@秦楚刊号
Please pay attention to the next issue.
01
Differences and connections between different concepts
1. The concept of homogeneity (completely overlapping in extension)
Such as: karst landforms--- karst landforms; The third world --- developing countries
2. The concept of subordination (the extension of one concept is fully covered by the extension of another concept)
Such as: tropical rainforest climate, tropical rainforest, tropical rainforest belt.
Tropical rainforest climate is a climate type, tropical rainforest is a vegetation type, and tropical rainforest belt is a natural zone type.
3. The concept of cross-relationship, the extension of the two concepts coincides.
Such as: east-west direction, east longitude, west longitude, east and west hemisphere, east and west time zones.
4. The concept of causality (the two concepts have similar connotations but are not the same.) ）
[Beware of mistakes] If you don't pay attention, you will answer a certain crop as rapeseed and palm oil, and such mistakes are not uncommon. or because of carelessness, or because of a lack of common sense in production and life, should be noted.
5. The concept of incompatible juxtapositions
Such as: food crops and cash crops
Food crops: rice, wheat, corn, sorghum, beans, broad beans, peas, mung beans, sweet potatoes, potatoes
Cash crops: cotton, jute, rape, peanut, sesame, sugarcane, beet tea, coffee, cocoa, ginseng, fritillary, etc.
6. The Concept of Opposites: Cyclone vs. Anticyclone
02
Specific concepts are distinguished
1. Interstellar matter and interplanetary matter
Interstellar matter refers to the gas and dust that exist throughout interstellar space;
Interplanetary matter refers to the vast interplanetary space in the solar system, where extremely thin gas and very small amounts of dust are distributed.
Therefore, interstellar matter should contain interplanetary matter.
2. Solar radiation, solar radiation intensity, solar constant
Solar radiation refers to the radiation of energy from the sun to cosmic space in the form of electromagnetic waves, which is a physical concept.
Solar radiation intensity is a physical variable, which refers to the amount of solar radiation energy obtained on the surface of the earth in one square centimeter in one minute, and its magnitude depends on the solar altitude angle, latitude and time, of which the solar altitude angle is the main factor.
The solar constant is a physical quantification, which refers to the solar radiation energy obtained per minute in the upper boundary of the earth's atmosphere, perpendicular to the area of each square meter of the sun's rays, in the condition of the average distance between the sun and the earth, and its value is 8.16 joules per square centimeter per minute.
3. Precipitation, precipitation
Precipitation includes rain, snow, song, fog, dew, frost, graupel, hail and other forms, and rainfall is only one of the main types of precipitation.
4. Flow, runoff
Flow rate is the volume of water body passing through a certain water crossing section per unit time, and if the average flow velocity of the section is measured, the flow rate is equal to the product of the average flow velocity and the area of the crossing section. The magnitude of the multi-year average flow, also known as "normal runoff", essentially reflects the abundance of water resources in the watershed above the water cross-section. The unit is cubic meters per second, then the equation for the flow rate is: Q=SV (S is the cross-sectional area, v is the flow velocity)
Runoff refers to the flow of water that moves along the surface and underground after deducting losses such as evaporation from precipitation.
5. Permanent snow cover, seasonal snow cover
Permanent snow cover and glaciers refer to polar regions or alpine areas that are distributed at high latitudes. Generally, it only melts slightly in the season when the temperature is high, which can be used to replenish the river.
Seasonal snow cover is generally distributed in the temperate and cold zone areas with higher latitude and lower temperature in winter, and the snow can all melt into water after the spring of the following year, so that the river in the place can form a spring flood, and the soil can also be moistened, forming good moisture, which is conducive to spring sowing.
6. Indian plate, Indian Ocean plate
The Indian Ocean Plate is one of the six major plates in the world, mainly including the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Peninsula, the Indian Peninsula, the Australian continent and part of the Pacific Ocean.
The Indian plate is subordinate to the Indian Ocean plate and is a sub-plate of it, which is a small plate composed of continental crust and belongs to the continental plate.
The Himalayas were created by the collision of the Indian plate (not the Indian Ocean plate) and the Eurasian plate, so there is a lot of crustal activity such as geothermal and seismic activities.
7. Geological processes, crustal movements, and geological structures
Geological action refers to the action that causes changes in the surface morphology, composition and internal structure of the earth's crust due to natural reasons, and can be divided into internal force and external force according to its energy source.
Crustal motion is a manifestation of internal forces, which are mainly divided into two types: horizontal motion and lifting motion.
The various geological structures in the earth's crust are basically the result of crustal movements, and the basic structures have two forms: folds and faults.
8. Minerals, deposits, minerals
Minerals are the material basis for the formation of minerals and deposits, minerals are not equal to minerals, only in the process of rock formation, some useful minerals are enriched in the earth's crust or surface to meet the requirements of industrial and agricultural utilization, they become minerals. Minerals are an important natural resource, and minerals are not necessarily called minerals. Minerals are minerals under a certain geological action, and the rich areas of minerals are called ore deposits.
9. Soil, land, land resources
Soil is a loose surface layer on the surface of the land that has a certain fertility and is capable of growing plants.
Land is the surface part of the land. Land is richer than soil, in addition to soil,
It also includes rocks that have not yet formed soil and weathering of rocks.
Land resources refer to various types of land that can be exploited and utilized by human beings at present and in the foreseeable future, which has both natural and social attributes.
10. Grasslands, meadows, pastures
Grassland refers to the vegetation that grows in arid and semi-arid areas and is dominated by xerophytic and semi-xerophytic perennial herbaceous plants.
Meadow refers to land that is covered with vegetation such as grasslands and meadows.
Grassland refers to grasslands, meadows, etc., which are used for animal husbandry. Grassland belongs to land resources, while grassland and grassland belong to biological resources.
11. Forest coverage and tree stock
The former refers to the percentage of forest area in the total land area, reflecting the occupation of forest area in a country or region.
The latter refers to the total amount of timber stock growing on the forest area, which is an important indicator for determining the total scale and level of forest resources in a country or region.
12. Primary energy and secondary energy
Primary energy refers to natural energy obtained directly from nature, without any artificial processing.
Secondary energy is the primary energy converted into another form of energy that people need through processing, such as coal steam, coke, nuclear power, hydropower, etc., which are all forms of secondary energy converted from primary energy.
