After thousands of dangers and finding the right time, the victory or defeat of the Battle of Shuishui gave Tuoba Xianbei the opportunity to chase the deer in the Central Plains
In the eleventh year of Jianxing, that is, in 396 AD, the Later Yan Emperor, who knew that his time was short, the seventy-year-old Murong Chui decided to march in person to avenge the disastrous defeat of the previous year's Participation in Hepi, and at the same time to seek a greater living space for himself, a Later Yan who had only been established for twenty-one years. In the same year, the Later Yan dragon city iron rode west out of the Taihang Mountains and took Pingcheng directly, tuoba qian was caught off guard and killed in battle. At the same time, in the face of Murong Chui, the military commander of the Southern and Northern Dynasties who had never tasted defeat in his life, the Northern Wei emperor Tuoba Jue was so shocked that he almost wanted to abandon the city and flee, and all his subordinates also had two hearts and no fighting spirit, and the biggest crisis of national subjugation since the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty was coming.
Perhaps God blessed him and did not want the Tuoba family to withdraw from the stage of history early, or perhaps, heaven was jealous of talents and did not want Murong Chui's invincible military career to end in a total victory. When the Later Yan army revisited its homeland and came to the place of great defeat a year ago, the dying emperor faced the corpses of soldiers piled up, with endless unwillingness and tragedy, and fell to the ground, the hero was dying, and he did not do his full work. Similarly, Hou Yan also went to the final decline with the sudden death of this legendary emperor.
The sword of Damocles, which straddled the head of the Northern Wei Dynasty, never fell, and the biggest crisis in the history of the Northern Wei Dynasty disappeared in an unexpected or tragic atmosphere.
This book "Prairie Empire" is a historical work published by the famous geographer Chen Zhengxiang in 1991 at the Zhonghua Bookstore in Hong Kong. Its content, as stated in the subtitle "The Rise and Fall of the Tuoba Wei Dynasty", focuses on the Northern Wei Dynasty hidden in the background of the Great Era of the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and the author attempts to dissect the rise, development, decline and demise of such a nomadic dynasty that first entered the Central Plains in Chinese history through its professional background in geography. Here there is not only the inheritance and progression of the time thread, but also the migration and change of the core power layer of Tuoba Xianbei. Interpret geographical factors to a height that can affect the direction of history.
The Book of Wei records the birthplace of the Northern Wei Dynasty: "The state has the Great Xianbei Mountain, because it is a name, and after that, the world is the king, the north of the capital of the united you, the wilderness of the vast desert, the animal husbandry migration, shooting and hunting as the industry, the simplicity is customary, the simplicity is the transformation, not the writing, the carved wood jiqi." "As for where the Great Xianbei Mountain is located, it is always a mystery, and there is no way to know." It was not until the 1980s that it was discovered through archaeology that it was finally determined that as one of the many Xianbei,"Tuoba Xianbei", it originated in a place called Gaxian Cave in the Daxing'an Mountains northwest of the Alihe Town of the Orunchun Autonomous Banner of the Hulunbuir League, and was found here
Emperor Taiwu sent emissaries to this place to make sacrifices and carved a blessing on the stone wall. "Congratulations, the Lord's praises."
In ancient times, the local people initially made a living hunting and nomadic herding, and gradually formed the Tuoba Xianbei tribe. In the early years of the Eastern Han Dynasty, they migrated to the Hulunbuir steppe, which was easier to live in. It is worth affirming that this unique grassland with incomparably superior natural conditions has always influenced the course of Chinese history in some way, not only out of the Tuoba clan in front of it, but also the birthplace of Genghis Khan and his Mongolian iron horse that swept across Eurasia in the twelfth century, and it is also the land praised by the "wind blowing grass and low seeing cattle and sheep" in the popular "Song of Shule".
It is no wonder that a generation of powerful courtiers, Gao Huan, sang this song on his deathbed to relieve his longing for his homeland.
Just when the Tuoba Xianbei people planned to make this their home and live for a long time, a famous battle in the southern part of the Central Plains also completely changed the pattern of the world that had long been eroded.
In 383 AD, the Great Qin Heavenly King Jian Jianshui was defeated miserably, and former Qin, which seemed to have the potential to dominate the world, fell apart overnight, and the god of fate never gave this heroic king any chance to turn the tables. "Qin lost its deer, and the people of the world chased it away", tuoba Jue, who was only fifteen years old, saw that the time was ripe, took advantage of the situation, restored the dynasty, and later changed his name to the King of Wei, and worked hard to reform the internal reform of the law, and defeated helan, Tiefu, Gaoche, and Rouran in succession, and Murong Bao, the prince of Yan, after the great destruction of Hehepi. After Murong Chui's death, Qin Yaoxing was also destroyed in Chaibi. Two years later, in the third year of the emperor's reign, he set the name of the country as "Wei" and moved the capital to Pingcheng, Shanxi, and the reason why he abandoned the grassland to set foot in Shanxi, Tuoba Jue had great ambitions and expectations at this moment. The daiguo, which once made a living from nomadic hunting, now casts its gaze on the wider expanse of the land, pointing at the sword blade and looking at the Central Plains.
As the founding monarch of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba Jue not only led his tribe to remove all internal and external obstacles, but also pointed out the direction of future development and conquest for future generations. At the same time, it also left a tragic ending for the later Northern Wei monarchs who could not die well.
