Text/Li Chuanxi
"He is my 'old nephew'," is Mr. Lu Xun's cordial expression of the relationship between the two of them when he talked about Chen Yannian. Do the two of them have a direct connection? Not only did it, but it also had a key impact on the fundamental transformation of Mr. Lu Xun's thinking. As far as our party is concerned, it has set a precedent for our party to directly interact with Lu Xun and do Lu Xun's work, and has also become a successful example of our party's contacts with non-party representatives.
First, we must invite Lu Xun to teach at Sun Yat-sen University
On January 18, 1927, Lu Xun came to Guangzhou from Xiamen University and began his journey to teach at Sun Yat-sen University as the head of the Department of Literature and the director of academic affairs.
This is a school founded by Dr. Sun Yat-sen himself. In March 1924, Dr. Sun Yat-sen personally raised funds to help prepare for the establishment of the National Guangdong University formed by the integration of many universities in guangzhou. On March 12, 1925, after sun yat-sen's death, Liao Zhongkai proposed to rename Guangdong University to Sun Yat-sen University, which was approved by the Nationalist government in October. On July 17, 1926, it was officially renamed "National Sun Yat-sen University".
How did Lu Xun come to teach at Sun Yat-sen University? According to the relevant historical materials and memories, it is entirely the result of Chen Yannian's promotion.
◆ Chen Yannian
From the perspective of time, Sun Yat-sen University was established in the context of the first Kuomintang-Communist cooperation. As a result, Sun Yat-sen University also has a strong color of Cooperation between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Not only were there 400 or 500 Communist Party members in the school at that time, but the two parties also had to consult to reach a consensus on the issue of the school's leadership. After the school was renamed National Sun Yat-sen University, the governing body of the school was also changed to a committee system. Who is the chairman of the school council, and the result of the consultation between the two parties is Dai Jitao. Xu Binru, then secretary of the General Branch of the Communist Party of China at Sun Yat-sen University, recalled, "Because of the great power of the PARTY at that time, Dai Jitao did not connect with us, and without our permission, he could not enter the University of China. At this time in Shanghai, Dai Jitao ran to consult with Chen Duxiu, who agreed to let him come to Sun Yat-sen University, but said to Dai Jitao, you must meet the relevant conditions of our party organization in Guangzhou. Therefore, he immediately informed Chen Yannian, secretary of the Guangdong District Party Committee and the secretary of the District Cpc Committee: Let Dai Jin be the president of CUHK, and after he arrives in Guangdong, you will negotiate with him and put forward conditions.
At this time, Guo Moruo served as the head of the Department of Literature at Sun Yat-sen University. He began to apply to the party organization to join the party. After hearing the report, Chen Yannian, after considering and consulting with Yun Daiying, told Bi Lei, who was working openly at Sun Yat-sen University on behalf of the district party committee, that it was advisable for Guo Mo to participate in the exercise of practical work again, and it would be better to join the army and go to Huangpu to engage in propaganda work for a period of time. Guo Moruo was glad to accept the suggestion. At that time, the Northern Expedition was being prepared, and the district party committee immediately decided to send Guo Moruo to work in the Political Department of the Northern Expedition Army, where Deng Yanda was the director. After Guo Moruo left, who would be the head of the Literature Department of Sun Yat-sen University?
Chen Yannian knew Lu Xun very well. It was the "New Youth" founded by his father Chen Duxiu and the new cultural movement created and promoted by Mr. Hu Shi that prompted Mr. Lu Xun to pick up a pen and start a literary creation, and formed a deep friendship with Chen Duxiu and others. After the split of the front of the new cultural movement, Lu Xun used his pen to still wage an uncompromising struggle against the corrupt old forces. At this time, Lu Xun went south to teach at Xiamen University, and I heard that the work was very unpleasant, so why not invite Mr. Lu Xun to come?
Chen Yannian's opinion was endorsed by everyone.
Chen Yannian sent Yun Daiying, Deng Zhongxia, and Bi Lei to negotiate with Dai Jitao. It has been repeatedly stressed that work must be independent and autonomous, and Lu Xun must be invited to teach.
