introduction
Tuoba Xianbei is a tribal group formed by the recombination after the collapse of the Great Alliance of Tanshi Locust Xianbei. His ancestors lived in the Daxianbei Mountains (in the northern part of present-day Daxing'anling, in the Town of Alihe, Orunchun Banner, Hulunbuir City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). Legend has it that when the distant ancestor became Emperor Mao, "clever martial strategy, pushed from near and far, ruled the country thirty-six, the big surname ninety-nine", was the leader of the tribal alliance of the early ming and humble. When Emperor Xuan of the Fifth Dynasty (known as TuiYin by the people, commonly known as the First Tuiyin), he "moved south to Daze" (present-day Hulun Lake in the northern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). When the Seventh Emperor was in the vicinity of Emperor Xian (also known as the Tuiyin Factory and the Yi Emperor, known as the Second Tuiyin), Emperor Shengwu asked emperor Shengwu to lead the rain to move through the garden of "the valley is high and deep, nine difficulties and eight obstacles, and the original residence of the Xiongnu" garden (the Yinshan area in the western part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region is the place where the Chunu were first revived).
In the process of moving south and west, the early Xianbei merged with the Remnants of the Xiongnu who remained in the Mongolian steppe, thus giving them the name of Tuoba or Bald Xianbei of "Xianbei Father and Mother". Exactly
Sandalwood locust
During the period of the establishment of the Xianbei Tribal Grand Alliance, the dedication of the emperor to the neighbor was a deduction of one of the western lords. After the collapse of the Great Alliance of Danshihuai, Emperor Shenyuan, the son of Jie Fen, was forced to follow Dou Bin, the lord of Wulu Huibu, and later annexed Wulu Huibu and moved east to Shengle (present-day northern Helinger County, western Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), gradually forming a tribal alliance headed by Tuoba Bu. At the time of the Lu official, the division was divided into three parts: the east, the middle, and the west. After Lu Guan's death, YiLu "took charge of the three departments, thinking that they were unified", and was made the acting king by Jin.
In 376 AD, the Former Qin Dynasty was destroyed, and the tribal alliance led by Tuoba Bu collapsed. In 386 AD, Tuoba Wei revived the reign of the emperor, and later changed his name to The King of Wei, and in 389 AD, he was given the title of Wei and was historically known as Northern Wei.
Until the Taiwu Emperor Tuoba Tao unified the northern part of the Central Plains, forming a situation of confrontation between the north and the south with the Southern Dynasty. After Emperor Xiaowen's Sinicization reform, the feudalization of the Xianbei people was promoted, and the integration of the various ethnic groups and the Han nationality that migrated inland was accelerated. Under the blow of the uprising of the various ethnic groups in the six towns, northern Wei split into Eastern and Western Wei in 534 AD, and was later replaced by Northern Qi and Northern Wei respectively, until Yang Jian established the Sui Dynasty in 581 AD.
So, during this period, what kind of evolution did tuoba xianbei's two-wing system undergo, and what role did it play in the development of the country?
Sinicization of the Xianbei people
Regarding the two-wing system of Tuofeng and Xianbei, it can be roughly divided into three periods for study, namely, the Luguan period, the Shifuqian period, and the Tuoba Jue period.
I. The two-wing system of the Luguan period (295-308 AD).
Emperor Zhao, Tuoba Luguan (拓跋禄官), the son of Emperor Tuoba Liwei of the First Ancestor Shenyuan, was proclaimed the head of the Xianbei Tuoba clan after the death of Emperor Tuoba Fu of Si. At that time, Tuoba Xianbei's power was strong, and the number of control strings and horses increased to more than 400,000, and it divided the Tuoba tribes into three parts: "The emperor himself lived in the east, in the north of the Upper Valley, west of the Source, and east of the Yuwen Department; Emperor Huan, the eldest son of Emperor Wen, unified the ministry, judai Commandery of The Northern Part of the Senghe Po; Emperor Huan's brother Emperor Mu (猗帝) was the unified department of Lu and lived in the ancient city of Shengle in Dingxiang. ”
That is, in the north of Shanggu (present-day Huailai County, Hebei Province), and the west of The Source of The Luan River (present-day Fengning County, Hebei Province) was the east, and was commanded by Lu Guan himself; In the north of Sanhepo (present-day Daihai, Liangcheng County, Ulanchabu League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region) was the central part, and the eldest son of the Desert Khan was commanded by Yiwu; At dingxiang Shengle Ancient City (northwest of present-day Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and linger County), it was the western part, under the command of Yilu. At this time, Tuoba Xianbei's two-wing system presented the form of east, middle and west.
