In Chinese history, the three nomadic tribes of Tuoba, Murong and Mongolia have all migrated over long distances, but the final results are very different. This article attempts to provide a new way of thinking, to re-sort the history from another perspective to explore the development laws and internal reasons behind it for reference.
1. Tuoba and Murong - migration within the domain
1. Brief introduction of Tuoba and Murong
In 220 AD, Tuoba Jiefen, the leader of the Tuoba clan, died, the second son Tuoba Liwei was favored, and the eldest son Tuoba Pi led his subordinates to move to Liangzhou, Hexi, and the surname "Tuoba" was also homophonically transliterated as "bald hair".
Nanliang (397-414), one of the 16 kingdoms of the Five Hu and Sixteen Kingdoms period, was a Xianbei regime
In 397 AD, the eighth grandson of bald-haired Pyothrus, founded Nanliang. In 400 AD, the neighboring Western Qin was annexed by Later Qin, and the Western Qin hostage of Southern Liang, the crown prince Qifu Qipan, wanted to flee to Chang'an to surrender to his father and was captured, and the king of Southern Liang, Bald Lilugu (the brother of Bald Wugu), angrily ordered him to be beheaded, but was dissuaded by his brother Bald-haired Li Tan (Qifu Zhipan's father-in-law): "The courtier fled to the emperor's father, Zhengu Tongyi, so Wei Wushan Guan Yu's ben, Qin Zhaoshu Xiang's death. Although Blazing Pan has fled rebellion, his filial piety is commendable, and it is advisable to hang on to the full body, in order to carry out the weight of The Sea. Two years later, Beggar Blazing Pan managed to escape.
In 409 AD, Western Qin restored the kingdom, in 414 AD, Nanliang's national strength was greatly reduced due to successive years of poor harvests, the king of Southern Liang, Bald Hair tan, waved his division to attack Yifu Xianbei in the west to plunder the population to enhance the national strength, and the capital city of Le was captured by the Western Qin king Qifu Qipan, who took the opportunity to lead an army to capture, and Nanliang died.
In 384, Murong Chui, the former Former Yan King of Wu, established Later Yan. In 395 AD, the Northern Expedition to Northern Wei was defeated by Northern Wei at Samhepi, and it turned from prosperity to decline. In 397, Northern Wei captured the Later Yan capital Zhongshan, cutting off Later Yan into two parts, the southern Yan was destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty in 410 AD, and the Northern Yan in the north was destroyed by The Northern Wei in 436 AD.
Above_Later Yan Western Yan Southern Yan Northern Yan
2. Comparison of the two (Tuoba Bu: Southern Liang and Northern Wei, Murong Bu: Later Yan and Tuguhun)
Throughout the history of Southern Liang, we can find many similarities with the Northern Wei.
Both have risen but been extinguished since they separated;
In order to rule, the Western Jin Dynasty and Former Qin needed to adopt a soft policy to appease both;
The two later took advantage of the chaos of the war to rise again and fell into a situation of strong enemies (Northern Liang, Tuguhun, Later Qin, Western Qin, etc., around Southern Liang; around Northern Wei there were Later Qin, Later Yan, Later Liang, Daxia, etc.);
Both claimed to their neighbors (the bald-haired Emperor of Southern Liang was a vassal to the Later Qin monarch Yao Xing; the Northern Wei Daowu Emperor Tuoba Jue was a vassal to the Later Yan monarch Murong Chui);
They all encountered a northern enemy (in 411 AD and 413 AD, Nanliang was twice forced to take hostages by Northern Liang to withdraw his troops; from 402 to 487 AD, Rouran invaded the south and the Northern Wei Northern Expedition more than twenty times);
Both moved the capital under pressure from strong enemies in the north (in 410 AD, forced by the threat of Northern Liang, Southern Liang moved the capital from Guzang to Ledu, and the following year Guzang was captured by Northern Liang; an important reason why Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moved the capital to Luoyang was Rouran's threat to the old capital of Northern Wei;
All of them led to the demise of the country because of sinicization (Nan Liang followed the Han custom and did not execute him after capturing Qifu Zhipan, and was eventually eliminated by him; the reform of Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei caused the ruling class to decline rapidly after Sinicization, laying the groundwork for the future demise of Northern Wei).
Tuoba Hong (467–499), Han Chinese name Yuan Hong, also known as Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei
Similar to the year when Tuoba Pi migrated to Hexi, after Murong Shugui's chief murong shigui died and his second son Murong Xi succeeded him, the eldest son Murong Tuguhun moved his subordinates to the Qinghai area. His grandson Murong Yeyan used Tuguhun as his family name and state name.
Similar to Later Yan, both rose to prominence and faced a situation of strong enemies (Former Qin, Later Qin, Western Yan, Zhai Wei, Northern Wei, Eastern Jin, Goguryeo, etc.; Tuguhun was surrounded by Former Liang, Hou Liang, Northern Liang, Southern Liang, Western Liang, Western Qin, Later Qin, Later Qin, etc.);
Both dominated the north China Plain when they were strong (Later Yan dominated the North China Plain when it was strong, competing with Later Qin, Eastern Jin, and Northern Wei; Tuguhun dominated the Qinghai region when it was strong, and successively competed with Northern Wei, Northern Zhou, and Sui Dynasties);
All of them were destroyed because of the war with their neighbors and eventually perished (Later Yan and Northern Wei were severely damaged, Murong Bao, the king of Later Yan, surrendered, the rest was split into two parts, the south was destroyed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty, the north was destroyed by Northern Wei; Tuguhun and tang dynasties were severely damaged, Tuguhun king Fuyun died of hanging himself, the rest were east and west, and Tuguhun surrendered to Tubo. Tuguhun in the east was destroyed by Tubo, and the remnants were annexed to Tang).