After two or three difficult negotiations, Dai Jitao basically agreed to the conditions proposed by the Guangdong District Party Committee and agreed to invite Lu Xun to come and teach. During the last negotiation, Xu Binru recalled that he was added to the above three people, "At that time, the conditions were actually negotiated, because I was the secretary of the general branch of the Central University, and I was asked to meet; Yun Daiying, Deng Zhongxia, and Bi Lei were representing the district committee." Before going there, Chen Yannian very seriously told Yun Daiying that if he wanted to fight with Dai Jitao, he would have to scold him, the ideological struggle would not give in, and the boundaries must be drawn clearly." Dai was living in a small Western-style building in the school of medicine of Sun Yat-sen University in Dongshan, and after our criticism, "he pretended to be very sincere and said to us, I can agree to any demand you have, and I listen to the Communist Party." He also said that now that the Kuomintang and the Communists are cooperating, you are helping the Kuomintang! You must have someone who specializes in the work of the Kuomintang, or the Kuomintang will collapse! "What other theories are there now, only Marxist-Leninist theory is theory."
Second, he is my "old nephew"
After Lu Xun came, how to do a good job in guiding Lu Xun's ideology became an urgent issue for Chen Yannian and the Guangdong District CPC Committee to consider and urgently do.
In view of Lu Xun's ideological situation at that time, Chen Yannian gave Lu Xun a "political positioning." He told the responsible persons of the district party committee and the party organization of Sun Yat-sen University that Lu Xun was a "free man" (note: referring to intellectuals), but not an ordinary "free man", but a "free man" who was thoroughly anti-feudal, so we should do our work well, unite him, and struggle against the rightists. To this end, Chen Yannian specially held a meeting of the district party committee to study how to do a good job in Lu Xun's work after he came. Yun Daiying, Deng Zhongxia, Li Qiushi, Bi Lei, and others attended the meeting. At the meeting, Lu Xun's anti-imperialist and anti-feudal fighting ideology and combat achievements were analyzed, and lu Xun was able to fight together with the Communist Party. Chen Yannian particularly pointed out that after Lu Xun arrives in Guangzhou, he must help Lu Xun understand the situation and understand the current political situation as soon as possible.
The first is to ask the Guangzhou party organization to do a good job in welcoming Lu Xun when he comes. At that time, the Guangdong Party organization ran a total of three publications, "People's Weekly", "Young Pioneers", "Our Life", and the Party organization of Sun Yat-sen University also ran two publications, "What to Do?" "Branch Life". The meeting demanded that these party publications should write articles to welcome them. For example, "What to Do?" The first issue of the book published "After Welcoming Lu Xun" written by Jian Ru (i.e., Bi Lei), and the fifteenth issue of the second volume of the Young Pioneer, published on February 21, published "The Creation of the Third World". The second is to call for a welcome meeting. According to Lu Xun's diary, on January 24, "Xu Wenya (Note: Xu Binru) and Pan Kaojian came. On the 25th, "in the afternoon, I went to the welcome meeting of the Middle School Student Union, and gave a speech for about twenty minutes to the tea party." "This welcome party was held by the party organization of Sun Yat-sen University in the name of the student union. On the 24th, Zhu Jiahua went to Lu Xun on behalf of the school authorities to tell Lu Xun that the school wanted to hold a welcome meeting. Lu Xun refused. When Xu and others later proposed to hold a welcome meeting, Lu Xun first said that he refused to hold a welcome meeting at the school, and he also gently discouraged the students' proposals, but because of his consistent attitude of loving youth, he finally agreed to the students' request. The next day Lu Xun came accompanied by Bi Lei and delivered a twenty-minute speech. In his speech, he expressed his yearning for the birthplace of the revolution, "Why should I come here? Because this is the 'birthplace of the revolution'. "But through the intuition, it also expresses deep concern." According to my eyes, Guangdong has no special situation compared to the old society. I felt like the white words written in the red cloth slogan, 'red with white', and I felt a little uneasy about the revolution. Lu Xun was actually alerting the vast number of young students to see clearly and be vigilant against the current revolutionary situation.
