In the film and television drama about the emperor's strategy, the suspicious and outstanding emperor has leveled the world, and in the environment of solipsism, he complements the prime minister (below one person, above ten thousand people), loves and kills each other, such as the Great Qin Empire.
Most emperors have the advantage of genes, and their nobleness and appearance are exploding in the civil and military hundreds of officials, and the second generation of rich officials is ah! Prime Minister? To slowly rise from the bottom of the social ladder, IQ and emotional intelligence are also explosive, the prime minister disobeys the emperor, and there are examples of grinding the emperor.
In the era of the supremacy of imperial power, from the Qin to the Qing, it was said that the power of the prime minister was gradually disintegrated, which also evolved the three provinces and six ministries system.
If you compare it with the present, the governor of the province, equivalent to the inspector, is the civilian position of the second product; the mayor, which is equivalent to the prefect, is the secretary of the fourth product; the county chief, which is equivalent to the county of Zhi County, is the civilian position of the ninth product.
Wow, sure enough, as ordinary people, we are just a drop of water and a grain of sand in the long river of history, the biggest official in a place is only nine pins, and the county magistrate has left very few names in history!
As a grain of sand in order to better taste the understanding of TV series and novels, as a porter of knowledge, summarize the ancient official positions.
Society is orderly because everyone has his own functional position. The rights, functions, responsibilities of positions, even if they are the same name, may not be the same for each dynasty.
Successive dynasties have reformed and innovated official positions, so there will be some losses and losses, which we will explain in three aspects: the central official system, the local official system, and the rank of lords.
1. Central official positions
1. The system of the three provinces of Shangshu, Zhongshu and Menxia
Warring States period.
The office of general has already been established under the monarchs of various countries. For example, when King Huiwen of Zhao was in charge, he took Lin Xiangru as his face and was quite a general. In addition to the monarch of the State of Chu, the highest official was called Ling Yin, followed by the military attaché Shangzhu State, and only the official name of the State of Chu was different from that of the other six kingdoms.
Qin and Han Dynasty.
During the Qin Dynasty, the Emperor set up the Xiangfu Mansion, the Taiwei Mansion, and the Yushi Dafu Temple. The chancellor was the highest official, adhering to the emperor's will to govern the dynasty, so he was also called the prime minister; the lieutenant was in charge of the world's soldiers and horses, and the military power was very large; and the imperial master was like the emperor's personal secretary. This is a bit like the three-gong system that has appeared in the week.
The Han Dynasty followed the Qin Dynasty system, and over time, imperial power and Xiang power began to conflict, so during the han wudi period, the power of the chancellor was weakened. For example, Huo Guang, the minister of the Orphan Dynasty, led Shangshu shi in the position of grand general of the Great Sima Dynasty, and during the time of Emperor Zhao, the power was tilted to the opposition, and the chancellor at this time was only a supporting role.
In the last years of the Western Han Dynasty, the chancellor was renamed the Great Situ, the Taiwei was renamed the Great Sima and the Imperial Master was renamed the Great Sikong, known as the Three Dukes, and all of them were prime ministers. After the beginning of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Emperor Guangwu of Han "placed the three dukes and returned to the TaiGe", that is to say, the three dukes became auxiliaries, the TaiGe became the prime minister's palace, and the power was transferred.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties of the Wei and Jin Dynasties.
After the emergence of the Taige in the Eastern Han Dynasty, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it was renamed Shangshu Province. The Jin Dynasty was called ShangshuDu Province, with the head of the shang shu ling and the deputy shangshu servant. During the reign of Emperor Wen of Wei, considering that the Eastern Han Dynasty Shangshutai was too powerful, he expelled him from the inner circle of power and established Zhongshu Province, headed by Zhongshu Jian and Ling, to control the central secrets.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, the emperor, in view of the great power of Zhongshu Province, set up another Menxia Province to restrict Zhongshu Province. As a result, it eventually developed into the three provinces of the imperial central Shangshu, Zhongshu and Menxia. It is a system in which Zhongshu Province takes the purpose, Menxia Province reviews, and Shangshu Province implements it.
Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Emperor Wen of Sui, in order to avoid the name of his father Yang Zhong, changed zhongshu province to Neishi Province. During the reigns of Emperor Gaozong of Tang, Empress Wu, and Emperor Xuanzong of Tang, the names of the three provinces changed several times: Shangshu Province was changed to Zhongtai and Wenchangtai; Zhongshu Province was called Xitai, Fengge, and Ziwei; and Menxia Province was called Dongtai, Luantai, and Huangmen. The heads of the three provinces are the prime ministers and jointly discuss state affairs.
Zhao and Song Dynasties.
In the center, the Zhongshu and the Privy Council are in charge of the two branches of the wen and wu. The Privy Council is like the Taiwei Mansion of the Qin Dynasty, and the head and vice president are the Privy Council.
Ming and Qing dynasties.