Above_Tuguhun and Tubo
Mongolia – regional migration
1. Introduction to the Yuan Dynasty (Great Khanate) and the Golden Horde (Shuchi Ulusi).
In 1271, Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty, and in 1279 AD, the Southern Song Dynasty was destroyed to unify China. After Kublai Khan's death, the political situation of the Yuan Dynasty was turbulent, and the "Southern Slope Change" and the "Rebellion of the Three Emperors" broke out successively, and various contradictions intensified and triggered peasant uprisings. In 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang declared the emperor to establish the Ming Dynasty, the Northern Expedition conquered Dadu, and the Yuan Dynasty fell.
In 1243, after the end of the eldest son's Western Expedition, Batu established the Golden Horde, and in 1260 AD, he took advantage of the Ali Buge Rebellion to get rid of the Mongol central domain and become completely independent. In 1380 AD, he defeated Mamai to become the Great Khan. In the 15th century, the Golden Horde split into independent khanates such as the Siberian Khanate, the Kazan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Astrakhan Khanate. In 1502, the last Great Khan, Sekhhe ali, was defeated by the Crimean Khanate and the Golden Horde collapsed.
Above_Yuan Dynasty territory
Why did Tuoba, Murong and Mongols have very different migration results?
As a migration, why did Tuoba (Southern Liang and Northern Wei) and Murong (Tuguhun and Later Yan) migrate away with similar outcomes, while the cross-border Mongols (Yuan Dynasty and Golden Horde) migrated far or wrong (the Yuan Dynasty was overthrown by internal peasant uprisings, and the Golden Horde was destroyed by external forces after the division of the Golden Horde)?
To sum up, there are several main reasons:
1. Political reasons
Stavrianos writes in Chapter 8 of the General History of the Globe:
"Chinese living in the Han Dynasty in the 1st century BC, if they were resurrected at the beginning of the 8th century AD... They will find that the Tang Dynasty at that time is roughly the same as the Han Dynasty in the past, and they will notice that the two dynasties... The imperial administration is the same"
The continuation of the centralized system allowed Southern Liang and Northern Wei, as well as Tuguhun and Later Yan, to maintain similar endings. The modern Western democracy system is the inheritance and development of ancient Greek democracy, and the English "congress" (congress) consists of the prefix "con" (common) and the root "gress" (walking), which literally means "to come together to meet" (the ancient Greek citizens' assembly was attended by all citizens).
Thus, the tradition of small Western states and independent autonomy also greatly influenced the Golden Horde.
Above_Han Dynasty official system
2. Economic reasons
The implementation of the "equalized field system" in ancient China mobilized the peasants' enthusiasm for production, was conducive to the collection of taxes and the issuance of servitude by the state, promoted the recovery and development of social economy, and promoted the development of the commodity economy and the consolidation of rule.
The consequences of the Song Dynasty's "non-establishment of the field system" and "no suppression of annexation" were to increase the burden on the peasants, intensify class contradictions, and lead to continuous uprisings.
The West pays more attention to private property, and the promulgation of the "Twelve Bronze Tables Law" in ancient Rome focused on the protection of private property, which protected the interests of civilians to a certain extent. The English word "proper" evolved from the root "prop", meaning that what one has is appropriate, reflecting the subtle influence of private property.
Private property contributed to a different Golden Horde.
The Golden Horde generally refers to the Chincha Khanate (a feudal state established by the Mongols in the first half of the 13th century)
3. Cultural reasons
After the "great unification" of Emperor Wu of The Han Dynasty, the ancient Chinese feudal society "deposed a hundred families and respected Confucianism alone", making Confucianism a feudal orthodox thought, proposing "divine right of kings" and "unity of heaven and man", and strengthening ideological control.
As early as ancient Greece, the Idea of Decentralization sprouted in the West, and the effective separation of powers was implemented by the Citizens' Assembly, the Five-Hundred People's Council (administrative organization) and the People's Court, which provided a blueprint for the formation of the three-dimensional system of separation of powers in the modern Western political system.
The "separation of powers" proposed by Montesquieu in the Enlightenment, the "natural human rights" advocated by Voltaire, and the "popular sovereignty" and "social contract" advocated by Rousseau provided ideological weapons for bourgeois revolution and reform. The English "valid" evolved from the root "val" (strong), embodying what Marx said:
The development of bourgeois ownership relations has finally made the feudal ownership relations no longer adapt to the developing productive forces, but have become the shackles that bind the productive forces. It has to be blown up, and it has been blown up... The bourgeoisie destroyed the feudal system and developed the productive forces. ”
As a result, cultural differences also subtly influenced the Golden Horde.
Voltaire (1694–1778), France
4. Summary
In summary, the regional differences created by political, economic, cultural and other factors made the migration of Tuoba and Murong have similar outcomes and Mongolia very different. As Xiong Peiyun once said in "The Heights of Freedom": "History does not simply repeat itself, but it is always so familiar." "The differences between the civilizations of the East and the West created a Golden Horde that was different from the Yuan Dynasty, and also broke the closed isolation between the regions through the opening of new shipping routes, linking the two major civilizations together, thus bringing world history to a new level."
Text: MengqiRen
References: References: Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Book of Jin, Book of Wei, Yuan Shi, Zizhi Tongjian, Global General History, Freedom at a Height
The text was created by the History University Hall team, and the picture originated from the Internet and the copyright belongs to the original author