The Wei and Jin Dynasties and the Northern and Southern Dynasties period was a relatively special era in China, it was full of war and poetry, and ethnic minorities such as xiongnu, Xiongnu, Qiang, Qiang, xianbei and other ethnic minorities established states in an attempt to challenge the rule of the Central Plains Dynasty; at the same time, the Wei and Jin dynasties also had a poetic era of Wei and Jin wind bones, where literati and inkers were free and loose, and their thoughts were uninhibited. Most of the ethnic minorities in this period began the process of Sinicization, and after conquering part of the Central Plains, they were also deeply influenced by Han culture culturally, and at the same time, in order to rule the dominant Han people, the upper echelons of ethnic minorities must be Sinicized in order to rule firmly.
The Nanliang Bald Hair Clan is a relatively special ethnic minority, which has a close relationship with Tuoba Xianbei and belongs to the same ethnic relationship, so the Bald Hair Xianbei has also received extraordinary attention from people. In the process of contacting the Han people, bald-haired Xianbei eventually embarked on the road of Sinicization of Tuoba Xianbei. As an ethnic minority, the relationship between the Nanliang bald hair clan and the surrounding ethnic minorities is also a place worthy of attention, such as the relationship between the South Liang bald hair clan and the Xiongnu, Karma, Qi, Qiang, Xianbei, and especially the relationship between the South Liang bald hair clan and the Han nationality.
1. The origin of the Southern Liang Bald Hair Clan
According to records, the Nanliang Bald Hair Clan was also part of the Xianbei clan. In fact, during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, there were more than a dozen regimes established by the Xianbei people in the area north of the Central Plains, or the regimes with the Xianbei ethnic group as the main body, of which the most famous Xianbei regime was Tuoba Xianbei, and its Sinicization measures have long been recorded in history. In addition to the Tuoba Xianbei regime, the bald Xianbei also established the Southern Liang regime, and the Book of Wei contains: "Qing and Yuanyuan are the same, and they are divided into surnames because of the matter", which is what Tuoba Tao, the Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, once said to the monarch of Southern Liang, indicating that Tuoba Xianbei actually recognized the fact that Bald Xianbei was of the same origin as himself.
The Book of Sui records the deeds related to baldness and humiliation, pointing out that bald-haired xianbei established the Nanliang regime in the Hexi area. In terms of origin, the bald-haired Xianbei came from the Xianbei Bald-haired Department during the Han Dynasty, and during the Cao Wei Dynasty, Deng Ai, as the general of Zhenxi, moved tens of thousands of bald-haired Xianbei people to Hexi between Longyouyong and Liang'erzhou, and lived with the Han and Qiang ethnic groups. In 397, Bald Wugu escaped from the control of Lü Guang, the monarch of the Liang State, and established the Southern Liang regime, and two years later, Bald Wugu died, and his younger brother LiLuguo took the throne, calling him King Wuwei and strengthening his alliance with Northern Liang.
During the reign of Li Luguo, the Nanliang regime began to flourish. In 401 AD, he attacked the northern Liang rule area, and a year later, Li Luguo died, and his younger brother Li Tan took the throne and moved the capital again. During his reign, He fought a war with Later Qin and successfully escaped his subordinate status to Later Qin. In 414 AD, the Southern Liang regime was faced with internal and external troubles, the country did not receive for many years, the people complained bitterly, and there was no way to live; there was a Western Qin regime abroad, and finally Western Qin took advantage of the time when Li Tan sent troops to Attack the capital of Southern Liang, Ledu, and as a result, Li Tan was forced to surrender, and later poisoned, which meant the complete end of the Southern Liang regime.
2. The Sinicization Road of the Southern Liang Bald Clan
The road to sinicization of the Nanliang bald hair clan began after the founding of the People's Republic of Nanliang, and there are two main reasons for the active implementation of sinicization as an ethnic minority, one is because the power of the Nan Liang bald hair clan is mainly concentrated in the Hexi region, there are many Han people in this area, and if the Nanliang regime wants to be stable, it must adopt the method of Han people to rule the Han people; the second is because there are many advanced elements in the Han culture, especially the advanced experience in governing the country, which are the commonalities and important reasons why both Tuoba Xianbei and Bald Fresh Pei both choose Sinicization. Since the establishment of the absolute monarchy in the Qin Dynasty, the Han people have accumulated a lot of experience in governance, which is what the Southern Liang Bald Hair Clan must learn.
The road to Sinicization of the Nanliang Bald Clan is mainly manifested in several aspects, the first of which is to absorb Han Chinese to participate in the management of the Nanliang regime. Although the Nanliang regime was a regime established by ethnic minorities, and ethnic minorities occupied the dominant position in the ruling class, the assistance of the Han Chinese was an important factor in the sustainable development of this regime. According to records, "Yang Tong, Yang Zhen, Guo Huang, Guo Fen, Shi Hui, Lu Chong, etc." all became the proud talents of the Nanliang regime, and these people held high positions and made important contributions to the Sinicization of the Nanliang regime.
The second is to allow areas where Han People gather to retain Han living habits and management methods. This is very similar to the two-province system in the later Yuan Dynasty, where the Han administration of the Han people was combined with the management of the Bald Fresh And Humble Han people, and some grass-roots officials were still Han, but these grass-roots officials were still subject to the rule of the bald and humble. Finally, it absorbs and accepts the canonical system and governing experience in Han culture. One of the purposes of the bald and humble people to absorb the Han people into the political power is to learn from the governing experience of the Han rulers, and the experience of the Qin and Han dynasties has become the object of learning.