13. Subtropical high pressure zone and subtropical high
Subtropical High Pressure Zone: is one of the seven pressure zones;
Subtropical high: It is the abbreviation of the western Pacific subtropical high, which has a great impact on the weather, climate, drought and flood of the continent.
14. Southeast Hills and Jiangnan Hills
The southeast hills are the general name of the large areas of low mountains and hills that stretch from the Yangtze River in the north, Liangguang in the south, the sea in the east, and the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in the west.
To the north of Nanling, from Wuling Mountain in the west, to Wuyi Mountain in the east, the hills of Hunan and Jiangxi provinces and southern Anhui are called Jiangnan Hills.
To the south of Nanling, the hills of Guangdong and Guangxi are called Liangguang hills.
The Xianxia Mountains on the border of Zhejiang and Fujian and the Wuyi Mountains on the border of Fujian and Jiangxi are the watersheds where the Yangtze River and the southeast coast flow into the sea system.
15. Local time, zone time, time zone, international standard time, Beijing time, Beijing local time
Local time: The time when the longitude varies. When there are countless places on earth.
Time zone: In 1884, the world adopted the method of dividing time zones according to a unified standard and implementing zonal timekeeping, dividing the world into 24 time zones, of which 12 zones in the east and west each have half a time zone.
Zone time: It is internationally stipulated that the local time of the central meridian is used as the standard time for each time zone, which is called zone time.
International Standard Time: Zone time in the middle time zone, i.e. Greenwich Mean Time. That is, when it is 0 degrees longitude.
Beijing Time: The standard time adopted by the mainland is equivalent to the district time of the 8th East Zone, or the local time of 120 degrees east longitude.
Local time in Beijing: Refers to the local time of 116 degrees east longitude.
16. Sun altitude vs. noon sun height
Sun height: is the abbreviation of the sun altitude angle, is an indicator to express the condition of day and night, greater than 0 is day, less than 0 is night, equal to 0 on the morning and dusk line. The distribution of the height of the Sun at a given time is characterized by decreasing from the point of direct rays to the surrounding areas
Noon Sun Altitude: is the maximum solar altitude of the day and is the height of the Sun at 12 o'clock when the Sun is at the altitude of the upper midheaven or the local time
The distribution law is as follows: decreasing from the latitude of the direct point to the north and south
17. Solar terms and seasons
Solar terms: are determined based on the evolution of weather and phenology, with the sun moving on the ecliptic15. For the purpose of classification, there are 24 solar terms in a return year.
Season: It is determined according to the annual variation of the noon sun height and the length of day and night in various places, and the sun runs 90 degrees on the ecliptic as the dividing standard; To a certain extent, both reflect the changes in the cold and summer and phenology of the year.
18. Frost-free period, accumulated temperature, growth period, precipitation variability
Frost-free period: refers to the period of time of the year after the final frost and before the first frost. Generally, it gradually shortens from south to north on the continent and from coastal to inland, which is positively correlated with the length of the growing period (the period when crops grow).
Growth period: the period when crops may grow or the period when crops are from sowing to maturity, the former is called the climatic growth period, and the growth period is short in high latitudes, and the latter is called the crop growth period, and the same crop has a long growth period in high latitudes and alpine areas.
Accumulated temperature: The cumulative sum of the average daily temperature above the temperature of a particular temperature period.
Precipitation variability: The amount that indicates the average change in precipitation. The percentage of the ratio of the anomaly of annual precipitation to the average multi-year precipitation. The greater the variability of precipitation, the higher the precipitation instability, and the higher the frequency of drought and flood. Precipitation variability is high in monsoon climate zones.
19. Fronts and air masses
Air mass: A large area of air with uniform properties. According to the comparison with the temperature of the area through which it flows, it can be divided into cold air mass and warm air mass.
Front: The junction of cold and warm air masses. The weather is clear under the control of a single air mass, and the weather at the junction of the air mass is changeable.
20. Subtropical monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon humid climate
All of them are formed by the difference in thermal properties between land and sea
Humid monsoon climates are not as typical as monsoon climates, that is, summer temperatures may not be as high as monsoon climates, and precipitation is not as concentrated as monsoon climates, and winter temperatures are slightly higher and precipitation is slightly more. The subtropical monsoon humid climate is found on the east coast of North America, South America, and Australia.
The subtropical monsoon climate is found in East Asia (south of the Huai River in the Qinling Mountains of China, Japan, and south of the Korean Peninsula)
21. Typhoons and hurricanes, cyclones and anticyclones, frontal cyclones, tropical cyclones
Typhoons and hurricanes: both are the strongest category of tropical cyclones. The name varies depending on the sea area in which it is located. Those found in the Northwest Pacific Ocean are called typhoons, and those found in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans are called hurricanes.
Cyclone and anticyclone: The movement of air at low and high pressure, respectively.
Frontal cyclone: is a cyclone containing a front, which develops in a trough of low pressure.
Tropical cyclone: A cyclone that forms in the tropical or subtropical oceans, and is called a typhoon or hurricane when winds reach force 12 or more near its center.
22. Foehn and hot and dry wind
Foehn: The hot, dry wind that blows down the leeward slope is called the foehn. When the air flows over the mountains, it rises and cools down on the windward slope, initially cooling at the dry adiabatic lapse rate (i.e. 1°C/100 m), and when the air reaches saturation, the water vapor condenses, and the air temperature drops according to the moist adiabatic lapse rate (i.e. 0.6-0.8°C/100 m), and most of the moisture falls in front of the mountain. After passing the summit, the air descends along the slope and rises at a dry adiabatic rate (i.e. 1°C/100 m), resulting in a higher temperature on the leeward side of the mountain than on the windward side, thus forming a foehn wind.
Hot and dry wind: It is an agrometeorological disaster with high temperature and dryness accompanied by a certain amount of wind.
23. Elements of climate and climate-forming factors
The elements of climate refer to temperature, precipitation, air pressure, and wind, of which the main ones are temperature and precipitation. The formation factors of climate refer to the factors that affect the climate, such as solar radiation, atmospheric circulation, underlying surface conditions and human activities.
24. Climate types and climatic characteristics
Climate types are several types of global climate according to the temperature and precipitation conditions in different places. Climatic characteristics, on the other hand, are the basic characteristics of long-term stability of a certain climate type in terms of temperature and precipitation.
25. Sea and land breezes, monsoon and monsoon climates
The sea and land breeze is caused by the diurnal variation of air pressure between the sea and the land, and it occurs only in coastal areas, and is a phenomenon in which the wind direction changes in one day.
