Xiang Xiang, Xiang Guo, Zai Xiang generally refers to the highest administrative officer below the emperor, from the establishment of Qin to the abolition of Zhu Yuanzhang has a history of about 1600 years, the prime minister in the past dynasties and dynasties are the dominant players of the strength of a country outside the emperor, it can be said that how much ability the prime minister has, how strong the country is.
There were many powerful dynasties and countries in ancient China, and these dynasties and countries were strong in the hands of which celebrities?
Reese
Li Si (c. 284 BC – 208 BC), Li Shi, MingSi, Zi Tongu. At the end of the Warring States period, he was a native of Shangcai (上蔡乡, in present-day Lugang Township, Shangcai County, Zhumadian City, Henan Province). A famous politician, writer and calligrapher of the Qin Dynasty. Li Si was a county official in his early years, and later learned the art of emperorhood from Xunzi and entered Qin. At first, he was thought to be a lang by Lü Buwei. Later, he persuaded the King of Qin to destroy the princes and become emperors, and was appointed as the governor of Changshi. The King of Qin adopted his plan and sent his advisers with gold and jade to lobby the Six Kingdoms of the Kwantung Regions, alienating the monarchs of various countries and making him a guest secretary. In the tenth year of the reign of the King of Qin (237 BC), due to the Entry of the Han spy Zheng Guo into Qin, the King of Qin ordered the expulsion of the Six Kingdoms. Li Sishang was stopped by the "Letter of Expulsion" and was adopted by the King of Qin, and soon the official was made a court lieutenant. It played a greater role in the cause of the Qin King's government to destroy the Six Kingdoms. After Qin unified the world, he agreed with Wang Xuan and Feng Hao to honor Qin Wang Zheng as emperor and formulate relevant etiquette systems. He was appointed as prime minister. He proposed the demolition of county walls and the destruction of civilian weapons; Oppose the sub-feudal system and adhere to the county system; He also advocated burning the folk collection of "poetry", "book" and other hundred languages, and prohibiting private study, so as to strengthen the centralized rule. It also participated in the formulation of laws to unify the system of rails, writing, and weights and measures. The implementation of Lisi's political ideas has had a profound impact on China and the world, laying the basic pattern of China's political system for more than two thousand years. After the death of Qin Shi Huang, he conspired with Zhao Gao to forge a will and forcing Fu Su, the eldest son of the First Emperor, to commit suicide, and to make his son Hu Hai the second emperor. Later, he was jealous of Zhao Gao, and in the second year of Qin II (208 BC), he was beheaded in the downtown area of Xianyang and destroyed the three tribes.
Shaw Ho
Xiao He (257 BC – 193 BC), han Chinese, Peifeng people, served as a county official in Qin Pei County in his early years, and assisted Liu Bang in the uprising at the end of Qin, known as "Xiao Xiangguo" in history. After conquering Xianyang, he received the laws and books collected by Qin Cheng Xiang and Yushifu, and mastered the mountains and rivers of the whole country, as well as the hukou of counties and counties, which played an important role in formulating policies and winning victories in the Chu-Han War in the future. During the Chu-Han War, he stayed in Guanzhong, making Guanzhong a consolidated rear of the Han army, constantly sending soldiers and soldiers grain to support the battle, which played an important role in Liu Bang's victory over Xiang Yu and the establishment of the Han Dynasty. Xiao He adopted the Six Laws of Qin and reformulated the legal system as the Nine Chapters of law. In terms of legal thought, he advocates inaction and likes the art of huang lao. In the eleventh year of Han (196 BC), he also assisted Liu Bang in eliminating Han Xin, Yingbu and other princes with different surnames. After Liu Bang's death, he assisted Emperor Hui of Han. In July of the second year of Emperor Hui's reign (193 BC), Xin died without his death, and his courtesy name was "Marquis of Wen".
Zhuge Liang
Zhuge Liang (181 – October 8, 234), courtesy name Kong Ming, Wolong (also known as Fulong), han Chinese, native of Langyayangdu, Xuzhou (present-day Yinan County, Linyi, Shandong), was a Shu Han chancellor during the Three Kingdoms period, an outstanding politician, military figure, essayist, calligrapher, and inventor. During his lifetime, he was posthumously honored as the Marquis of Wuxiang, and after his death, he was posthumously honored as the Marquis of Zhongwu, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty posthumously honored him as the King of Wuxing because of his military prowess. His prose masterpieces include "The Table of Teachers" and "The Book of Commandments". He invented wooden cattle flowing horses, Kong Ming lanterns, etc., and modified the crossbow, called Zhuge Lian crossbow, which can be fired with ten arrows in one crossbow. Yu Died in the twelfth year of Jianxing (234) in Wuzhangyuan (in present-day Baoji Qishan). Liu Chan posthumously honored him as the Marquis of Zhongwu, so later generations often honored Him as Marquis Wu and Marquis Zhuge Wu. Zhuge Liang bowed down all his life, died and then died, and was a representative of loyal subjects and wise men in traditional Chinese culture.