In the sixth year of Tianci, his son Tuoba Shao launched a coup d'état, and a generation of male lords was killed. Eleven of the fifteen Subsequent Northern Wei emperors would have died in the same bizarre way.
From passive obedience, to strong self-identification, to self-abandonment, Tuoba Xianbei moved towards two futures of prosperity and decline in the hands of Emperor Xiaowen
Whether it is from history itself or the summary in the textbook, it is enough to prove that Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty's "total Sinicization" reform from top to bottom has a huge impact on future Chinese history. As the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty moved from Pingcheng to Luoyang, an ethnic minority tribe born on the outskirts of Northern Xinjiang finally bordered at this moment with the Zhengshuo rule of the Central Plains Dynasty. Similarly, with the continuous deepening of the Sinicization reform, the language, writing, culture, surname, official position, academic, living habits, etc. have also changed, and even the mainstream ideological concept changes, which not only promoted the recovery and prosperity of the Northern Wei economy itself, but also accelerated the process of feudalization of the Northern Wei regime, and at the same time promoted the exchange and integration between various ethnic groups and the Han nationalities, laying a structural foundation for the country to be able to move from the great division of the four hundred years of war to the era of Sui and Tang unification.
As a famous monarch in history, the "Gao Zuji" in the Book of Wei has no shortage of praise for Tuoba Hong: "Ya is good at reading, and his hands are not released." The meaning of the 'Five Classics' is easily taught, and it is not learned to be learned, and its essence is explored. There are hundreds of legends in history, and all should not be involved. Good at talking about "Zhuang" and "Old", especially the interpretation. It is not difficult to see between the lines that his appreciation and love for the culture of the Central Plains, at the same time, with a little taste of Yang Wen and martial arts.
Everything has advantages and disadvantages, if the time is extended slightly, the capital relocation and Sinicization after the dividend period, the negative impact of which eventually makes the country decline. First of all, it itself consumed a lot of manpower, financial resources, and material resources, and blindly changing customs and customs also destroyed the original simple habits of the Xianbei people, and the decaying style of the southern dynasty aristocratic door valves was resurgent here, and has been lingering among the political high-level in the second half of the Northern Dynasty, "from frugality to luxury, from luxury to frugality." At the same time, the capital was also lost the support of the original power group of the Tuoba clan, and between Luoyang and Pingcheng, between the new and old nobles, it was inevitable to move towards alienation, estrangement and confrontation. On the other hand, blind Sinicization, only the pursuit of cultural level as close as possible, forgetting the fundamental reason for its own strength, the red tape of Confucian etiquette replaced the primitive habit of courage and simplicity, and the state atmosphere of reverence for Confucianism replaced the original belief in worshiping heaven and worshiping gods. As a result, "the world is peaceful, and the school is prosperous." The land of Therefore, the land of Yan Qi and Zhao Wei is innumerable. There are more than a thousand people in the big and hundreds of people in the small. "It looks like a heavenly kingdom and a magnificent appearance of the king.""
South orange north orange, water and soil are not satisfied. It only takes a little review of the causes and effects before and after to know that Emperor Xiaowen's "total Sinicization" played a rather negative role in the self-denial and final disintegration of the Northern Wei regime, and the repeated disarming of the spiritual world and the blind imitation of the so-called advanced concepts and the imitation of the so-called advanced concepts will not only put themselves in the embarrassing situation of Handan toddler and Dong Shi, but also make it easier to make the original core cohesion and collective consensus completely scattered, and the centripetal force of the entire country is completely lost. Learning from the past to the present, the feelings are not the same.
At the same time that the Northern Wei regime moved south, the "Six Towns", which had once served as the ladder of promotion of military households, also lost their former glory, the hero's end, and no longer had a useful place, but became the object of oppression by the Xun nobles, and the accumulated resentment and anger slowly took root here. In the end, it led to a change that devoured the foundation of the Northern Wei Dynasty for two hundred years.
Erzhu Rong, let the world join the tyrant into the next period of history
When Erzhu Rong, the powerful minister of "Gong Gai Cao Cao, Misfortune Than Dong Zhuo", entered the highest power core of Northern Wei, it meant that Northern Wei would officially enter the traditional mode of foreign relatives interfering in politics and the dictatorship of power ministers. The change of the six towns, the fall of the northern frontier, the beacon fire god state, and the four wolf smokes, it is precisely when the hero chases the deer, Erzhu Rong, as the chief of the party, takes advantage of the situation, the Beiping rebellion, and the southern rejection of southern Liang. After Emperor Xiaoming was poisoned and killed by Empress Dowager Hu, he led his army south and established Yuan Ziyou the Prince of Changle as emperor, and declared himself the governor of Chinese and foreign militaries, generals, and Shang Shuling. Then, under the pretext of Gaoyang Wang Yuanyong's rebellion, he launched the "Heyin Revolution", and the high-level bureaucracy of the Northern Wei Dynasty was lost, and the worms with hundreds of feet died but did not stiffen.
I have to admit that the power change in the Second Half of the Northern Wei Dynasty is similar to the blood and mutual killing of the southern court that has already formed at that time, and the so-called "Sinicization" degree is so profound that it can be called both gods and forms.
The course of history always moves on to the next stage, and the end of this drama often heralds the prelude to the next one. In 530 AD, just as Erzhu Rong entered the Dynasty with the power of the world, but died under the sword, two of his men were about to enter the stage of history, their names were Gao Huan and Yuwen Tai.