The second is to determine that special personnel do Lu Xun's daily ideological work well, and require that Lu Xun often go to lu xun for advice and send the publications of the party organization to Lu Xun on time. Chen Yannian felt that Bi Lei was keen, calm, and determined, and he was also the deputy secretary of the Guangdong District Student Movement Committee, and at Sun Yat-sen University, he was an open member of the Communist Party of China, so he first identified Bi Lei as a person. Chen Yannian said to Bi Lei: "Lu Xun loves young people, you should be more lively, and you should accompany Lu Xun to everywhere to take a look." Subsequently, xu Fuguo was sent according to Xu Binru's suggestion (Guangzhou "April 15" counter-revolutionary coup was arrested and killed). Sometimes Xu Binru also participates. He recalled that after Lu Xun arrived, when the "April 15 coup" came, Bi Lei and Xu Fuguo met with Lu Xun almost every day, and he himself went to Lu Xun more than a dozen times, "The first time was when Bi Lei took me, Lu Xun seemed to know my identity in advance and was very sincere and enthusiastic about me." Chen Yannian also asked them to send a publication to Lu Xun every ten days. Xu Binru said that he went to Lu Xun mainly to send party publications. He sent Lu Xun "People's Weekly", "Young Pioneer", "What to do?" etc. When the publication was first sent over, "Lu Xun received the CCP publication, held it in both hands, and said happily, 'I want to see this very well.' He warmly invited Bi Lei and the others to sit down, and opened the drawer and took out the candy brought on the road to entertain them. On January 31, Bi Lei gave Lu Xun the bound edition of the twelfth issue of the first volume of the Young Pioneers. The cover of "Young Pioneers" was printed with Lenin's portrait and revolutionary torch, and Lu Xun was deeply impressed by this, so he wrote in his diary that day: "Xu Wenya, Bi Lei, and Xu Fuguo came and gave twelve copies of "Young Pioneers." ”
◆ On January 2, 1927, Lu Xun took a photo in Nanputuo while teaching at Xiamen University.
Third, Chen Yannian had a cordial meeting with Lu Xun. Once, when Xu Binru went to see Lu Xun, during the conversation, Lu Xun suddenly asked, "Is the main leader of your party here Chen Yannian?" Xu Binru nodded, yes. Lu Xun looked up, his eyes staring at the cigarettes rising from the sky, as if he was recalling something, and said, "He is my 'old nephew', and others are very smart!" Xu Binru immediately reported to Chen Yannian when he returned. Chen Yannian listened, groaned for a moment, and then raised his head and said, "I really want to see him and get his teachings." If I had been normal, I would have taken the initiative to meet him. He is the 'father' I respect the most. When he saw Lu Xun again, Xu Binru also told Lu Xun about Chen Yannian's attitude. A few days later, when Lu Xun saw Bi Lei again, he tentatively asked Bi Lei, "Can I meet Chen Yannian?" Bi Lei said, "I will seize the time to report to Comrade Chen Yannian that this matter will certainly be feasible, and strive to let you meet as soon as possible." Chen Yannian listened to Bi Lei's reflection and immediately agreed after soliciting the opinions of the comrades in the district committee. One night shortly thereafter, under the arrangement of Bi Lei and Ren Xu, Chen Yannian's secretary, the two had a secret meeting. When Lu Xun came, Chen Yannian stood at the agreed place and greeted him warmly. Because of the secret nature, and because Chen Yannian then left Guangzhou for Wuhan and was betrayed and sacrificed by traitors in Shanghai at the end of June, we have no way of knowing the course of this meeting and the content of the talks. But this meeting did exist and had a great impact on Lu Xun. Mr. Xu Guangping, who was with Lu Xun at this time, later recalled: "Lu Xun deeply felt the sadness of loneliness. Fortunately, the party's leadership shone like a bright light on every piece of land, and during this period, Lu Xun met some party leaders, such as Chen Yannian and other comrades. Through this meeting, Chen Yannian's understanding of Lu Xun was further enhanced, and he told everyone, "Our party must treat Lu Xun with a correct attitude, we must study Lu Xun, and the more we study Lu Xun's writings and thoughts, the more you will feel that he is so profound, and through our work, Lu Xun's thinking has developed very well and he is already our person."
Third, my thinking was thus destroyed
From Lu Xun's arrival in Guangzhou on January 18 to the "April 15" counter-revolutionary coup in Guangzhou, although there were only nearly three months in between, Chen Yannian and other Communists had a key impact on Lu Xun through their work, and contributed to the fundamental change of Lu Xun's thinking.