Monsoon is a large-scale prevailing wind system caused by the seasonal change of the pressure center between the sea and land (or the seasonal shift of the position of the pressure zone and the wind belt) caused by the difference in the thermal properties of the sea and land, and the wind direction changes significantly with the season.
Monsoon climates are not necessarily formed in areas with monsoons, but only in the tropics, subtropics, and monsoon zones on the east coast of temperate continents with significant contrast between land and sea and clear changes in wind direction.
Such as northwestern Australia
26. Accumulated temperature and air temperature
Accumulated temperature refers to the accumulation of the average daily temperature during the continuous growth period of plants with an average daily temperature of ≥ 10°C, which reflects the temperature and the amount of heat during the growth period of a place.
Air temperature is a reflection of the temperature of the atmosphere in a place.
27. Fractures and faults:
A fault is produced by the rock during the fracture deformation stage, and can only be called a fault when the rock has a significant movement along the fracture surface. When a fault is formed, the rock must be fractured, but the rock fracture may not necessarily form a fault, and the key is whether there is an obvious displacement along the fault surface.
28. Floods and waterlogging
Waterlogging: Due to excessive local precipitation, the surface runoff can not be eliminated in time, the depth of water accumulation in farmland is too large, and the time is too long, so that the air in the soil is discharged one after another, exceeding the flooding capacity of crops, resulting in insufficient oxygen in crop roots, difficulty in root respiration, and the production of ethanol and other toxic and harmful substances, affecting crop growth, resulting in crop death, agricultural yield reduction disaster.
Flooding: Disasters caused by the water level of rivers, rivers, lakes and reservoirs rising sharply, and the overflow or bursting of embankments, causing passenger water to enter the country. In addition to causing major disasters to agriculture, floods will also cause losses to industry and even people's lives and property. Flooding is a natural phenomenon with large peak heights and sharp water levels. According to their causes, floods can be divided into torrential floods, snowmelt floods, ice floods and mixed rain-snow floods.
29. Weathering and erosion:
Weathering and erosion are both destructive effects on rocks. However, compared with erosion, weathering is carried out relatively slowly under static conditions, and it is not easy for people to detect it in a short time. Erosion, on the other hand, is carried out under a more obvious dynamic action and is easy to detect.
30. Increases and decreases in growth rate and increase or decrease in quantity
The population decreases ≠ population growth rate decreases, and the population decreases when the population growth rate is negative.
31. Change in specific gravity and change in absolute quantity
In the composition of energy consumption, the decline in the proportion of coal and oil consumption does not mean a decline in consumption.
32. Types of agricultural production and types of agricultural regions:
Agriculture is an industry that produces food and industrial raw materials through the cultivation of plants and animals.
According to the classification of production objects, it is usually divided into: planting, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery, and sideline industry; According to the amount of inputs, it is classified as extensive agriculture (low input) and intensive agriculture (high input); Subsistence agriculture (developing countries) and commodity agriculture (developed countries) are classified by product use.
Due to the different geographical distribution of animals and plants, as well as the regional differences in natural conditions and socio-economic conditions, a relatively stable and regional variety of agricultural regional types have been formed in a certain region in the world.
There are six main types of the world:
(1) Monsoon paddy field agriculture: distributed in the monsoon regions of East Asia, Southeast Asia and South Asia, as well as tropical rainforest areas in Southeast Asia
(2) Large pasture grazing: distributed in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, South Africa and other countries and regions, there are large areas of arid and semi-arid climate zones
(3) Plantation agriculture: distributed in Latin America, Southeast Asia, South Asia, the southern United States and sub-Saharan Africa
(4) Commercial grain agriculture: distributed in the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, Russia, Ukraine, Northeast China, Northwest China
(5) Mixed agriculture: distributed in Europe, North America, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand
(6) Dairy industry: distributed in the Great Lakes region of North America, Western Europe, Central Europe, Australia, New Zealand.
Geographical types of agriculture in China
33. Heavy rain and storm surge, tsunami
Heavy rain: Rainfall with more than 50 mm of precipitation in 24 hours is called heavy rain, heavy rain, or extremely heavy rain.
Storm surge: A phenomenon in which sea water rises rapidly due to storms or typhoons, etc.
Tsunami: A phenomenon caused by underwater or coastal landslides or volcanic eruptions or submarine earthquakes, accompanied by loud waves on the sea surface. It is a wave with great destructive power.
34. Precipitation, precipitation
Precipitation includes rain, snow, pine, fog, dew, frost, graupel, hail and other forms, and rainfall is only one of the main types of precipitation.
35. Industrial structure and industrial structure
It refers to the composition of various industrial sectors and the technical and economic relations formed in the process of reproduction. It often refers to three types: sectoral structure, light and heavy industrial structure, and extraction-raw material-manufacturing industrial structure.
Industrial structure refers to the composition of various industries and the relationship and proportion between them. The composition, interconnection, and proportional relationship of various industrial sectors are different, and their contribution to economic growth is also different. Therefore, the structural characteristics, including the composition of industries and the interrelationships between industries, are summarized as industrial structure.
36. Diving, confined water, artesian basins
Diving: Gravity water with a free surface buried above the first stable aquifer below the surface. The absolute elevation of the diving surface is the diving level. The distance from the diving surface to the surface is known as the burial depth of the dive. Atmospheric precipitation and surface water can be directly replenished for diving, so there is a significant seasonal change in diving level.
Confined water: Groundwater that is covered with no free water surface between the upper and lower aquifers and is subjected to a certain hydrostatic pressure. Artesian water is formed when the confined water level is higher than the ground elevation.
Artesian basins: Diplodic and tectonic basins formed with the participation of confined aquifers. In the recharge area of the artesian basin, the surface of the aquifer outcrops to receive atmospheric precipitation, surface water and submersible recharge, and the confined water flows out of the surface to form an ascending spring when the confined water level is higher than the ground.
37. Permanent snow, seasonal snow
Permanent snow cover, glaciers: Refers to the polar regions or alpine regions distributed in high latitudes. Generally, it only melts slightly in the season when the temperature is high, which can be used to replenish the river.
Seasonal snow: It is generally distributed in the temperate and cold zone areas with higher latitude and lower winter temperature, and the snow can all melt into water after the spring warmth of the following year, so that the rivers in the place can form spring floods, and the soil can also be moistened, forming good moisture, which is conducive to spring sowing.
