[Background] In 1943, before world war II was over, then-PRESIDENT Roosevelt of the United States realized that the Allies in World War II were just a temporary patchwork of organizations, and that in order to truly maintain international order, ensure the security situation in the world, and prevent the emergence of neo-Nazis and neo-militarism, it was necessary to establish an international organization, and this organization could take the initiative to coordinate and jointly deal with those countries in the world that tried to challenge peace or advocated the expansion of power by force.
According to his own vision, President Roosevelt formally proposed to Churchill and Stalin the plan of establishing a world international organization, that is, the United Nations, hoping that the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain, and China would maintain a peaceful and secure environment in the world and prevent the world from encountering the threat of war again. In terms of the operating mechanism of the United Nations, Roosevelt envisioned that even if any country did not listen to the advice of these four countries, even one of the permanent members, and insisted on going its own way, it would be sanctioned, which was the original plan of the five permanent veto model of the United Nations.
In February 1945, the three giants of the United States, Britain and the Soviet Union held the world-influential Yalta Conference in the Yalta Royal Palace on the Crimean Peninsula in the northern Black Sea. The meeting discussed the issue of Europe's post-war reorganization, the complete elimination of Nazism and militarism, the establishment of the United Nations, and the permanent membership of the Security Council by the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and China.
Cairo meets the Big Three
However, Churchill of Britain and Stalin of the Soviet Union expressed firm opposition to President Roosevelt's proposal that China join the Permanent Security Council of the United Nations.
The main reason why Stalin of the Soviet Union opposed China's entry into normalcy was that the Soviet Union believed that China did not play its due role in the Second World War, that even Japan could not be defeated, and that it was not worthy of entering the ranks of permanent members.
First, the Soviet Union was negotiating with Chiang Kai-shek of China on the status of Mongolia, and on this basis the Soviet Union also hoped to use the distribution of benefits after the victory in world war II to grab more benefits in China, and if China entered the permanent security of the United Nations, it would inevitably form a huge resistance to this intention.
Therefore, when President Roosevelt proposed to convene a four-nation summit in Cairo, Egypt, to discuss the post-war issue, Stalin repeatedly expressed his reluctance to participate in such a meeting in Cairo, and he also said that China and the Soviet Union did not have a common enemy, so there was no need to sit together to negotiate, and his purpose was very clear, if he participated in such a meeting with Chiang Kai-shek, it would be impossible to occupy more rights and interests in China, and Chiang Kai-shek was also unwilling to sit with Stalin because of his prejudice against Stalin on the Mongolian issue of negotiations with Stalin.
Tehran meeting the Big Three
Thus, the conference to finally resolve the post-war problems of World War II was divided into two parts, one is
November 23, 1943
The "Cairo Conference" held in Egypt was jointly issued by Chiang Kai-shek of China, Roosevelt of the United States, and Churchill of the United Kingdom; the second part is
November 28, 1943
At the Tehran Conference in Iran, at which Churchill of Britain and Roosevelt of the United States, in order to pander to Stalin and guarantee the interests of their own country, violated the "Cairo Conference" resolution"
Before making a decision on any issue related to Asia, China and the United States should consult with each other."
The promise of not hesitating to use China's sovereignty as a trading chip, wantonly betraying China's interests, and in the later "Yalta Agreement", it was even more crazy to sacrifice China's interests, including Mongolia's use of referendums to decide whether to become independent.
Another reason that Stalin cannot say is that he has seen that the change in the pattern of the world after the Second World War must be a situation in which the United States and the Soviet Union compete for hegemony, at this time, the United States has formed an alliance with Britain, and as its Asian neighbor, it has fully leaned towards the Chinese government of the United States, and if it enters the United Nations again, then its one-on-two situation will become one-on-three, and it will always face the risk of two-line confrontation, which Stalin's Soviet government does not want to see.
So, when Roosevelt proposed the idea of a Quadruple Alliance, Stalin strongly opposed China's becoming a permanent member of the Un Security Council.
Soviet soldiers in the Great Patriotic War of the USSR
Stalin's opposition was also supported by Churchill, in Churchill's view, China, as a country that has long been colonized by itself, is not worthy of being on an equal footing with itself, to tell the truth, Churchill completely despised Chiang Kai-shek, and Churchill also worried that as China entered the normal situation and the international status was correspondingly improved, China would inevitably suppress Britain's interests in China, especially affecting its colonial system in Hong Kong, including the attitude of countries colonized by Britain such as Asia such as India. So, at the Tehran meeting, the arrogant Churchill said with a smile at the dinner table, "
We don't have to worry about China's opinion
”，“
World governance must be concentrated in the hands of those who are already very satisfied and have nothing to ask for.
Stalin then agreed,"
World governance must be concentrated in the hands of those who have the capacity to govern the world
。 Churchill said,
Exactly
”。
In the face of this situation, US President Roosevelt has unusually insisted that There must be China in the position of permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, saying that China may still be weak now, but in the future, a country with 400 million people will certainly play a role in maintaining peace and prosperity in the world.
China's War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression
At the same time, Roosevelt met with Churchill privately and gave him a warning, roosevelt reminded Churchill not to see only the present, the future of the world pattern changes, will
It is the confrontation between the communist countries of the Soviet Union and the capitalist countries of the West, the hegemonic acts of Stalin in the Soviet Union have been revealed, and if at this time we have planted a nail at his side, and this nail is still our staunch ally, then when the Soviet Union has any intentions against Europe, the Soviet Union will inevitably take care of its Asian neighbors, so that we will certainly take advantage of the opportunity in the struggle with the Soviet Union
。
United Nations logo
Churchill's admonition impressed Churchill, and in the later Trilateral Talks, Roosevelt showed the hole card, such as
If China does not join, the meeting will not have to be held, and there will be no result without the discussions of international organizations in which China participates.
Unwilling to give up his vested interests this time, Stalin was forced to make concessions and agreed to allow China to join the permanent security council of the United Nations, and Britain also went along with the flow and agreed to China's entry into normalcy.
Later, in order to gain a higher stake, Churchill urged his European ally France to become normal. In fact, France is the least qualified to become the five permanent, at the beginning of the Second World War, France was on the verge of collapse, so France became the stronghold of the Nazis, but Churchill advocated "the theory of the unity of World War I and World War II, it is a 30-year war", and put forward the theory that France was the victorious power in World War I. Stalin of the Soviet Union, faced with the possibility of uniting against his four countries, proposed that the veto be solidified in the form of law.
Sculpture in front of the United Nations building
On October 24, 1945, the United Nations was formally established, and the five countries of the United States, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, China, and France officially became permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.