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Liu Guangdi
Friendship with the gentleman of the Artesian Well Jinshi King Kaijia
Liu Gang
Liu Guangdi, a Sichuan Fushun man who is one of the "Six Gentlemen of Wushu", has been a Beijing official for more than ten years, and has always taken "clean, diligent, and cautious" as his motto, so he usually "makes fewer friends and avoids socializing", thus giving people the impression of introverted, lonely and unsociable. In fact, this is an illusion of the world, Liu Guangdi in life is not only good at making friends, but also has a lot of insight into the way of making friends. In 1883, he wrote in the "Records of dumen puppet learning (VII)" composed during the winter moon of the Guangxu Dynasty in 1883: "The way to make friends, the game of wine and food to expel no matter what. Those who make friends with snobbery will be obedient; those who make friends with sound and glory will lose with sound; those who exchange words will win with literature and be more false; those who exchange with blood and qi will end up weak. But those who make love with each other by temperament and morality will be able to fade and endure for a long time. ”
According to Liu Guangdi's point of view, we must be cautious in making friends, and we must not make friends who eat, drink, and have fun, snobbish friends who are close to the rich and the poor, hypocritical friends who chase fame and fame, friends who are thin on each other's words, and bloody friends who are willing to do things. He advocated the kind of gentlemanly friendship that is connected from heart to heart, that is, "sexual intercourse and moral intercourse". That is to say, all people with similar temperaments and morals can form a gentleman's friendship that is "light and eternal, and long-lasting and invincible", rather than the friendship of villains and mediocre people. Because of this, most of Liu Guangdi's friends were people with great affection, noble morality, and like-mindedness, including Wang Kaijia, a famous salt family in Ziliujing (now the main city of Zigong City).
Wang Kaijia and his people
After checking Fushun Old Zhi, Wang Kaijia, the number of The Third (or Lunsan), a ziliujing person in Fushun County, in 1864, he was admitted to the Tongzhi Jiazi Branch with the supplementary Xin YoukeJuren, and 12 years later, he was also a member of the Zhongguang Guangxu Bingzi Enke Cao Hongxun List of Jinshi, serving in the most powerful department of the bureaucracy, the Wenxuan Qingju Division, responsible for the selection and appointment of civilian officials throughout the country.
Fushun County Artesian Well Pearl Hill Wang Clan Baoshan Ancestral Hall Four Cultivation Family Tree
According to Wang Dianping's article "The Testament of Wang Kaijia of Guangxu Jinshi", Wang Kaijia's real name was Chun Wu, the character Dingchen, and the number Lun San, and was the seventeenth grandson of the Wang family after entering Sichuan. Born in 1837 and died in 1893, he belongs to the "Tuzhi" clan of the "Gold, Wood, Water, Fire and Earth" of the Baoshan Ancestral Hall of the Wang clan of Pearl Hill in Fushun County.
Wang Kaijia grew up with a poor family, and grew up with his mother for his life, and he grew up in Xiantan (present-day Xianshi Town, Yantan District, Zigong City) to make a living by ferrying. One day, Wang Langyun, the prime minister of the "Muzhi" Wang Sanweitang, the head of the four major salt merchants in the artesian well, crossed the river from Xiantan and took Wang Kaijia's ferry. After some small talk, Wang Langyun found that the nephew surnamed Wang who pushed the boat not only had sharp hands and feet, but also had flexible brains, and his heart of love and talent suddenly rose, and he immediately decided to help him support his elderly mother and send him to the Wang family school to study. Since then, Wang Kaijia's fate has changed, and he has passed the Tongsheng Examination, the Township Examination, the Hui Examination, and the Temple Examination, and has become one of the only three Jinshi in the Baoshan Ancestral Hall of the Wang Clan (the other two are Wang Tingbi of the Qianlong Yi Andean Branch Jinshi Wang Tingbi and the Guangxu Pentyl Branch Jinshi Wang Yinhuai).
Meet and know each other
Liu Guangdi, zi Pei village, was born in 1859 in Zhao Hua Town, Fushun County, about a hundred miles away from the artesian well, 22 years younger than Wang Kaijia. In 1882, Liu Guangdi was appointed as the head of the Guangxi Department of the Punishment Department by the Imperial Examination. Not wanting to suddenly encounter the death of his mother Wang Taigongren before taking office, Liu Guangdi had to stay at home for three years, and did not go to Beijing until March of the old calendar in 1888.
When he first arrived in Beijing, Liu Guangdi temporarily took a residence in the rotten alley apartment outside Xuanwu Gate by Liao Zhenghua (字鹿苹, a native of Zhao Hua Town, then a reviewer of the Hanlin Academy) in the "two old relatives", which was also the place where he lived before and after the examination in Beijing that year. 22 days later, Liu Guangdi moved with his family to an old mansion on the west side of Nantou Road in The Ropesmith Hutong. This place was originally the residence of The Qianlong Dynasty Military Aircraft Minister and the official Shangshu Wang Youdun, and it was about five or six miles to work at the Yamen of the Punishment Department. Due to its disrepair, the old house is somewhat dilapidated, especially whenever there is "heavy rain", there is a danger of "collapse". Liu Guangdi, who was accustomed to living a hard life and a poor life, also adapted, but from the perspective of safety, it was indeed not a place to stay for a long time. However, to Liu Guangdi's surprise, he actually became a neighbor here with Wang Kaijia, a fellow villager in the same county, "starting from a household, then going to Yu, not going to a hundred steps." The world is so small, the two Fushun people who went out of the cold door were far away from home, not only serving as officials in the same dynasty, but also "in the same alley." Since then, the two have embarked on five years of friendly exchanges.