38. Hydrological and hydrological characteristics of rivers
The hydrological characteristics of rivers are generally answered by the key points of "two periods (freezing period, flood season), two quantities (sediment content, flow), and two waters (water level and water volume)"
The characteristics of the river system need to be answered: river length, flow direction, basin area, shape of the river system, river network density, drop or canyon distribution.
[Common water system shapes: centripetal, radial, parallel, reticulated, fan-shaped water system]
39. El Niño with La Niña
El Niño: An unusually high sea temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.
La Niña: An unusually low sea temperature in the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Both can cause climate anomalies around the world, such as El Niño, when the east coast of the South Pacific Ocean receives more precipitation and less precipitation on the west coast.
40. Flood season and flood season
The flood season refers to the phenomenon that the water level of a river rises regularly due to seasonal rainfall or ice melt in the basin.
The flood period refers to the period when the water level in rivers and lakes exceeds the normal water level and reaches the peak water level and above.
41. Topography and topography
Topography: refers to the various forms of the earth's surface, such as mountains, plains, plateaus, etc. It includes not only the ups and downs of the terrain, but also the size of the range, the steepness of the slope and other different conditions.
Topography: Refers only to the general trend of the undulation of the earth's surface. For example, the topographic characteristics of the continent include the terrain is high in the west and low in the east, which is a stepped distribution and the terrain is diverse, and the mountainous area is vast, while the terrain characteristics are only high in the west and low in the east, showing a stepped distribution.
42. Topography and landforms
Topography is a general term for surface undulations and features, and the general trend of terrain undulations is generally called topography. The five major terrains are: plateaus, plains, mountains, hills, and basins.
Landform is the result of various appearances of the earth's surface, created by different geological conditions, and the action of various internal and external forces. According to the morphological classification, five major terrains can be divided; According to the genetic classification, there are karst landforms, flowing water landforms, wind erosion landforms, Yadan landforms, etc. Therefore, the concept of landform is actually bigger than topography.
Hussan Mouth
Gansu Zhangye Danxia landform
Xinjiang Yadan landform
karst
43. Terrain types and terrain features
The type of terrain refers to the basic types of land surface morphology, which are generally divided into five types, namely: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins, hills, etc.
Topographic features refer to the basic characteristics of the surface in terms of height, undulation, and size. For example, the terrain type of the North China Plain is plain, and the terrain is characterized by flat terrain and endless terrain.
44. Topography and geological structure
Topography refers to the shape of the earth's surface, while geological structure is the footprint left by the movement of the earth's crust in the earth's crust, which is the deformation and displacement of the rock layers below the surface.
45. Terrain and Topographic Zones:
There are 5 types of basic terrain: plains, plateaus, mountains, hills, and basins, and the specific names of topographic areas should be written. For example, when answering a question, if you ask about the topography of the Tibetan Plateau, you should answer the plateau, and when you ask about the terrain area, you should answer the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.
46. Topographic types, topographic features, and land use types:
Topographic types refer to the basic types that people divide into surface morphology, which are generally divided into five types, namely: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins, hills, etc.
Topographic features refer to the basic characteristics of the surface in terms of height, undulation, and size. For example, the terrain type of the North China Plain is plain, and the topographic features are below 50 meters above sea level, and the terrain is flat and endless.
Land use types are divided into cultivated land (paddy field and dry land), grassland, forest land, and construction land.
47. Mountains and mountains
Mountains are the ground where mountains are entrenched, generally above 500 meters above sea level, and the surface is rugged.
Mountains, hills, and relatively rugged plateaus are collectively referred to as mountainous areas. The mountainous area of the mainland accounts for about 1/3 of the total area of the country, and the mountainous area accounts for about 2/3 of the total area of the country.
48. Alluvial fans, alluvial plains, estuarine deltas
All three are due to the deposition of flowing water, but their locations are different.
The piedmont alluvial fan is generally near the outlet of the river;
Alluvial fan delta
Alluvial plains are generally in the middle and lower reaches of rivers;
The estuarine delta is near the mouth of the river.
49. Canyons, fjords
Canyon: A type of V-shaped valley, which is a narrow and deep river valley, mostly developed in mountainous areas where the earth's crust is raised, and the river is strongly cut downward.
Fjord: A narrow bay formed by the inundation of sea water in a glacial trough valley. Characterised by its long, winding and steep shores, the world's deepest fjord is off the coast of Patagonia in South America and the west coast of Norway.
50. Yadan landform and Danxia landform
Yadan: It is a rugged and broken ground composed of blow-erosion grooves and ridges arranged in parallel and alternate phases. It usually develops on arid lacustrine plains, and is formed by continuous erosion of argillaceous rock layers along fissures by directional winds. The vicinity of Lop Nur Yadan in Xinjiang is the most typical. Hence the name.
Danxia: Developed on the red sand, conglomerate layer, along the vertical node of the rock layer due to water flow erosion and weathering spalling and collapse retreat, forming a flat top, steep, gentle foot of the square mountain, stone wall, stone peak, stone pillar and other dangerous Danya red cliff landform called Danxia landform. The Danxia landform in the world is mainly distributed in China, the western United States, Central Europe and Australia, with the continent being the most widely distributed.
51. The Earth's crust, asthenosphere and lithosphere
The extent of the Earth's crust is below the surface and above the Moho interface.
The asthenosphere is located in the upper part of the Earth's mantle, about 60 km to 250 km to 400 km underground.
The lithosphere runs from above the asthenosphere to the surface. The relationship between the three can be expressed as: lithosphere = crust + top of upper mantle = upper asthenosphere.
52. Farming system, multiple cropping index and reclamation index
Farming system refers to the cultivation method of crops (ripening, layout, etc.) and the agricultural technical measures that accompany it, and refers to the number of times crops are planted on the same cultivated land in a year.
The multiple cropping index is the ratio of the sown area of crops to the area of cultivated land in an agricultural area in a year.
The reclamation index is the ratio of the cultivated land area that has been cultivated and planted in a country or region to its total land area, which to a certain extent reflects the level of agricultural productivity and the degree of reuse and development of cultivated land.
53. Crops and agricultural products
54. Food crops and cash crops
55. Agricultural production structure, agricultural regional types, and agricultural classification
Structure of agricultural production: the proportion of each production sector or type of production in agriculture and their interrelationships.
