The Soviet Union's scientific research achievements were huge, but 75% of them were useless, and 40% of the scientific research works could only be shelved

[Soviet Union 1982: The End of the Petrodollar Era] Since the United States dominated this earth, there are only two countries that really have scientific and technological and economic strength and challenge the United States, one is the Soviet Union of that year, and the other is now China. This number, in 20 years, may also add an Indian (do not underestimate the stamina of India's Three, it may become the fourth country to successfully land on the moon). Economics, we talked a lot about in previous chapters. Today I want to pick a steak, Soviet technology. The Soviet Union has the largest team in the world, but the number of scientists who won the Nobel Prize is only 7% of the United States, is it not particularly pitiful? 1 According to statistics, in the last century, the Soviet Union had the largest scientific research team in the world. In 1971, the number of professional scientific researchers in the Soviet Union reached 920,000, of which 700,000 were engaged in natural science research, 360,000 deputy doctors, and 250,000 doctors. The Soviet Union also attached special importance to basic scientific research, and the scientific research costs of basic science and basic physics research accounted for 12%. The strength of basic science can build a foundation for heaven and earth, and the Soviet Union has done a beautiful job. In terms of the number of scientific researchers, the Soviet Union was twice as large as the United States at that time. Ever since Peter the Great of the Soviets, who had vigorously developed mathematics, russians seemed to have peeked into the particles of God, the world's finest mathematical genius, and Russians were never absent. Even in the 21st century, the best mathematicians still proved the Poincaré conjecture of the Russian Grigory Perelman. In this world, there is nothing that cannot be expressed mathematically. The Soviet Union was equally famous for mathematics, as well as for theoretical physics. This was the technical and talent base on which the Soviet Union could compete with military technology, aerospace technology, and the United States. However, only 1/14 of the scientists in the Soviet Union who can win the Nobel Prize are the United States. Science has no borders, and this data contrast shows that Soviet scientific research has high input and low output, and low efficiency. 2 The main body of scientific research activities in the USSR was mainly divided into enterprises, universities and research institutes. Most of the top scientific circles in the SOVIET Union were concentrated in scientific research institutes and universities. The scientific laboratory of the enterprise, with a small number of people, focuses on scientific research on production and application. Research institutes and universities focus on theoretical research. Soviet researchers can also be divided into three types: scientists loyal to the scientific cause; administrative researchers; and general scientific researchers. Most of the scientific inventions of the Soviet Union were created by the first type of scientists, but the real power of the scientific research community was in the hands of the administrative researchers. This group of people may not be able to make a name for themselves, but they can gain fame and fortune because of their leadership's meritorious achievements. The majority of low-level researchers, who can only take one-third of the salary of 100 rubles per month, do insignificant work or research and development. The major scientific research projects of the Soviet Union were the implementation of parallel repetition methods. The same topic, will be issued to multiple units at the same time research and development, and then see whose research and development results, fast and good. This mode ensures the optimization of the effect, but also causes a huge waste. More than 75% of the scientific research results of the Soviet Union were useless. 40% of scientific research works can only be shelved, silent in the vast database list. Why did Soviet scientific research always have a large input and a small output? Because of the Stalinist system in the SOVIET Union, even scientific research projects had to be "planned" according to the "plan". Generally, the above project topics are all ordered from the top and executed below, and it is difficult to change in the middle. The remaining half of the project declarations and funding allocations are almost monopolized by the "academic elite". Powerless, young people, do not have much say. 3 It would be a mistake to say that these wastes were nothing to the vast Soviet Union. Because it would have gone directly to the Soviet Union, missed the third technological revolution. Even if the Soviet Union did not disintegrate, in the era after the Third Scientific and Technological Revolution, the Soviet Union would be old and unable to do so. It will be a matter of time before the United States throws a few streets and kicks out the first front. Since 1946, the United States made the first computer, with the optimization and iteration of the central processing unit, by the 1970s, the advent of integrated circuits, the United States has made computer technology into the office, home. The world, therefore, entered the computer age. But the Soviet Union did not begin to apply electronic computers to management systems until 1966. In the 1970s, computers still couldn't be popularized in colleges and universities. The computing speed of Soviet computers was exactly 5-10 years behind that of the West. And this gap is still widening. It suddenly occurred to me that while the Americans had delivered desktop computers to thousands of homes, the Soviets could only touch the old, bulky computers in government buildings and school computer rooms. (Like to pay attention to oh, the next issue is more exciting) References: "Memoirs of Gorbachev", "Brezhnev's Eighteen Years", "20 Lectures on the Russian Economy"