Wang Meng
Wang Meng (325–375), courtesy name Jingluo, was a native of Ju County, Beihai County, Eastern Jin Dynasty (present-day southeast of Shouguang, Weifang, Shandong), and later moved to Wei County. A famous politician and military figure during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, he was a former Qin official to a chancellor and a great general. Wang Meng was born into poverty, lived in seclusion in the mountains, and sold rice for business. Erudite and good at reading military books, good at strategizing and using soldiers. In the tenth year of yonghe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (354), the Eastern Jin general Huan Wen entered Guanzhong, and Wang Mengxiang talked about the situation in the world, pointing out to the point that Huan Wen's Northern Expedition only wanted to improve his personal prestige and had no ambition to recover the lost land of Guanlong. He refused Huan Wen's offer and saw Jian Jian as he had always been. On the abolition of major events, it is very fitting. Zhi Jian ascended the throne and served as Zhongshu Shilang (中書侍郎), who was promoted five times in a year, and was promoted to the rank of Chancellor of TheOry, Zhongshu Supervisor, and Shang Shu Ling , and was enfeoffed as the Marquis of Qinghe Commandery , becoming the main assistant of Zhi Jian. Wang Meng served in Former Qin for eighteen years, synthesizing Confucianism, selecting honest and clear people, stressing practical results, and achieving remarkable political achievements. Politically, we should resist the Powerful and Qiang magnates, rectify the rule of officials, and strengthen the centralization of power. Ren Shiping ordered that the law be used to prohibit The Powerful from being punished. For Jing Zhaoyin, he insisted on law enforcement in the beijing area, and in a few decades, he cursed more than 20 people who were lawless and noble, and a hundred officials were shocked. Militarily, in the sixth year (370) of Former Qin Jianyuan," he commanded troops to destroy Former Yan, stayed in Zhenyi, and oversaw the military of the six prefectures of Kwantung, making a major contribution to the unification of the north. The selection of the wise and the competent, the simplification of the law and the leniency of the government, so that the Yan people can each have their own work. Economically, we advised farmers to open up mountains, build water conservancy projects, and improve farming, so that fields were opened up and warehouses were enriched. During his reign, "Guanlong Qingyan, the people are happy", showing a well-off scene. Jianyuan died in June of the eleventh year (375) at the age of 51. When Wang Meng was dying, he was worried about the forces of the various ethnic groups within The Former Qin, and with the Eastern Jin Dynasty as the location of Zhengshuo, he advised Jian Jian not to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty, but it was not adopted, so there was a defeat in Shuishui. Wang Meng assisted Jian Jian in sweeping away the crowd and unifying the north, and was known as the "first person of Gong Gai Zhuge Ge".
Xie An
Xie An (320 – October 12, 385), courtesy name An Shi. A native of Yangxia, Chen Commandery (present-day Taikang, Henan). Eastern Jin Dynasty politician and celebrity, third son of Taichang Xie Qiu and brother of the Zhenxi general Xie Shangcong. Xie Anshao, who was famous for his clean talks, initially resigned his life repeatedly, and lived in seclusion in Dongshan, Shanyin County, Huijian County, to play with Wang Xizhi, Xu Qian, and others, and to educate the children of the Xie family. After the Xie family died in the middle of the dynasty, he made a comeback and successively served as the general Sima of the Western Expedition, Wuxing Taishou, Shizhong (侍中), Shangshu (吏部尚書), and Zhonghu (中護軍). After Emperor Jianwen's death, Xie An and Wang Tan defeated Huan Wen's intention to usurp the throne. After Huan Wen's death, he co-assisted Wang Biaozhi and others. In the Battle of Shuishui, Xie An, as the commander-in-chief of the Eastern Jin side, defeated the so-called million Former Qin army with 80,000 troops, winning decades of quiet peace for the Eastern Jin Dynasty. After the war, he was suspected by Emperor Xiaowu because his fame was too great, and he was forced to go to Guangling to avoid disaster. In the tenth year of Taiyuan (385), he died of illness at the age of sixty-six, and was posthumously awarded the title of Taifu and Duke of Luling Commandery (庐陵郡公), with the courtesy name "Wenjing". Xie An is versatile, good at books, and good at music. His temperament is leisurely and gentle, he is fair and clear in his handling of affairs, he does not monopolize his authority and selfishness, he is not proud of his achievements, and he has the arrogance of a prime minister. He ruled the country with Confucianism and Taoism; As a High Gate Clan, he can take into account the overall situation and subordinate the interests of the Xie family to the interests of the Jin Dynasty. Wang Jian called him "the prime minister of Jiangzuo Fengliu." Zhang Shunhui praised him as "a great politician with grace and courage in Chinese history." "