Agricultural regional types: Due to the different regional distribution of animals and plants, as well as the regional differences in natural conditions and socio-economic conditions, a relatively stable and regional variety of agricultural regional types have been formed in a certain region in the world.
Agricultural Classification:
It is divided by production object, by input-output, and by product use
56. Types of agriculture and types of land use
The types of agriculture generally include three-dimensional agriculture, oasis agriculture, river valley agriculture, dam agriculture, dike-pond agriculture, sightseeing agriculture, characteristic agriculture, irrigation agriculture, and contract agriculture.
Land use types are divided into three categories: agricultural land (cultivated land, orchard land, forest land, pasture land, water area and other agricultural land), construction land and unused land.
Appendix: Characteristics of agricultural production in different regions of the continent
Irrigated agriculture in the Hexi Corridor, Hetao Plain, and Ningxia Plain in Northwest China
oasis agriculture in Xinjiang;
Bazi agriculture on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in southwest China;
vertical farming or three-dimensional farming in the Hengduan Mountains;
valley agriculture or alpine agriculture on the Tibetan Plateau;
the dairy industry around the city, mining areas;
dike-pond agriculture in the Pearl River Delta;
rice cultivation in the southern monsoon zone;
Fishpond-Taitian model in low- and medium-yield fields in the Huang-Huai-Hai region;
The Inner Mongolia Plateau is a grassland pasture;
The Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are mountainous pastures;
The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is an alpine pasture.
Appendix: Characteristic Agriculture (Agricultural Production Mode) in Mainland China
Irrigated agriculture: agricultural oasis agriculture in the development of water sources such as the Hetao Plain, Ningxia Plain, and Hexi Corridor in arid and semi-arid areasOasis agriculture: agriculture with water source irrigation in arid desert areas, arid and semi-arid river and lake coasts in Qinghai, Xinjiang and other places, and dam agriculture in the alluvial fan zone of the foothills: Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, dam, flat terrain, convenient irrigation River valley agriculture: climate, precipitation, and irrigation in the Huangshui Valley and the Yarlung Zangbo River Valley in Tibet and Xinjiang on the mainland
Xinjiang Oasis Agriculture
Oasis agriculture is also known as oasis irrigated agriculture and Wo Island agriculture. Refers to agriculture distributed in arid desert areas where there is water source for irrigation. There are old and new. Old oasis agriculture is generally distributed in arid desert areas along rivers and lakes, in foothills and alluvial fan groundwater outcrops. With the development of social productive forces and the improvement of water conservancy conditions, the new oasis agriculture is a new reclamation area opened up in the arid desert area where the resources of suitable agricultural land are abundant and the conditions for development and utilization are superior. The world's oasis agriculture is mainly distributed in West Asia, the central and western regions of the United States, the Central Asia region of Russia, the Sahara and North Africa regions of Africa, and Xinjiang of China. The oases vary in size, and are mostly island-like, ribbon-like or bead-like. Crops such as wheat, maize, cotton and a small amount of rice are mainly cultivated, and afforestation and rural settlements are built. It is completely different from the surrounding Gobi and desert landscapes, like a green island in the desert, and is a place where agricultural and animal husbandry production is more developed and population is concentrated in arid desert areas.
With the development of productive forces, new oases have been formed in arid desert areas through the construction of water conservancy to reclaim suitable agricultural land. It is mostly island-like, ribbon-like or bead-like. It is more common in the arid areas of northwest China.
Irrigated agriculture in the Ningxia Plain and the Hetao Plain in Inner Mongolia
Agriculture in the valley of the Tibetan Plateau
Yushui Valley
The agriculture that developed in the valley area is called valley agriculture and is generally distributed in bands or strips along the river. The valley area in the high mountain area, because the terrain is lower than the mountain, the temperature is higher, the frost-free period is longer than the mountain, the precipitation conditions are better, the river water can be used as an irrigation water source, the mountains on both sides of the valley generally have forests, so that the humus of the valley soil is richer, the soil is more fertile, it is a suitable area for cultivation in the mountainous area, and the agriculture in the valley area is developed, which is called the valley agriculture. For example, the Yellow River Valley and the Huangshui Valley in Qinghai Province on the mainland are typical valley agricultural areas and are the main farming areas in Qinghai Province. The Brahmaputra Valley is also a river valley agriculture. It is also available in the Tibetan Plateau.
Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau Bazi Agriculture
Bazi agriculture is the local name for a local plain on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau. Mainly distributed in the intermountain basin, along the river valley and in the foothills, according to the genesis and sediment type can be divided into fault dam, karst dam, ice dam and volcanic dam, etc., the fault dam has the sediment of the river or lake, the soil layer is thick, relatively flat, the arable land area is large, the water conservancy conditions are good, it is the most developed area of agriculture, the Dianchi dam belongs to this category, the Dianchi Lake of the Dianchi dam is the most prestigious one. It is one of the largest dams on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, which was formed by the sediment accumulation and crustal movement carried by the river, the decline of the lake water level, and the shrinking of the lake area.
Pearl River Delta Dike-Pond Agriculture (Mixed Agriculture)
Dike-pond agriculture is a unique agricultural production method created by the people of the Pearl River Delta according to the characteristics of local natural conditions. Mulberry, sugarcane, fruit trees, etc. are planted on the pond base of the fish pond, and the combination with the fish pond is called mulberry fish pond, cane-based fish pond, and fruit-based fish pond respectively. The dike-ponds promote each other, and the mulberry fish pond is the most typical. Dike-pond agriculture is the characteristic of agriculture in the Pearl River Delta, which is concentrated in Shunde, Nanhai and other cities.
The dominant factor is the topography, because the low-lying terrain makes it only suitable for the development of dike-pond agriculture.
North China --- fishpond and terrace model
In view of the low-lying terrain, serious waterlogging and soil salinization in North China, the fishpond pond is excavated to develop fishery, and the excavated soil is piled up to the field surface to raise the topography, so as to reduce the groundwater level of the terrace and facilitate the infiltration of surface water, so as to reduce the salinity of the surface of the terrace, so as to achieve the effect of improving the medium and low-yield fields in North China.