From the ethnic composition of the Nanliang regime, it can be found that the nobles in the bald and humble ethnic groups undoubtedly occupy a dominant position and a dominant position, followed by the Han people. In contrast, the Han Chinese under the Yuan dynasty belonged to the fourth class of residents and were ignored. The main reason for this is that the Han Chinese played a different role in the two regimes.
There are many ethnic minorities around the Nanliang bald hair clan, so the relationship with the surrounding ethnic groups has become another focus of the Nanliang regime to consolidate its rule.
The first is the relationship between the Southern Liang Bald Hair Clan and the Yu Clan. The Yu people are also active in the Hexi and Longyou regions, there is a territorial threat to the Nanliang regime, the Hu people have two branches of the Houliang regime and the Later Qin regime, after the establishment of the Nanliang regime, the Houliang regime coincides with internal and external troubles, the Houliang rulers are tyrannical and tyrannical about internal rule, the people are dissatisfied, and there is a tiger eye of the Western Qin regime externally, so the Southern Liang regime took this opportunity to often harass the Houliang regime by force, and finally, the Houliang regime surrendered to Later Qin, and the Southern Liang regime ended its relations with the Houliang regime.
The second is the relationship between the Southern Liang Bald Clan and the Xiongnu. The Xiongnu were already large in scale during the Han Dynasty, and frequently harassed the Han borderlands, until the Han Wudi period, fighting against them, gradually drove them out of the Han lands. During the Wei and Jin dynasties, Lu Shuihu and Tiefu Xiongnu, who belonged to the Xiongnu clan, established the Northern Liang and Bactrian regimes respectively, and the Southern Liang regime had different relations with the Northern Liang and Bactrian regimes.
In the exchanges between the Nanliang regime and the Northern Liang regime, the main thing is to seek allies, and the Nanliang regime is weak in its own strength, so when facing a powerful foreign enemy, it must win over countries that are consistent with its own goals and jointly resist the enemy, so Nanliang chooses to fight with the Northern Liang regime together.
The relationship between the Southern Liang regime and the Bactrian regime was dominated by war, but the two sides prepared for a marriage in the early stages, and the marriage failed, and the two sides eventually went to war. In 407 AD, the Nanliang regime and the Bactrian regime broke out the "Battle of Yangwu", as a result, the Nanliang regime was defeated, this war was also a turning point in the transformation of the bald and humble regime from prosperity to decline, after that, the Nanliang regime suffered from internal and external troubles, the Existence of the Nanliang regime for more than ten years, foreign wars were the main content, the Nanliang regime itself also died out in the war, was destroyed by other countries.
Then there is the relationship between the Southern Liang Bald Hair Clan and the Qiang Clan. The Southern Liang bald hair clan fought against the Yao clan, but submitted to Later Qin, in order to increase its strength and seize key areas, the subordination policy of the Southern Liang regime played a positive role, and Later Qin temporarily dispelled its suspicions about the Southern Liang regime and relaxed its vigilance, and finally the Southern Liang regime won in one fell swoop.
Finally, there is the relationship between the bald Xianbei who established the Southern Liang regime and the Tuoba Xianbei who established the Northern Wei regime. Due to the kinship of the same ethnic group, coupled with the fact that many of the bald and humble people entered the Tuoba Xianbei regime and became part of the ruling class, the relationship between the two sides was further than that of other ethnic groups, and both sides completed Sinicization. After the fall of the Southern Liang regime, most of the old people of Southern Liang became the rulers of the Northern Wei regime, and the Southern Liang imperial family also descended to the Northern Wei, under the rule of the Northern Wei regime, the bald and humble gradually integrated into the Han nationality, no longer a separate ethnic group, which also shows the success of the Northern Han reform.
During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, a large number of ethnic minorities appeared in the northern regions of the Central Plains Dynasty, and these ethnic groups established political power one after another, and fought against each other, realizing the coexistence of war and peace, and ethnic integration also became the main manifestation of this period. At the same time, the national integration of the Wei and Jin dynasties also laid the foundation for ethnic integration since the Sui and Tang dynasties, and promoted the diversity of the Chinese nation.
The Sinicization road of the Nanliang Bald Hair Clan is an important part of the history of the integration of the Chinese nation during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, and under the impetus of history, the Nan Liang Bald Hair Clan guided its subordinate people to enter the road of Sinicization, making an important contribution to the diversity of the Chinese nation. The road of Sinicization of the Nanliang Bald Hair Clan has experienced the road of political, economic, cultural and other identities, of which cultural identity is the most difficult task, political and economic Sinicization can be completed through temporary government policies, and cultural identity requires several generations of persistence to achieve, which requires rulers to have firm determination and perseverance.
The relationship between the Nanliang bald hair clan and the surrounding ethnic groups is full of twists and turns, not always friendly or bad, some events in different periods will affect the relationship between each other, and the relationship between the two ethnic groups will also affect the relationship with a third party, which is the joint role in diplomatic relations. Whether it is the Southern Liang bald xianbei, or the Northern Wei Tuoba Xianbei, after contacting the Han culture, they all choose to embark on the road of Sinicization, which is not only the inevitable choice of the ruler, but also the influence of the dominant ethnic group on the minority, similar to the Roman conquest of Greece, but was influenced by Greek culture, in the process of integrating Greek culture, gradually formed the unique culture of Rome.
bibliography
Book of Wei
Book of Sui
Jiang Fubao: "Identification of the Purpose of Bald Hair and Tuoba "Dividing Surnames"
Zhou Weizhou: A Study of People-To-People Relations in Northwest China in the Middle Ages
Xu Jiayu: A Preliminary Comparative Study of Bald Fresh and Beggar Xianbei