Schematic map of liu guangdi's place of work and life during his time in Beijing
At that time, there were seven or eight Fushun people who served as capital officials, in addition to Wang Kaijia and Liao Zhenghua mentioned above, there were also Liu Guangdi's tongke Jintu Nie Xingqi (zi jiuyu, a native of Zhao Hua Town, Fushun County, and a member of the Household Gold and Silver Treasury), and Song Yuren (字芸子, Fushun County's Dayan Tairen, Hanlin Yuan Shujishi), among whom the closest to Liu Guangdi was Wang Kaijia. After investigation, the Zhonghua Book Company published the "Liu Guangdi Collection: ZijingShi and the Artesian Well Liu An Huaitang Codex" published in 1986, and among the 54 letters written by Liu Guangdi to Liu Juchen and Liu Qingtang, the salt merchants of the artesian well, there were 14 letters and more than 20 references to Wang Kaijia's name, such as the more frequent occurrences of "Lun Gong", "Shu San", "Shu Weng", "Brother Qiang", and so on. In addition, Wang Kaijia's official name also appears in other articles included in the "Liu Guangdi Collection", such as "Former Friend Wang Guanbu Kaijia", "Wang Lang Zhongxiao Three Officials", "Official's Jun", etc., which shows the deep friendship between them. With Liu Guangdi's view of friendship, the "temperament and morality" in his mind must be Wang Kaijia.
In the following days, Liu Guangdi and Wang Kaijia "lived in the evening, discussed literature and history, or strangled their wrists with Xu Heng, and decided on current affairs and illnesses until the end of the night." The two often came early and late, discussed the literary history or political situation of common interest, and sometimes even left in the middle of the night. When Liu Guangdi published new works, he always sent them to Wang Kaijia's mansion at the first time. Wang Kaijia was "too rewarding and praising every time", making Liu Guangdi quite famous among his fellow villagers and also very faceless. This kind of "mutual appreciation", Liu Guangdi said in his letters that he "cannot forget". Of course, although both were humble gentlemen, they could not avoid arguing when dealing with the study of things, the young Liu Guangdi "often resisted and repeated with them", the honest Wang Kaijia was not too hearted, and his attitude was still easy-going, Liu Guangdi took this as a pesher and praised him as a "heroic man in the flow of time".
In Liu Guangdi's article "Poetry Proposal", there is such an interesting example. When the two of them got together one day to discuss Du Fu's poem "Fei Xian Ge", Wang Kaijia first praised Du Fu for his "sentimentality and kindness" to his wife, and analyzed it with the poem "Sighing is called wife, I follow Ercao". Liu Guangdi took over the stubble and said unhurriedly: "There is a blueprint for this." Wang Kaijia hurriedly asked, "Who is The Blueprint?" Liu Guangdi responded: "The poem 'Gu Gong Gong Father' chapter of "Gua Ou" is also." The "Gua Ou poem" here is the famous epic poem "Shijing Daya Mian". The poem recounts the story of the father of The Ancient Gonggong, the ancestor of the Zhou people, and his wife Taijiang, who led the Zhou people to share happiness and hardship and create a common inheritance, and also depicted the sweet love of the husband and wife who respected each other as guests. Liu Guangdi and Wang Kaijia's poetic theories complement each other and complement each other, which is a good story in the history of the literary world.
We are very different from each other
It can be said that 1888 was the year of engagement between the 29-year-old Liu Guangdi and the 51-year-old Wang Kaijia. Because the two have similar personalities and are like-minded, the age and era difference between "And Li" and "Mandate of Heaven" has not become a gap between them. They are both friends and brothers, and in The words of Liu Guangdi, the two "live in contact, are happy with each other, and there is no one who has not seen each other for three days", and there is a great sense of not seeing one day as if it were three autumns apart.
In addition to work, in addition to often reading and studying together, the two often shared big and small matters in work and life, such as talking about the good governance of Chen Xihuan in Fushun Zhi County, talking about the development of personal career paths, discussing and suggesting that Fushun County subsidize Beijing officials with "Xuetian" and so on. Once, Liu Juchen, a salt merchant from an artesian well, entrusted Liu Guangdi to buy deer antler velvet and other items in the capital. Liu Guangdi, who lived in poverty, had seen such valuable things, one was that he did not know the goods, and the other was afraid of buying expensive. Therefore, he took Wang Kaijia and others with him to help him choose and take them. Although the price of deer antler velvet is too expensive, reaching "one hundred and four and five spectrums", but with the assistance of Wang Kaijia and others, the smooth transaction, which makes Liu Guangdi very satisfied, in the reply to Liu Juchen even said "the mushroom goods are good" and "very good", and the heart is full of gratitude to Wang Kaijia.