Three-dimensional agriculture --- the low mountains and hilly areas in the south
Three-dimensional agriculture, also known as layered agriculture, is the use of light, heat, water, fertilizer, gas and other resources, while the use of various crops in the growth process of the time difference and space difference, in the ground and underground, water surface and underwater, air and front and rear at the same time or interactive production, through reasonable assembly, coarse and fine matching, the formation of various types of multi-functional, multi-level, multi-way high-yield and high-quality production system, to obtain the greatest economic benefits. For example, planting strawberries in the grape field, planting vegetables after strawberries are harvested, etc. In the reservoir area of Yahekou, the water surface of the reservoir has developed cage fish farming, whitebait farming and reservoir fish farming, and the three-dimensional breeding of pigs, chickens and waterfowl has been developed around the reservoir, which is also a typical example of three-dimensional agriculture.
Organic farming
Organic agriculture refers to the planting industry that uses organic fertilizer to meet the nutritional needs of crops without synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock and poultry feed additives in production, or the breeding industry that uses organic feed to meet the nutritional needs of livestock and poultry. The development of organic agriculture can help solve a series of problems brought about by modern agriculture, such as serious soil erosion and land quality decline, the large use of pesticides and fertilizers to the environment and energy consumption, and the reduction of species diversity. It will also help increase peasants' incomes and develop the rural economy, which has great potential for development.
Prescription farming
Prescription agriculture means that before the farmer buys chemical fertilizers and pesticides, he must ask technicians to visit the site and prescribe the application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides according to the growth of crops and the degree of pests and diseases, combined with the scale of land use. Farmers buy a certain amount of fertilizers and pesticides according to the prescription. Prescription agriculture eliminates the abuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and can ensure that food meets hygienic standards. Therefore, many agricultural products produced in prescription agriculture, such as lettuce, apples, grapes, pears, etc., can be eaten raw as long as they are slightly washed with water.
Precision agriculture
Precision agriculture is a new topic put forward by economically developed countries such as the United States in the late 80s of the 20th century to meet the requirements of the development of information society after LISA (low-input sustainable agriculture). Precision agriculture, also known as precision agriculture, precision agriculture, and precision farming, is a modern agricultural production system based on information and knowledge management. Precision agriculture adopts 3S (GPS, GIS and RS) and other high-tech combined with modern agricultural technology, and implements modern agricultural production technology of precise timing, positioning and quantitative control of agricultural materials and farming, which can maximize agricultural productivity and is an effective way to achieve sustainable development of agriculture with high quality, high yield, low consumption and environmental protection.
Water-saving agriculture
sprinkler irrigation
drip irrigation
Water-saving agriculture is agriculture that improves the effectiveness of water use, and is a systematic project for the comprehensive development and utilization of water, soil and crop resources.
57. Natural Resources and Energy
Natural resources are natural substances and energy that exist in nature and have value for human beings, including land, sunlight, water, air, mineral deposits, etc.
Energy is a material resource in nature that can provide human beings with heat, light, power and other energy, such as sunlight, coal, oil, natural gas, electricity, water, wind, etc. Energy is only a part of natural resources, energy must be resources, resources are not necessarily energy.
58. Land desertification (desertification) and salinization
Desertification refers to the destruction of ecosystems in arid and semi-arid areas due to the impact of natural factors and human activities (overgrazing, excessive mining, excessive farming, improper use of water resources, and lack of attention to environmental protection in the construction of industrial and mining transportation).
Soil salinization is when the salt content of the soil is too high (more than 0.3%), resulting in low or no crop yields. There are two conditions for the formation of saline-alkali soil: first, the climate is arid and the groundwater level is high (higher than the critical water level); The other is low-lying and there is no way to drain the water.
Typical areas of mainland China: Huang-Huai-Hai Plain, Ningxia Plain, Hetao Plain, etc.:
(1) Natural causes: frequent drought and flood climate (Huang-Huai-Hai Plain); low-lying terrain; Atmospheric precipitation is low, and irrigation water is the main source.
(2) Human causes: unreasonable irrigation; Unreasonable water conservancy project construction (Weihe Plain).
Treatment measures: dilute and drench salt; well drainage and well irrigation; biological measures; farmland cover; Reasonable irrigation cannot only irrigate without drainage; Sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, etc.
59. Distinction of island types
Continental islands: Originally part of the mainland, they later separated from the mainland, either due to land sinking, seawater intrusion, or due to a fault, the seawater sank into the fractured depression. The geological structure of the mainland islands and the biological world are similar to those of the original separated continents. Such as Greenland, Taiwan Island, Hainan Island, etc.
Volcanic Island: An island formed by a volcano erupting from the bottom of the sea. Generally, the area is small and the height is high. Such as: Hawaiian Islands, Azores, Iceland, Aleutian Islands, Fiji Island, etc.
Alluvial islands: also known as "accumulation islands" and "sand islands", are generally located at the outlets of large rivers and outside the plain coasts, and are formed by the accumulation of sediment from rivers or the sea. Such as "Chongming Island"
Coral islands: In tropical or subtropical shallow seas, calcareous bones accumulate after the death of polyps, and accumulate underwater to form coral reefs for many years, and the earth's crust rises to expose the sea surface to become coral islands. Such as: Great Barrier Reef, Maldives, Paracel Islands, Nansha Islands, etc
60. Drought and drought
Students often think that drought is drought, but in fact, drought does not necessarily occur in areas with arid climate, for example, Northwest China is drier than North China, but North China is more drought.
61. Light and heat
For example, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau has strong sunlight but insufficient heat, and the Sichuan Basin has weak light but sufficient heat.
In the college entrance examination geography review, some students often do not have a clear understanding of many concepts that are close to the connotation and extension, and fail to distinguish them, resulting in confusion and mutual substitution of the answers.
1. Celestial bodies and celestial systems
Celestial bodies are the general term for various astral bodies and interstellar matter in terms of the form of matter in the universe.
The celestial system refers to the relatively independent and layered system composed of moving celestial bodies due to mutual attraction and rotation of celestial bodies.
2. Meteoroids, meteor phenomena and meteorites
Solid masses and dust particles orbiting in interplanetary space are called meteoroids. When it rushes into the Earth's atmosphere at high speed, it collides violently with air molecules and burns to produce a trail of light called a meteor phenomenon. The "wreckage" of meteoroids that fall to the ground and fail to burn up is called a meteorite.
3. The division of day and night, the cycle of day and night, and the length of day and night
The distinction between day and night refers to the phenomenon that the earth's surface is half bright to the sun and the other half is dark because the earth is an illuminated, opaque sphere.
