of dealing with the world is that at all times we should act in a straight way, and if there is a way, we should come out and do things; if there is no way, we should retire. Principles must be adhered to, and life cannot be lost.

Shi Yu is a straight man, whether the national politics are clear or not, he goes straight like an arrow. However, Confucius more agreed with the practice of the fish, the national political clarity came out to assist, and the political faintness curbed the ambition to retreat.

Yang Shi yue: The straightness of Shi Yu, the way of a gentleman. If you are a boyu, then you can be free from chaos. If the fish is like a target, although it wants to be swept away, it is impossible to get it.

【Advance and Retreat】

8.13 Zi Yue: "Faithful to learning, keep the way of death and goodness." Dangerous states do not enter, and chaotic states do not live. If there is a way in the world, it is seen, and if there is no way, it is hidden. The state has the way, the poor and the lowly, the shame is also; the state has no way, the rich and noble, the shame is also. ”

"Believing in learning" means strengthening faith and studying hard; "keeping the good way of death" means guarding the "good way" with life. "Goodness" is a description of the "Tao," the best "Way."

"Not entering a dangerous state" means not going to a dangerous country; "not living in a chaotic state" means that if your country is already in chaos, then go into hiding and no longer show your face. "Residence" is the "residence" that is high in the temple.

See "now". "If there is a way in the world, it is seen, and if there is no way, it is hidden" is to say that "the world takes the right path and develops on the normal track, then I will come out to do things and help the world; the world does not take the right path, deviates from the normal track, then I still return to the hidden forest spring, and be good to myself." ”

In ancient times, heavy agriculture suppressed commerce, and merchants were very statusless, so "rich and expensive" refers to being an official. Confucius is not opposed to being an official, and the key is under what circumstances he should come out and become an official. If the state has a way, it should come out to be an official, and it is shameful not to come out; if the state has no way, it should hide at home, and it is shameful to come out and play for the tiger.

【Advance and Retreat】【Ren】

14.1 Constitutional shame. Zi Yue: "The state has a way, the valley; the state has no way, the valley, shame also." ”

"Gram, cut, complain, desire is not good, can be benevolent?" Zi Yue: "It can be difficult, but Ren Zewu doesn't know it." ”

"Constitution" is the original constitution, the word Zi Si. "Original thought" also refers to him, which is called by a word. His people are quiet and observant, poor and happy. Confucius Xianglu was once his Yizai. After Confucius's death, he lived in seclusion to defend the country.

Yuan Xian asked two questions, one asked shame and the other asked Ren.

When asked about shame, Confucius's answer was that the state is on the right path, and it is no problem to come out and be an official and take the road; the country takes the evil road and the crooked road, and you also come out to be an official and take the road, and it is shameful to aid and abett the abuse.

Ask Ren, Yuan Xian asked if he had overcome the four major problems of "restraint, cutting, resentment, and desire" and could he be called Ren? Confucius said that it is indeed rare and valuable to be able to achieve this kind of point, but it cannot be called ren.

Ke is victorious, cutting is boasting, resentment is complaining, desire is greed, overcoming these four major problems is not easy, difficult, but not enough to be benevolent. Ren should take the initiative to do good, not just not be wrong.

A benevolent person must do this, but just doing this cannot be called a benevolent person.

14.3 Zi Yue: "The state has a way, and the words and deeds of danger are dangerous; the state has no way, and the dangerous deeds are said to be suns." ”

Danger: Straight, straight.

Sun: Pass "Xun".

Confucius was very pragmatic, and his attitude towards the chaotic world was uncooperative and inconsistent, but he would never stand up and sacrifice his life for righteousness.

Confucius believed that when politics is clear, it is possible to speak out in righteousness (uphold justice and speak fairly. Not "speaking bluntly"), fighting grievances; when politics collapses, when there is no fairness or justice to speak of, we must talk less, be careful, and do not get guilty of words. But the line must still be consistent, must be decent, and must be shot when it is time to shoot. Seeing no conscience will be uneasy.

Linked to the previous paragraph to understand: bang has a way, valley. Receiving a salary, it is incumbent on you to offer advice and advice, and you can't be a turtle with a shrunken head. Bang No Way, No Valley, I don't take your money, I can not talk. However, whether you receive a salary or not, you must be yourself, be an upright person, and cannot do things that are contrary to conscience.

5.7 Zi Yue: "The Tao does not work, but floats on the sea." From me, which by (欤)? "Zi Lu is happy to hear it. Zi Yue: "Yu Yu is brave enough to overcome me." Nothing to take. ”

桴, fu, 2 sounds, a small raft woven of bamboo or wood.

From, follow.

Confucians talk about actively joining the WTO, and Confucius practiced what he preached, traveling around the world to sell himself, but his ideas (Taoism) did not work, so he often complained.

Confucius said, "My proposition is not adopted, I really want to travel overseas on a small raft." If you can swear to follow me to the death, it must be zilu, right? "Confucius", from science to theology, from Confucianism to immortality, or did he want to go to the country on the other side of the sea to try his luck again? unknown.

Zilu was very happy to hear the teacher say this, and he didn't know whether he was happy that the teacher was close to him, or happy to hear that he could go on an adventure in the sea.

Confucius just complained, how can the complaint be taken seriously? But Zilu didn't think about it so much, he took it seriously, and wanted to follow the teacher to brave the world, so he always mentioned this matter and asked when to leave.

In the end, Confucius was forced to be anxious, and he could only say: "You are braver than me (I am only talking, but you really dare to do it). However, the materials for shipbuilding are not easy to find. ”

5.22 Zi Zai Chen, "Return! Attribution! The boy of our party is crazy and simple, and he has become a chapter, and he does not know why he has cut it. ”

Confucius traveled around the world and never sold himself. This is desperate, but also wants to open, wants to go home, and is ready to abandon politics and religion.