The first direct and comprehensive contact with the Communists enabled Lu Xun to have an intuitive and sincere understanding of the Communists and quickly threw himself into practical support for the Party's cause. Chen Duxiu and Li Dazhao, the two main founders of the party, were good friends of his. In "Remembrance of Liu Bannongjun", Lu Xun recounted the impression that Chen Duxiu left in his mind, at this time, when he learned that Li Dazhao was arrested by Zhang Zuolin in Beiping, he said affectionately and worriedly in "Celebrating the Side Of Huning Overcoming": "Thinking of the news of Li Shouchang's arrest in Beijing carried in Hong Kong's "Circular Daily", his round face and Chinese-style sagging black beard floated in front of his eyes, and he did not know how he was now. However, Lu Xun's interaction with them was basically concentrated during the May Fourth New Culture Movement, and they were all fixed at the level of academic culture. His coming to Guangzhou Sun Yat-sen University to teach was the initiative and insistence of Chen Yannian and other Communists, and after he came, through direct contacts with Communists, he had a comprehensive and true understanding of Communists. He said, "I was in Xiamen, and I only knew the general name of the Communist Party, and after that, I learned that there were CP and CY in it." Li Jishen launched the "April 15" counter-revolutionary coup in Guangzhou, and Bi Lei, who had been in charge of interacting with Lu Xun since Lu Xun's arrival, was arrested and chained and put into a sack and sacrificed on the Pearl River. Lu Xun felt that he was a real Communist Party member, and although he was still in the climax of the mass arrest, he still expressed his deep nostalgia for him in the relevant article, "Now remember "What to do?" After its publication, it was given to me five copies. I think this group was presided over by communist youth, because among them were the signatures of 'Jianru' and 'Three Stones', it should be Bi Lei, and the communication office was also him. He also gave me a dozen copies of the Young Pioneers, and this publication was clearly made by communist youth. Sure enough, Bi Leijun, who was probably a communist, was arrested from Sun Yat-sen University on April 18 (note: it should be the fifteenth). According to my speculation, he must have long since ceased to be in this world, and this looks like a very thin and lean young man from Hunan. From this, Lu Xun grasped what a true Communist Party member is and the spirit of a Communist Party member. Xu Guangping later recalled, "When he met students and youth, and came into contact with figures in the Communist Party, he set aside good time ... It is difficult to judge in what aspects he was inspired and how much revolutionary forces he was inspired by during this period. The change in understanding inevitably produced a change in action, and Lu Xun began to consciously devote himself to supporting the party's cause. In order to meet the needs of the revolutionary tasks and strengthen the struggle on the ideological and theoretical front, the Guangdong District Committee of the CPC decided to organize a "Social Science Research Association" at Sun Yat-sen University. The Society was established on December 24, 1926. About 200 young students who participated in the research meeting gathered funds to carry out activities on their own, and Lu Xun actively supported them after learning about it. He went to speak on the third day after the student welcome meeting, on the 27th, and donated ten yuan to the seminar twice on March 31 and April 13. It was also because of this change in perception and thinking of the Communists that prompted him to convene a meeting immediately after the outbreak of the "April 15" counter-revolutionary coup and asked the school authorities to rescue the arrested students and to donate money to the arrested students to express their condolences. When he saw that the rescue request was rejected by the school authorities and the mass arrest massacre by the reactionary authorities in Guangzhou was still intensifying, he quickly and resolutely resigned on April 21, and then refused to be retained by Sun Yat-sen University six times, protesting with firm non-cooperation.
◆Photographed on March 22, 1928 in Jingyunli Apartment.