As the supreme leader of the Tuoba tribe, Lu Guan, he led the eastern part and was the son of Li Wei; The central governor Yi Wu, the eldest son of Emperor Wen desert Khan, the son of Li Wei, and the grandson of Li Wei; The western governor, Yilu, was the younger brother of Yiwu, the son of the Desert Khan, and the grandson of Li Wei. The chiefs of the central and western regions and the supreme chief, the eastern chiefTain Luguan, were uncles and nephews, and they were both descendants of Tuoba Liwei.
At that time, the southern part of Tuoba Xianbei was the Western Jin Dynasty of the Central Plains, and in the east there was Kuxian, the karasuma king of the Western Jin Dynasty, who originally belonged to Tuoba Xianbei and surrendered to the Western Jin Dynasty after Li Weiyou's death. And Yuwen Xianbei, centered on the present-day Mulun River and laoha river in the west, there are miscellaneous beards in the west, of which the threat from the south and the east is the greatest. Therefore, in order to deal with the Western Jin Dynasty and Kuxian and Yuwen Xianbei, Lu Guan lined up the Tuoba people according to the east-west line, concentrated all his strength on defending the south, and himself led the east to directly deal with Kuxian and Yuwen Xianbei.
In 306 AD, he died, and his son Pugen succeeded him as the governor of chubu. In 308 (the second year of Jin Shui Jia), Lin Guan died and Yi Lu took the throne. This shows that the three ministers at this time, whether they are the highest chief or the chief of the sub-department, are tenured for life and can also pass on their sons. After Yi Lu ascended the throne, he "took charge of the three departments, thinking that it was unified", participated in the Western Jin Dynasty's war against the Xiongnu tribes, and was first made a daigong by the Jin Dynasty, with the title of Da Dan Yu. In 315 AD, jin was also made the acting king. In his later years, Due to the issue of the heir apparent, he attacked Liu Xiu, the eldest son of Liu Xiu, who was sitting in Xinpingcheng (新平城, southwest of present-day Datong, Shanxi), and died of defeat, and since then the Tuoba clan has been in turmoil and his power has declined.
II. The two-wing system in the Shiyi Qian period (338--376 AD).
In November 338, Tuoba Yulu's second son Tuoba Shiyi, who was 19 years old at the age of 19, took the throne in the north of Fanshi (present-day western Hunyuan County, Shanxi Province) and established the State of Yuan. Because Shi Yiqian was once a quality stone Zhao, after returning, he learned from the ruling system of the Western Jin Dynasty and combined with the original tribal system of Tuoba Xianbei to carry out political power construction, so that the internal gradual stabilization was gradually stabilized.
According to the Book of Wei, vol. 113, "GuanShi Zhi", it is recorded that in the second year of the founding of the people's republic, the first position of the left and right close attendants, the impermanent members, or until the second year of the founding of the hundred countries, the initial position of the left and right close attendants, the impermanent members, or to the hundreds, the service value is forbidden, and the edict is preached.