The day-night cycle is a phenomenon in which the earth produces a cycle of day and night due to the rotation of the earth in a solar day (24 hours).
The length of day and night is due to the existence of the yellow and econtiguous angles and the movement of the direct point of the sun caused by the rotation of the earth, so that the length of day and night at all latitudes except the equator changes annually.
4. Solar terms and seasons
The solar terms are determined based on the evolution of weather and phenology, with the sun moving on the ecliptic15. For the purpose of classification, there are 24 solar terms in a return year.
The seasons are determined according to the annual variation of the height of the sun at noon and the length of day and night, and the sun moves 90 degrees on the ecliptic. To a certain extent, both reflect the changes in the cold and summer and phenology of the year.
5. Temperature decline rate and ground temperature increase rate
The rate of temperature decline represents the rate of change in the troposphere as the air temperature gradually decreases with altitude. On average, the temperature drops by 0.6°C for every 100 meters of ascent.
The increase rate of ground temperature represents the rate of change of ground temperature with depth at a certain depth below the normal temperature layer. On average, the temperature increases by 3°C every 100 meters deep.
6. Solar radiation, solar radiation intensity and solar constant
Solar radiation is a physical concept. It refers to the electromagnetic waves and particle streams emitted by the sun into space.
Solar radiation intensity is a physical variable that refers to the amount of solar radiation energy obtained per minute per square centimeter of the Earth's surface. Its size varies with latitude, solar height, and time.
The solar constant is a physical constant, which refers to the intensity of solar radiation at a solar altitude angle of 90° in the upper limit of the Earth's atmosphere under the condition of the average distance between the Sun and the Earth. Its value is 8.16 joules/cm·min.
7. Sea and land breezes, monsoons and monsoon climates
The sea and land breeze is caused by the diurnal variation of air pressure between the sea and the land, and it occurs only in coastal areas, and is a phenomenon in which the wind direction changes in one day.
The monsoon is a seasonal change in the pressure center between the sea and the land (or the seasonal shift of the position of the pressure zone and the wind belt) caused by the difference in the thermal properties of the sea and the land, and the monsoon is a wind system in which the prevailing wind direction changes significantly with the seasons over a large area.
However, monsoon climates are not necessarily formed in areas with monsoons, and monsoon climates are distributed only in the tropical, subtropical and monsoon regions on the east coast of temperate continents with significant contrast between land and sea and wind direction.
8. Meteorology, Weather & Climate
Meteorology is a general term for the physical state and physical phenomena that indicate the characteristics of the atmosphere. It includes air pressure, air temperature, temperature, wind, clouds, precipitation and other elements.
Weather refers to the meteorological changes in the righteousness of a place in a short period of time. It is a comprehensive representation of the physical state of the atmosphere by various meteorological elements.
Climate, on the other hand, refers to the general meteorological conditions of an area that have been observed over many years. The weather is changeable, while the climate is more stable.
9. Water bodies and hydrospheres
A water body refers to a body of water that is naturally or artificially formed, such as ocean water, river water, lake water, atmospheric water, etc.
The hydrosphere is a general term for various bodies of water on the earth, which is a continuous irregular circle.
10. Runoff vs. Runoff
Runoff refers to the flow of water that moves along the surface and underground after deducting losses such as evaporation from precipitation.
Runoff refers to the amount of water passing through a certain river section in a certain period of time, in cubic meters per second.
11. Flood season and flood season
The flood season refers to the phenomenon that the water level of a river rises regularly due to seasonal rainfall or ice melt in the basin.
The flood period refers to the period when the water level in rivers and lakes exceeds the normal water level and reaches the peak water level and above.
12. Water resources, water resources and water resources
Water resources in the broad sense refer to the water on the surface of the earth that can be used by humans, while water resources in the narrow sense refer to fresh water that can be used directly by humans.
Water resources refer to the water used for irrigation, water supply, power generation, shipping, aquaculture, etc., which can be controlled or basically accused by human beings. In recent years, the term "water resources" has often been used to replace and include "water resources".
Hydropower resources belong to the category of water resources, usually referring to the kinetic energy resources contained in natural rivers or lakes, waves, and ocean currents.
13. Maps of the Earth's crust, asthenosphere and rocks
The extent of the Earth's crust is below the surface and above the Moho interface.
The asthenosphere is located in the upper part of the Earth's mantle, about 60 km to 250 km to 400 km underground.
The lithosphere runs from above the asthenosphere to the surface. The relationship between the three can be expressed as follows: lithosphere = top of the mantle above the crust = above the asthenosphere.
14. Minerals, Minerals and Deposits
Minerals are the material basis for the formation of minerals and deposits, minerals are not equal to minerals, and only minerals are minerals when they are enriched to meet the requirements of basic agricultural utilization. Mineral deposits are not necessarily called ore deposits, and only mineral enrichment areas are called ore deposits. Minerals are formed during the formation of rocks, and mineral deposits can only be formed under certain geological actions.
15. Geological processes, crustal movements, and geological structures
Geological processes refer to the changes in the surface morphology, composition and internal structure of the earth's crust due to natural reasons. According to its energy source, it is divided into internal force action and external force action.
Crustal movement is only an important manifestation of internal forces, and various geological structures in the earth's crust are basically the result of crustal movement.
16. Faults and faults
A fault is produced by the rock during the fracture deformation stage, and can only be called a fault when the rock has a significant movement along the fracture surface. When a fault is formed, the rock must be fractured, but the rock fracture may not necessarily form a fault, and the key is whether there is an obvious displacement along the fault surface.
17. Indian Ocean Plate vs. Indian Plate
The Indian Ocean Plate is one of the six major plates in the world, mainly dominated by the oceanic crust and belongs to the oceanic plate.
The Indian plate is subordinate to the Indian Ocean plate and is a sub-plate of it, which is a small plate composed of continental crust and belongs to the continental plate. The Himalayas are formed by the collision of two continental plates, the Indian plate, not the Indian Ocean plate, and the Eurasian plate.
18. Weathering and erosion
Weathering and erosion are both destructive effects on rocks. However, compared with erosion, weathering is carried out slowly under static conditions and is not easy to be detected by people in a short time, while erosion is carried out under more obvious dynamic action and is easy to detect.
19. Biomes and ecosystems
A biome is an aggregate of plant, animal, and microbial populations that live in a certain natural area. The various organisms in it are a unified whole, that is, the ecosystem, formed by the interaction and close connection with each other and the continuous exchange of energy and matter with the living environment. The relationship between the two can be simply expressed as: ecosystem = biome 10 living environment.