Fang Xuanling
Fang Xuanling (579 – August 18, 648), courtesy name Qiao ,Chinese: 胡家; pinyin: Fáng Zhān Zhāng Zhū zhāng Zhān Zhāng When Fang Xuanling was 18 years old, honshu was promoted to a soldier and was awarded the title of lieutenant. After Fang Xuanling surrendered to Li Shimin, the King of Qin in Weibei, he advised Li Shimin and was one of Li Shimin's powerful advisers. In the ninth year of Wu De, he participated in the change of Xuanwu Gate, and was the first to join Du Ruhan, Changsun Wuji, Wei Chi Jingde, and Hou Junji. After Emperor Taizong of Tang ascended the throne, Fang Xuanling was made Zhongshu Ling, Zhenguan was appointed Shangshu Zuo servant in February of the third year, Zhenguan was enfeoffed as the Duke of Liang in the eleventh year, and Zhenguan entered the throne in July of the sixteenth year, and still took charge of the imperial government. On the twenty-fourth day of July in the twenty-second year of Zhenguan, Fang Xuanling died of illness and Died, and Yuwen Zhao. In the third year of Yonghui, Xuan Ling's second son Yi Ai and his wife Princess Gaoyang were accused of rebellion, Liu Ai was executed, the princess committed suicide, and the sons were sent to Lingbiao. Xuan Ling's heir was also implicated and demoted to Tongling Wei. Fang Xuanling's treatment of the Taimiao Temple was also suspended. Because Fang Xuanling is good at scheming, and Du Ruyi is decisive in handling things, it is called "Fang Mou Du Judgment". Later generations took him and Du Ruqian as a model of good looks, collectively known as "Fang and Du". The New Book of Tang's evaluation of Fang is that "Xuan Ling is a country, diligent and strong at night, and he does not want to lose a thing." There is no jealousy, and it is good to smell others, if you have it. Mingda ruled, and the edge was decorated with elegance, and the law was punished, and the service was lenient. Do not look up to others by their own strengths, and do not seek preparation for others, although they are lowly and lowly, they must do their best. Or to be let go of things, but to plead guilty, to be afraid, to be intolerant of nothing."
Zhao Pu
Zhao Pu (922–992), courtesy name Zeping, was a Native jiren of Youzhou who later migrated to Luoyang, a famous politician of the Northern Song Dynasty. In the first month of the seventh year of Xiande (960), he and Zhao Kuangyin launched the Chen Qiao Mutiny, and added a yellow robe to Zhao Kuangyin's body, overthrowing Later Zhou and establishing the Song Dynasty. In the second year of Qiande (964), he served as the prime minister, assisting Taizu in planning to seize the town of Fan, abolishing the power of military generals, implementing more laws, reforming the official system, and formulating many major measures such as guarding the border and defending the Liao. In July 992, he died of illness, posthumously crowned King Zhending, gave him the title of "loyal offering", and personally wrote and wrote an eight-character Shinto stele to give him. In the first year of Xianping (998), he posthumously honored Pu as the King of Han. The following year, he also commanded the Taizu Temple. Although Zhao Pu read little, he liked the Analects and said that "half of the Analects ruled the world". It was very influential on later generations and became a famous saying for ruling the country with Confucianism.
Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi (18 December 1021 – 21 May 1086), courtesy name Jiefu ,号方山; pinyin: Báng Shan, was a Han Chinese scholar from Linchuan (present-day Linchuan District, Fuzhou, Jiangxi) and a famous thinker, politician, writer, and reformer of the Northern Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi successively served as a judge in Yangzhou, Zhixian in Yinxian County, and Shuzhou Tongju, with remarkable political achievements. In the second year of Xi Ning (1069), he served as the governor of the government, and the following year he paid homage to the chancellor and presided over the change of law. Due to the opposition of the conservative faction, Xi Ning resigned in the seventh year (1074). A year later, Song Shenzong took up the role again, and resigned and retired to Jiangning. In the first year of the Yuan Dynasty (1086), the conservatives gained power, the new laws were abolished, and Yu Ran died of illness in Zhongshan (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu), and was given to Taifu. In the first year of Shao sheng (1094), he was given the title of "Wen" (文), so he was known as Wang Wengong (王文公). Lenin, the teacher of the revolution, once called Wang Anshi "China's reformer of the eleventh century." The reason why Wang Anshi was able to dare to act boldly and be determined to reform was dominated by his own progressive philosophical thinking; he believed that everything in the world was composed of five elements: gold, wood, water, fire, and earth; he also regarded the "division of the new and the old" as the law of development and change in nature, thus establishing the fearless spirit of "the sky is not enough to change, the ancestors are not enough to be law-abiding, and the words of the people are not enough."