The guidance of the Communists enabled Lu Xun to have a deeper and deeper understanding of the situation in Guangzhou, especially the true face of the Kuomintang reactionaries. When Lu Xun first arrived in Guangzhou, he alerted everyone at the welcome meeting of the student union, which is "red and white". When the school authorities suppress progressive students, the "party of trees" in the school (Note: The Transliteration of the English stick, meaning cane, stick. A reactionary student group controlled by the Kuomintang rightist sun wenzhi society, whose members all held 'trees' in their hands and were arrogant on campus. In a letter to Xu Guangping, he said: "It is ridiculous that Chinese students learn what Italy is to flatter the Northern government, and what they say is 'the party of the tree'." Can't others be beaten with thicker sticks? From this, Lu Xun concluded that Guangzhou "has many places to reform, everything in the localities is still old, people's thinking is still old, and these have not yet been reformed", "The people of Guangzhou have no strength, so this place can be the 'source of revolution' and can also be the source of counter-revolution." When Guangzhou began to celebrate the reconquest of Shanghai and Nanjing by the Northern Expeditionary Army, Lu Xun solemnly shouted, "Celebration has nothing to do with revolution, at best it is just an embellishment." There are many people who celebrate, sing, and revel in the revolution, and good nature is good, but sometimes it also makes the revolutionary spirit turn into a slippery slippery", "so that it dies, and then it is the old". Finally, counter-revolutionary coups such as "April 12" and "April 15" broke out one after another, and Lu Xun saw the true face of the Kuomintang's rightists and couldn't bear to say to his friends, "The Kuomintang has pushed promising young people into a trap." Initially they said that the Communist Party was the locomotive and the Kuomintang was the train; that the revolution would succeed because the Communist Party took the Kuomintang with it. It is also said that the Communist Party is the benefactor of the revolution ... So the young people were very moved and became the Communist Party. And now it's suddenly because of the Communist Party. Kill them all," and the method adopted by the Kuomintang is simply deceitful; the method of killing people is even more vicious... Since then, I have never felt disgusted with the Kuomintang who deceived people into making materials for massacres, and I always felt hateful."
Under the guidance of the Communists, Lu Xun completed the transformation into a Marxist. Lu Xun began to consciously apply the Marxist-Leninist point of view to analyze and criticize reality. "Young Pioneers" is an organ publication of the Guangdong District Committee of the Communist Youth League, which was founded on September 1, 1926. Stalin's "On Lenin" speech in January 1924. Just over two years later, the eighth issue of Young Pioneers was translated and published. After Lu Xun got the joint publication of the first volume of "Young Pioneers", he seriously studied it. In the article "Celebrating the Side Of Huning Overcoming", Lu Xun quoted Lenin's teachings and used them to analyze the situation at that time. Lu Xun said: "I remember that lenin was quoted in a periodical: The first thing is not to make our minds confused and complacent because of victory; the second thing is to consolidate our victory so that it belongs to us for a long time; and the third thing is to prepare to destroy the enemy, because now the enemy is only conquered, and the degree of annihilation is still far away. The betrayal of the revolution by Chiang Kai-shek's Kuomintang rightist clique and the wanton massacre of communists finally destroyed Lu Xun's original understanding and train of thought. Lu Xun said: "I was stunned by the blood in 27 years and left Guangdong"; "I have always believed in the theory of evolution, always thinking that the future will be better than the past, and the youth will be better than the old"; "When I was in Guangdong, I witnessed the fact that the same youth were divided into two camps, or they submitted letters to inform, or they helped the officials to arrest people!" My thinking was thus destroyed, and later I often looked at the youth with a suspicious eye, no longer in unconditional awe." The bombardment of this line of thinking, Mr. Xu Guangping commented: "At this time, he had a sudden change, from quantitative change to qualitative change, everything from the class standpoint and viewpoint, even if you look at the problem, it is easy to solve it." So he denied the bias of evolutionary theory, threw himself into the furnace of class theory to temper himself, to be a small soldier in the revolutionary ranks. Lin Zhihao, the author of Lu Xun's biography, also believes that "he realized that evolution can no longer be used as a weapon to observe social problems, because society is divided into opposing classes." Youth are no exception. They are equally subject to the laws of class struggle. Therefore, Lu Xun believes that it is necessary not only to grasp the universal laws of metabolism in the universe, but also to grasp the special laws of the class struggle in human society; without the latter, it is impossible to correctly explain any social problems. This shows that Lu Xun is achieving a major turning point in his ideological development, and from then on, in his combat practice, he has shifted to the position of the proletariat. These views basically represent the consensus of Lu Xun's research on Lu Xun's fundamental transformation during this period. At this time, Lu Xun had essentially become a Marxist.
Fourth, Chen Yannian played a major role
Mr. Lu Xun's fundamental transformation is the result of the efforts of Chen Yannian and the Guangdong District Committee led by him, of which Chen Yannian played a key role. At the same time, this itself has many aspects and very profound historical significance.
◆ In 1930, Shanghai, at the "Lu Xun Fiftieth Birthday Celebration Party" held by the "Zuo Lian".