In the circle of friends of Jingshi, Liu Guangdi is famous for his "poor family and honest sex", and all of his family have spent their lives in extreme poverty. On weekdays, Wang Kaijia looked in his eyes and was anxious in his heart, "often wanting to separate" and Liu Guangdi. However, Liu Guangdi always took "purity, diligence, and prudence" as his motto and "did not dare to accept it", believing that "the world is rich and profitable, can not live for a long time, and indulgence will lead to death". In 1892, Liu Guangdi said in his letter that "the situation in Beijing and Central China has become more bitter this year", and even "there is nowhere to move". At this time, Wang Kaijia hurriedly extended a helping hand and lent Liu Guangdi "one or twenty gold" to solve the urgent need, but Liu Guangdi quickly returned it with a "bus fare". A month later, Wang Kaijia was promoted to a foreign lang and received "about three or four thousand gold for other items", which was equivalent to making a big windfall. Wang Kaijia originally wanted to use this to help Liu Guang first, but he politely refused. Liu Guangdi maintained the gentleman's friendship between him and Wang Kaijia with his heart, nature and authenticity, and he did not tarnish the sincere friendship between the two because of his own life embarrassment.
In 1893, Liu Guangdi found a house with "eighteen rooms" in the east of Ropesmith Hutong Road, "renting silver five or two every month", and finally settled down until he was killed in a coup five years later. However, the third relocation site is still in the shape of "the top is leaking, the rotten paper is hanging around", and even there is no decent furniture. When Wang Kaijia was invited to visit, he "saw that he was empty and had no utensils", and immediately gave him the verse "Empty Zhai is like Alan Ruo, and the good guests are less than You Bao Tan", which means to borrow the Buddhist phrase "Alan Ruo" and "You Bao Tan" to describe Liu Guangdi's new residence as a place of silence and tranquility. Liu Guangdi sighed greatly, and used this education to guide his cousin Liu Guangyun (also known as Liu Guangjun, Zinan Village), who was "accustomed to superficiality" and "gradually tainted with extravagant sex". Later, Liu Guangyun benefited from Liu Guangdi's words and deeds, and in 1904, he was admitted to the Guangxu JiachenKe Liu Chunlin List of Jinshi, and together with Liu Guangdi achieved the legend of "one discipline and two jinshi". Of course this is a postscript.
Also in 1893, at the age of 56, Wang Kaijia was promoted to the rank of Chieftain of the Civil Selection Department of the Bureaucracy. Liu Guangdi was excited about the promotion of his friend, and bluntly said that "next year, he will be stable in Beijing and first class, and Jian Fang Daofu", which means that he is very optimistic about Wang Kaijia's beautiful career. But at this time, Wang Kaijia was "quite ill, quite discouraged, and repeatedly wanted to beg to return to his hometown." Liu Guangdi saw the situation and took advantage of the convenience of "living diagonally opposite the door and meeting each other day and night", and from time to time came to the door to encourage him, "advising him to wait until next spring when he inspected the hall in Beijing to discuss it", so as not to "lose all his achievements". But who knew that there was an unexpected storm in the sky, and Wang Kaijia, who had not yet sat hot in the position of "Palm Seal Lang", unexpectedly died on the eighth day of the first month of April of that year, at the age of 56. This sunny thunderbolt made Liu Guangditun feel sad, and he wrote in a letter to his brother: "In the past two or three years, he has been very knowledgeable, far more than He, etc., and his intention to learn is also strong, but unfortunately, the days are not false, so that the heart of reading has not yet stopped." The brother looked at each other and faced each other, and the fate was not shallow. His sharp ambition is the hidden of learning, and many of his fellow villagers cannot know. ”
Written by Wang Kaijia, Liu Guangdi, and Li Yunshu, "The Manuscript of the Scriptures" (Qing Guangxu 癸巳 inscribed)
In addition to his grief, Liu Guangdi, with deep thoughts about his former friend, personally wrote an inscription for Wang Kaijia that "expounded his learning as an idea". On the tenth day of the first month of August, Wang Kaijia's son Wang Daiyun (Zi Taichang) returned to his hometown, and Liu Guang escorted him all the way to Tongzhou, fifty miles away, and stayed in Tongzhou for two days before returning to Beijing. Next, Liu Guangdi was responsible for the compilation of Wang Kaijia's posthumous collection "Manuscripts of the Scriptures", which began with the inscription "Fushun Liu Guangdi Pei Cun Fu Ding". In 1897, Liu Guangdi was invited by Wang Kaijia's family to write a preface to the sixtieth birthday of his wife Yu Shuren. The full text of the shou preface is nearly 1400 words, not only praising his wife Yu Shuren for "Dun Su and Keeping Manners", and his son Wang Daiyun for "being able to be virtuous" and "knowing great righteousness", but also fondly recalling the love and friendship with Wang Kaijia between the words, which drew a satisfactory end to the gentleman's friendship between the two.
Source: Sichuan Provincial Local History Work Office
Text/Photo: Liu Gang (Zigong City Local History Office)
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