Chen refers to the State of Chen, in the area of present-day eastern Henan and northern Anhui. Confucius was the Duke of Chen.

Madness: Arrogance.

Jane: Ambitious.

Crop: Temperance, constraints.

Confucius said, "It's time to go home, it's time to go home!" Those young people (boys) in my hometown (party) have a high vision, lofty ambitions, and literary talent, and I really don't know how to guide them. ”

9.14 The Son wants to dwell in Jiuyi. Or: "Ugly, so what?" Zi Yue: "Where do gentlemen dwell, why are they ugly?" ”

Confucius was frustrated by the Central Plains Xia and the state of etiquette, and had traveled south to the Kingdoms of Chen and Cai, and even considered going to the land of "Jiuyi" further afield.

"Jiuyi" is a backward area inhabited by barbarian peoples juxtaposed with Rong, Di and Barbarians. During the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it usually referred to Dongyi in the present-day Shandong region and Huaiyi in the Huaishui River Basin.

If so, what does it mean? Someone said, "It's too backward there, what to do?" Confucius said, "I am a gentleman, and when I go there, I will not be left behind." "Confucius may not be able to bring technology, may not be able to improve the material conditions there, but he can bring culture and etiquette, can change the spiritual outlook of the people there."

Liu Yuxi's "Buried Room Inscription" says that "Gentleman Knows: He Ugly Has", that is, the canon is derived from this.

14.37 Zi Yue: "The sages set aside the world, followed by the land, followed by the color, and secondly from the word." Zi Yue: "The author is seven people." ”

To avoid, the same as "avoid", to avoid, to escape.

Confucius advocated that there is no way under the heavens, and we must understand the "four avoidances."

Avoiding the world, the world is the era, time, no one can hide, born in what era is what era, there is no way to choose and escape. But I can be reclusive, I live in seclusion in the mountains or in the study, you can't see me, I have to be free.

Avoidance. It is a place to avoid danger, a dangerous state is not entered, a chaotic state is not to live, it is best to hide in a relatively safe place.

Avoiding color is avoiding bad faces. Give me a good face, respect me, it doesn't matter if I stay here; if you don't give me a good face, Lao Tzu will not wait for you. There is no grandfather here, there is a place to keep the grandfather.

Avoiding words is avoiding evil words. Avoiding color and avoiding words is actually talking about avoiding people, avoiding those who do not have the same three views.

Do: For.

The author of the seven people, that is to say, there are seven people who do this: Bo Yi, Shu Qi, Yu Zhong, Yi Yi, Zhu Zhang, Liu Xia Hui, and Shao Lian.

Although the strange people did their best to raise the bar with Confucius, Confucius knew that they were not bad people, so they did not complain or be annoyed.

Blame people for actively marginalizing and actively alienating mainstream society. They were all sneering at Confucius, but Confucius admired them very much. Confucius knew that in his time, these strange people were the qing, and the opposite they despised was the turbid.

Confucius tried to talk to them, but they were all rejected. Because the object of Confucius's persuasion is a complete villain in the eyes of the freaks, what is the effort? What a pain!

Confucius stood between the clouds, looking at each other without friends, as if at a loss. He loves Qing, but refuses to be in Qing; he hates Turbidity, and he cannot forget his feelings for Turbidity.

10.25 Ses lifts, soars and sets. "Mountain beam female pheasant, when the time is zha!" "The sub-way is together, and the three sniffs are made."

For birds, distinguishing between friend and foe depends first on sight, and a very small number rely on smell.

"Color" generally refers to the face of a person, and "xiang" refers to the bird flying. The meaning of this sentence is that the "mountain beam female pheasant" saw that the face of the people was not good, and flew away, but flew around, found that it did not capture their intentions, and fell down again.

Some people also think that "color" is a clerical error of "bird", which seems to make more sense. Pheasants see someone coming, whether the visitor is good or not, they don't care, they don't distinguish between their faces, and it is an instinctive reaction to fly first when they see someone coming. Later, it was found that there was no danger, and it fell again.

"Mountain beam" can refer to the wooden bridge of a mountain stream, or it can refer to a ridge.

"ShiZha Shi Zhao" means that Confucius lamented that pheasants know current affairs, and when they find that there may be danger, they take off, and when there is no danger, they fall again.

"Total", one interpretation is the same as "offering", the meaning of offering, that is, the meaning of setting up a net to capture; one interpretation is the same as "arch", the meaning of arching.

Confucius learned without getting tired of learning, being a teacher, having no time, and unable to take the sub-road up the mountain to catch wild meat. Therefore, this should be the meaning of "arching".

The teacher praised these pheasants, and Zilu was taught, so he gave them to show his gratitude. Zi Lu is good at rectifying this strange trick.

"Three sniffs" means that female pheasants sniff gas many times, they do not look at the face, they only judge by smell. Although there was no danger to the two people who came, they did not come to feed them, and thirty-six counts took it as the best strategy, and finally flapped their wings and flew away.

If "sniff" is referred to as "ju (2 sounds, birds open their wings)", it is not so awkward to explain. Zilu bowed his hand in thanks, the bird flapped his wings in response, Zilu arched his hand three times, and the bird fanned his wings three times and then flew away.

There is also an explanation, saying that Zilu failed to understand the meaning of the teacher's "shizai shizai", thinking that it was saying that this chicken was fat and just when it was time to eat. Therefore, I caught it on the net and asked the teacher to enjoy it when I was cooked. Confucius did not eat, sniffed his breath and walked away. (I feel that this explanation is to be funny, Confucius also "sniffed his breath and walked away"?) Didn't you lift the table and scold the lady?! ）