It has created a brilliant example of our party doing a good job in the work of representative intellectuals. When Lu Xun arrived, he was greeted with warm reception by the youth, left and right. The right wing of the Kuomintang also did their best to win Lu Xun over, and at the welcome meeting, not only did they tout it, but some leading figures even tried to get close to Lu Xun by giving gifts and banquets. Gradually, however, Lu Xun became closer and closer to the Communists, and began to criticize the Kuomintang rightists, including the right-wing youth, from indifference and alienation to exclusion, contempt, and even penmanship. On February 9, Lu Xun got the "What to Do? He admired the design of the cover, first reading the English title word by word, "WHAT TO DO?" Then he carefully read the catalog of this issue framed by red lines in the middle, and then looked at the communication office below, the contacts and addresses were Bi Lei's, and he raised his head and smiled and praised Bi Lei and Xu Binru and others. See the Communists come out with a copy of What to Do? Two weeks later, in the name of the "Revolutionary Literature Society," the Right Wing of the Kuomintang did the first issue of "Doing So," but when Lu Xun saw it, he "read the newsletter and was too lazy to turn it upside down." The Statutes of the Revolutionary Literary Society were published in the second issue of "Doing So": "This society gathers pure members of the Chinese Kuomintang and advocates revolutionary literature ... Engage in the revolutionary movement of the Party. After Lu Xun saw it, he directly rebuked its essence: "One is to scold his opponents under the cover of the command knife of one side; the other is that there are many 'fights, fights', 'kills, kills', or 'blood, blood' written on the paper." In the party periodicals sent to him, he read the party's advanced ideology and advanced policies, and in the young communists with whom he had close contacts, he saw the spirit and style of the real communists.
This set a precedent for our party to work closely with Lu Xun to fight together. Since then, Lu Xun has become our own person. After arriving in Shanghai, although he was surrounded by more serious white terror, he always shared the fate with our party. Before his sacrifice, Comrade Fang Zhimin, with unparalleled trust in Mr. Lu Xun, entrusted him with his manuscripts such as "Lovely China" and "Qing Poverty" and asked him to transfer them to the party Central Committee; as the main general of the left-wing cultural front, he organized and participated in revolutionary cultural groups such as the "Left League" and other revolutionary cultural groups to oppose the Kuomintang reactionaries' cultural encirclement and suppression of the party. It was precisely because of this that Mao Zedong highly praised him as "the main general of China's cultural revolution, he was not only a great writer, but also a great thinker and a great revolutionary." Lu Xun's ideological leap began in Guangzhou, and it was precisely the result of the hard work of the Guangdong District CPC Committee. Xu Binru later said in an interview: "The earliest work of our party to do Lu Xun was not after the 30s, Lu Xun was the first to contact our party, and Chen Yannian played a major role. ”
It laid another revolutionary monument of cultural and ideological historical significance to Chen Yannian. After Chen Yannian arrived in Guangzhou, he initially assisted Zhou Enlai in handling the daily work of the district party committee and improving the leading organs of the district party committee; after succeeding Zhou Enlai as secretary of the district party committee, he vigorously developed the party contingent and vigorously grasped party building; in order to support the May Thirtieth Movement, he led the organization of the provincial and Hong Kong general strike together with Su Zhaozheng, Zhang Tailei, and others. It was precisely because of this that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai praised him so much as "a rare talent in the Party" and "a tractor for the Guangdong Party to open up frontiers"; when he was arrested in Shanghai on June 26, 1927, Wu Zhihui, who hated him to the bone, would shout: "Chen Yannian's arrogance and arrogance are a hundred times greater than his father's." All the giants of today's Communist Party, such as Li Lisan, Ruo Cai Hesun, and Ruo Luo Yinong, were caused by Chen Yannian in France. His position of influence in China may be at odds with his father'... It is especially the evil of evil. And he proposed to promote Lu Xun to teach at Sun Yat-sen University, and deployed party organizations to do a good job in Lu Xun's work, which promoted a fundamental change in Lu Xun's thinking, a historical achievement that we have been ignoring. But it is undoubtedly another monument to Chen Yannian's revolutionary career. It not only has revolutionary historical significance, but also has a admirable brilliance in the history of modern culture and thought because of the key role of "Lu Xun" and the key role of "Lu Xun's ideological transformation".
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