Tuoba Shi Wing Gan
It can be seen from the historical data quoted above that at this time, the two-wing system of Tuoba Xianbei was to present the southern, central and northern forms centered on the Tuoba headquarters. In the central government, Shi Yiqian, as the supreme chief, directly administered the Tuoba headquarters - the central part, he absorbed the official system of the Western Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains, set up hundreds of officials, and assisted him in handling government affairs; In the place, put those who come to attach
"Miscellaneous people from all directions",
Collectively known as Karasuma, it is divided into two parts, the south and the north, each with an adult to rule. In the second ministry, chiefs and chiefs are appointed according to the number of people they receive. Wei Shu believed that the two great men of the south and the north resembled the second uncle of the legendary Yellow Emperor. The first chief officers of the second department, one was Tuoba Gu, the brother of Shiyi Qian, who was the first son of Tuoba Zhengbao, and the other was the eldest son of Shiyi Key, both of whom were the sons of Shifu Key.
According to the Book of Threads, the Liedi Tuozhi looked at his dying will: "I will welcome the true calf of Lishi, and the society can be safe." However, the Tuoba Fei clan "has a new and great reason, the inside and outside are not at peace, Ming Cheng (Shi Yi Qian) is in the south, the future can be fruitful, compared to the middle, fear of becoming deceitful, Yi Li Changjun to the town of public expectations", therefore, gong push gu as the leader. Lonely Changshi was on the screen of Shi Zhao, and personally went to Yicheng to greet him, "Zhaocheng (Shiyi Qian) is on the throne, but it is divided into half of the country to be with it" Then the so-called Shiyi Qian divided the half of the country to Tuofa Lonely, but the "miscellaneous people of all sides" who were attached were divided into two parts, the south and the north, and the north was led by the orphan. Because Shi Yiqian had just ascended the throne and his position was not yet stable, he himself directly commanded the Tuoba headquarters and made his son the chief of the two divisions of the north and south. The local position began to stabilize, and after the death of The Orphan, Shi Yiqian gave the Northern Lords another person, causing the Orphan to "derelict in his duties" and complain. In 376, under the massive attack of Former Qin, Jin instigated That jun to kill Shi Yiqian, leading to the demise of the Dai regime. This shows that with the strengthening of royal power during the ShiyiQian period, the system of brotherhood and nephewship between the three ministers during the Luguan period and the system of lifelong system and passing on children has undergone major changes.
In addition to the first Gu and Sai jun, the southern and northern lords of the Shiyi Qian period also proved this change in the records of the classics. The southern adults are Liu Kuren, Changsun Ren, and Changsun Song"; The northern adults had Liu Ju and He Digan, and the composition of these people was already very complicated, and it seemed that after the Gu and Saijun, the southern and northern lords were no longer elected from the Tuoba clan of the clan.
III. The two-wing system in the Tuoba period (386-409 AD).
Tuoba Jia was the son of Qiange and the grandson of Shi Yiqian. In 376, Shi Yiqian was killed by Yan Jun, and the Dai regime was destroyed under the blows of Former Qin, and his mother took refuge in the DuguBu and the Helan Clan of the Outer Family. In the spring of 386 AD, he took the remnants and assembled at Niuchuan (niuchuan, southeast of present-day Hohhot, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), that is, the throne of Jianyuan Dengguo. In April, he changed his name to King of Wei. In the autumn and July of 396 AD, the Tianzi Banner was built and changed to the beginning of the Yuan Emperor. In 398 AD (the first year of The Northern Wei Dynasty), the state name was set wei, and the history was called Northern Wei.
Northern wei dynasty
According to the Book of Wei, vol. 113, "Records of the Guanshi", it is recorded that Taizu ascended the first year of the kingdom, so he did not change, and the north and south were placed on the lord and ruled the second department. He is the commander of the capital of the year, and he is also the general of the building and the official of the outer dynasty.