20. Tropical rainforests and monsoon forests
Tropical rainforests are distributed in the hot and humid equatorial regions all year round, and are composed of tall, dense, evergreen trees.
The tropical monsoon forest is discontinuously distributed in the tropical monsoon climate area with alternating dry and wet seasons on the periphery of the tropical rainforest, and is composed of mainly deciduous trees in the dry season.
Compared with the rainforest, the appearance of monsoon forest has obvious seasonal changes, and the community composition and structure are relatively simple.
21. Soils, lands and land resources
Soil is a loose surface layer on the surface of the land that has a certain fertility and can grow organisms. Land is richer than soil, and in addition to soil, land includes rocks and rock weathering that have not yet formed soil. Therefore, land is a broad concept. Land resources, on the other hand, refer to the various types of land that can be exploited and utilized by human beings at present and in the foreseeable future. It has both the natural and social attributes of the land.
22. Forest cover and tree stock
Forest cover refers to the percentage of forest area in the total land area, reflecting the occupation of forest area in a country or region.
Forest volume refers to the total volume of trees growing on the forest area, which is an important indicator to determine the total scale and level of forest resources in a country or region.
23. Grasslands, meadows and pastures
Grassland refers to the vegetation that grows in arid and semi-arid areas and is dominated by xerophytic and semi-xerophytic perennial herbaceous plants.
Meadow refers to land covered with vegetation such as grasslands and meadows.
Grassland refers to the general term for grasslands, meadows, etc., which are used for animal husbandry.
Grassland belongs to land resources, while grassland and grassland belong to biological resources.
24. Primary and secondary energy
Primary energy is natural energy that has not been processed; It is a natural resource.
Secondary energy is another form of energy obtained after artificial processing and conversion, which does not belong to natural resources such as biogas and human biogas; Coal and coal gas, natural gas and liquefied gas, nuclear energy and nuclear power are all the relationships between primary energy and secondary energy.
25. Big agriculture vs. small agriculture
Agriculture is an important material production sector that uses the growth and reproduction of animals and plants to obtain agricultural products through artificial cultivation and breeding. Among them, large-scale agriculture refers to the concept of agriculture in a broad sense, mainly including agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline and fishery. Whereas, small-scale agriculture refers to the concept of agriculture in a narrow sense, specifically referring to crops.
26. Farming system, multiple cropping index and reclamation index
Farming system refers to the cultivation method of crops (ripening, layout, etc.) and the agricultural technical measures that accompany it.
The multiple cropping index is the ratio of the sown area of crops to the area of cultivated land in an agricultural area in a year.
The reclamation index is the ratio of the cultivated land area that has been cultivated and planted in a country or region to its total land area, and to a certain extent, the three reflect the level of agricultural productivity in a certain place, and the degree of reuse and development of cultivated land.
27. Industrial distribution and industrial layout
The industrial distribution is the regional distribution of industrial production that has been formed.
In addition to the meaning of "distribution", industrial layout also has the meaning of rationally arranging industrial production in a certain place.
28. Population mobility and migration
The former is the movement of the population without changing the place of settlement. Such as migrant workers' mobility, tourism and vacations. The latter refers to the permanent or semi-permanent change of residence of the population between regions over a certain period of time. The difference between the two is whether there is a change of residence over a longer period of time.
29. Environmental capacity and environmental carrying capacity
Environmental capacity refers to the maximum allowable amount of pollutants by the environment.
Environmental carrying capacity refers to the number of people in a certain area that can be supported by natural resources.
30. Territory, Territory and Land Resources
From the perspective of national sovereignty, both territory and national territory refer to the territorial space under the sovereignty of a country. But the territory is the part of the State that enjoys complete and exclusive sovereignty.
In addition to territory, the national territory also includes the maritime contiguous zone, the exclusive economic zone and the continental shelf, which the state has the right to manage and use but does not have absolute right to occupy.
Land resources refer to the sum of all resources within the sovereign jurisdiction of a country. Land and resources in a broad sense refer to all the resources of a country, including natural resources, population resources and social and economic resources.
31. The heat island effect and the greenhouse effect
The heat island effect refers to the phenomenon that the temperature of the city is higher than that of the suburbs due to the concentration of population and the large amount of artificial heat emitted by industry, transportation, and residents' lives.
The greenhouse effect refers to the phenomenon of global warming caused by the emission of large amounts of greenhouse gases by human activities.
Both are the result of the impact of human activities on the climate, but the geographical space of the impact is different, the heat island effect is limited to cities, and the greenhouse effect has global characteristics.
32. Thermal and atmospheric circulation
The air circulation that forms due to uneven heat and cold of the air, known as the thermodynamic circulation, is one of the simplest forms of atmospheric motion. Atmospheric circulation refers to the regular movement of the atmosphere with a global scale, which is mainly composed of low-latitude circulation, mid-latitude circulation, high-latitude circulation and monsoon circulation.
The thermal environment often refers to the atmospheric movement in a small area, such as urban wind, sea and land wind, valley wind, etc.
33. Cold Spells and Cold Snaps
A cold wave refers to a large-scale and violent cooling phenomenon that occurs under a specific circulation situation, which is a meteorological disaster. The China Meteorological Administration stipulates the cold wave weather standard: when the cold air passes, where the temperature drops by more than 10 °C within 24 hours, and the minimum temperature is below 5 °C, it is called a cold wave.
Cold currents generally refer to a type of ocean current, that is, ocean currents that flow from lower water temperatures to higher water temperatures.
34. Cyclones, anticyclones and centers of low pressure, centers of high pressure
The low pressure center and high pressure center refer to the distribution of air pressure; Cyclones and anticyclones are the airflow movements in the distribution areas of low pressure and high pressure, respectively.
The center of low pressure forms a cyclone due to the convergence of the airflow from all sides to the center, and the central airflow rises, and the weather is mostly cloudy and rainy. The centre of high pressure is an anticyclone due to the divergence of air flow from the centre to the surrounding areas, and the central airflow sinks and the weather is clear.
35. Typhoons and hurricanes
All of them are disastrous weather formed by the strong development of tropical depression (cyclone). It has different names depending on the sea area, and it is called a typhoon in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and a hurricane in the Indian Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. (Geography Museum)
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