Wen Tianxiang
Wen Tianxiang (文天祥) (6 June 1236 – 9 January 1283), courtesy name Yunsun (云孙), was a Chinese poet. Dao no. Fu Xiu Dao Ren, Wen Shan. A native of Luling, Jizhou, Jiangxi (present-day Futian Town, Qingyuan District, Ji'an City, Jiangxi Province), he was a politician, writer, patriotic poet, famous anti-Yuan courtier and national hero of the Late Southern Song Dynasty, and was known as the "Three Masters of the Late Song Dynasty" along with Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie. In the fourth year of Baoyou (1256), he entered the first rank. In the first year of Kaiqing (1259), he was awarded the title of Chengshi Lang (承事郎) and the judge of the Ning Naval Festival. In April of the sixth year of XianChun (1270), he was appointed as the inspector of military weapons and concurrently the Academy of Imperial Powers, but was deposed for drafting the edict and having a satirical and similar Taoist language. In the first year of Deyou (1275), the Yuan army went east along the Yangtze River, and Wen Tianxiang used his family wealth as military resources to recruit 50,000 wang soldiers to enter Lin'an. Xuan was made an envoy to western Zhejiang and eastern Jiangdong and zhipingjiang province. The general was sent to aid Changzhou, but because the Huai general Zhang Quan was defeated because he saw that he was in danger and could not be saved, he retreated to Yuhang. He was appointed as the Right Minister and Privy Counsellor, and was ordered to go to the Yuan Army to discuss peace, but was detained because he reprimanded yuan cheng xiang Boyan and escorted him to flee north. In May, in Fuzhou, together with Zhang Shijie, Lu Xiufu, the attendant of the Rebbe, and Chen Yizhong, the Right Chancellor, supported Zhao Yan the Prince of Yi as emperor, Jian ce took the Haidao North to Restore Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and was obstructed by Chen Yizhong, so he went to Nanjian Prefecture (南健州, in modern Nanping, Fujian) to gather troops to resist the Yuan. In May of the second year of Jing Yan (1277), he attacked Jiangxi again, but finally lost Guangdong due to the situation alone. In December of the first year of Xiangxing (1278), he was captured at Wupoling (present-day Haifengbei, Guangdong). The following year, Zhang Hongfan, the marshal of the Yuan Dynasty and the Han dynasty, escorted him to Mount Hui (厓山, in modern Xinhuinan) and ordered Zhang Shijie to be surrendered. Wen Tianxiang refused, and wrote the poem "Crossing zero Ding Yang" to Ming Zhi. Later, he was released to the capital of Yuan Dadu (present-day Beijing), and Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty, personally persuaded him to surrender and gave him the post of Zhongshu Chancellor. Wen Tianxiang's righteousness was awe-inspiring, and he would rather die than yield. On the ninth day of the ninth month of December in the 19th year of the Yuan Dynasty (January 9, 1283), Yu Dadu was inaugurated. He was 47 years old. He is the author of "Wenshan Poetry Collection", "Guide Record", "Guide After Record", "Zhengqi Song" and so on.
Detachment
(1314 – January 10, 1356), also known as Tokto, Detu Timur, Qili Qishi, Character Da Yong, Mongol Qi'er Beggar, politician and military figure in the last years of the Yuan Dynasty. In the second year of the Yuan Dynasty (1334), he served as the secretary of the Tongzhi Xuanzheng Yuan, the envoy of the Central Government, the privy councillor of Tongzhi, the imperial historian, and the right minister of Zhongshu. In the sixth year of the Yuan Dynasty (1340), the tenth month of the lunar calendar was stripped of the right chancellor of the Zhongshu, and the old government of Boyan was greatly changed, and the priest was re-elected. In the third year of Zhizheng (i.e., in 1343), he edited the "History of Liao", "History of Song", and "History of Jin", and served as the president of the capital. In the ninth year of the ninth year (1349), in the leap month of the lunar calendar, he made a comeback as Zhongshu Zuo Xiang, and in the fourth month of the lunar calendar of the tenth year (1350), Hetuo was appointed as the Right Minister of Zhongshu, issued a new banknote "ZhiZheng Banknote", and sent Jia Lu to govern the Yellow River, with outstanding achievements, winning the hearts and minds of the flood victims, and was praised as "Sage Xiang". In the eleventh year of Zhizheng (1351), the yellow river migrant workers revolted and suppressed the anti-Yuan Red Turban Army. In the fifteenth year of Zhizheng (1355), he was dismissed from his post and exiled to Yunnan, and later committed suicide by zhongshu Pingzhang's political affairs Hama Ma fei chuan Yuan Huizong. In the twenty-second year of Zhizheng (1362), Zhaoxue was reinstated.
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