After Tuoba Jia took the throne, he continued to implement the two-wing system, with the southern and northern parts of the rule, and at the same time improved the central organs. However, the adults of the second department are no longer tuoba clans, such as the southern adults have eldest grandson Song, Liu Luochen, etc., and the northern adults have uncles and grandsons. At this time, the southern and northern departments were still the same as those in the Shiyi Qian period, in order to subordinate Tuoba Xianbei's "miscellaneous people", Tuoba Qi, as the central part of the emperor's direct jurisdiction, was the Tuoba Xianbei headquarters distributed in The Interior and Suburbs, that is, the so-called "Eight Kingdoms, Ten Surnames"
From the first year of the Reign of The People's Republic of China (386 AD) to the tianxing period (398-403 AD), Taizu Tuoba Li implemented the policy of "separating the various tribes and settling in the land". As Mr. Ma Changshou said, this policy has played a great role in decomposing the various tribes of the inner people and the four subordinate tribes, but there has been no major change in the "Xianbei Eight Ministries" or the "Eight Kingdoms" itself.
"At the beginning of the first year of Tianxing (389 AD), Taizu Tuoba Ju formulated Jingyi, east to Dai Commandery, west and Shanwu, Antarctic Yinguan, and north to join forces, as the field of Kiuchi; The outer four sides and four dimensions are placed in eight marshals to supervise them." In the "Records of the Officials", it is also recorded as follows: "In December (the first year of Tianxing), there were eight doctors, scattered horsemen, waiters and other officials. Its eight masters placed one person on the four-dimensional side of the imperial city to simulate eight seats, which are called the Eight Kingdoms. ”
Mr. Ma Changshou pointed out, "The eight great masters before the founding of the Tuoba Wei Dynasty divided into two kinds of Yi officials at the time of the founding of the country: one was the Eight Shuai, stationed in the suburbs outside qi, defending the Jing Division, supervising production, and was a kind of Wuyi; One is the Eight Masters, who are placed in the four squares and four dimensions of the imperial city in Kinai, and participate in the government and politics, which is a kind of Wenyi. The two cannot be confused, this is the first change of the eight adult system. ”
That is to say, the eight departments (or eight kingdoms) of The Eight Ministries (or Eight Kingdoms) of Tuoba Xianbei were divided into wu yi's eight marshals stationed in the suburbs of Ki and Wen Yi's counselors and governments placed in the four directions and four dimensions of the imperial city of Ki nei, which belonged to the official positions of the central organs, and did not belong to the same as the southern and northern lords who managed the "miscellaneous people of all sides" who belonged to Tuoba Xianbei. System, this needs to be clear. This central official position was changed to the first year of The reign of Emperor Taizong Tuoba in the first year of Shenrui (414 AD), and "in the spring of the first year of Shenrui, the eighth major official was placed." The Lord placed three subordinate officials, the Prime Minister WanJi, so the world name "Eight Gongyun." In the summer of the second year of Cathay Chang (417 AD), he became the "Six Great Officials".
summary
In short, the two-wing system of Tuoba Xian rate ranged from the eastern, middle and western parts of the Luguan period to the southern and northern two departments centered on the Tuoba headquarters in the Shisuanqian period, and the two-wing system of this typical three-part form was still being implemented at the time of Tuoba Zhu. During the reign of Emperor Taizong Tuoba, due to the expansion of his territory, it became a five-part system of eastern, western, southern, and northern governance centered on Tuoba's headquarters. reach
Tuoba Tao
In the middle and late period of his reign, the two-wing system mutated and became the southern and northern shangshu divided into southern and northern border prefectures.
With this change, the chiefs who divided the two wings gradually changed from local officials to central government officials, and the names of official positions evolved from adults with nomadic characteristics to Shangshu of the Central Plains Han system, reflecting the trend of strengthening centralized power. The jurisdiction of the original purely nomadic tribes gradually expanded to "miscellaneous people of all sides" with their own chiefs and chiefs, until they became the prefectures and counties of the Central Plains Han system.
The fundamental reason why such a big change has occurred is that with the continuous southward movement of Tuoba Xianbei, the territory has expanded, and the Sinicization has deepened, and the original tribal system that adapted to the nomadic production and life of the grassland has been difficult to adapt to the agrarian society. As a result, in the new environment, the two-wing system has mutated.
【Northern Song Dynasty】Sima Guang: "Zizhi Tongjian"