The Ming Dynasty abolished Zhongshu Province, and the emperor personally managed the government and drafted the edict with the title of official of the Hanlin Academy and the rank of a scholar of diange University. Later, he evolved into a university scholar and became the de facto prime minister, known as the auxiliary minister, and the chief auxiliary minister was called the first assistant.
The Qing Dynasty followed the Ming system. In the Yongzheng period, the Military Aircraft Division was established, replacing the authority of university scholars.
2. Six-part system
During the Qin and Han dynasties, the central administrators were:
(1) Feng Chang, later changed to Tai Chang, in charge of the temple rites.
(2) Lang Zhongling, later changed to Guanglu Xun, in charge of the palace guards.
(3) Wei Wei, who was renamed Zhongdafu Ling, was in charge of the Palace Gate Guards.
(4) Servant of the Emperor, in charge of the Emperor's carriage and horses.
(5) The Court Lieutenant is the highest judge.
(6) Pawnbrokers, later changed to Da Xing Ling (大行令) and Da Hong Qi (大洪胪), which mainly managed the affairs of ethnic minorities coming to the dynasty.
(7) Zongzheng, in charge of imperial affairs.
(8) The history of the internal administration of millet, which was later changed to the Great Agricultural Order and the Great Si Nong, and the management of taxation and servitude.
(9) Shaofu, in charge of the general affairs of the court. This is the nine secretaries of the three princes and nine secretaries.
Shang Shu was originally a subordinate official of the Jiuqing Shaofu, which later developed into Bu Cao and eventually developed into Six Ministries in the Sui Dynasty. The positions of the six ministries are roughly as follows:
(1) Officials, who are in charge of the appointment and dismissal of officials, recounting, performance appraisal, promotion and promotion, etc. Equivalent to the current Central Organization Department. (2) Household department, in charge of land, household registration, taxation, finance, officials, etc. Equivalent to the modern Ministry of Personnel, The Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Finance.
(3) Ceremonies, ceremonies, examinations, schools, reception of guests, etc. Similar to the modern Ministry of Education and the Protocol Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
(4) The military department, which is in charge of the military and political affairs of the whole country, training troops, and weapons. Equivalent to the modern Ministry of Defense.
(5) The Criminal Investigation Department, which is in charge of criminal law, prison litigation, and so forth. Equivalent to the modern Ministry of Justice.
(6) The Ministry of Works, in charge of engineering, construction, tun tian, water conservancy, etc. Equivalent to the modern Ministry of Water Resources and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development.
The heads of each ministry are all Shangshu, which is equivalent to the current ministers, and the deputy ministers are Shilang (deputy ministers). There are four divisions under the ministry, namely the division of the name of the department, the division of the seal, the division of xun, and the examination of merit. The official title langzhong, the deputy staff foreign lang, the subordinate has the chief and so on.
After the establishment of the six ministries, the functions of the Nine Secretaries became smaller, and then they were slowly abolished. Therefore, after the establishment of the six parts in the Sui Dynasty, they were basically used in later generations, and there was no major change. In addition, the central government has specialized agencies and officials responsible for managing books, compiling histories, and formulating calendars. For example, Sima Qian and Zhang Heng served as Taishi Ling. Gao Qi edited and revised the history of the Hanlin Kingdom. These are equivalent to the current Ministry of Culture.
Local official positions
Local administrative units are the basis for the continuity of the central bureaucracy.
Spring and Autumn Warring States Period.
During the Spring and Autumn Period, the local administrative unit was Yi County, and its chief title was different from country to country. In Lu Wei, he was called Zai, Jin was called Dafu, and Chu was called Ling Yin. In the Warring States period, there began to be counties and counties. The chief of the county is the defender, and the chief of the county is the main one who is in charge of the military; the county chief is the order, and the chief of the county is the main one who is in charge of the civil administration. It slowly evolved into a county system.
In counties with more than 10,000 households, the chief is called Ling, and in counties that are less than 10,000 households, the chief is called Chang. Under it are the county clerk who is an assistant county administrator, and the county wei who is in charge of public security.
The administrative unit above Qinhan County is the county. The chief administrator of Qin Dynasty County was the county sheriff (the first in charge of the province), the military was Wei, and the supervisor was the superintendent of imperial history.
In the Han Dynasty, the county shou was changed to Taishou, and later concurrently led the military. In the Han Dynasty, there was also a point of specialness, that is, there was a "country" parallel to the county. This is because the early Han Dynasty implemented the county system of extra points and sealing. This "kingdom" was mainly divided among the emperor's sons.
In the Han Dynasty, there were also prefectures, and the world was divided into thirteen prefectures, which were basically supervision areas, and the central government sent officials to spy on the situation, called the history of assassination.
Later, at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, the world was in chaos, and many state pastors were in charge of both civil administration and military affairs, so during the Wei and Jin Dynasties, many local counties were given the title of general.
The county governors are collectively called orders. The administrative unit above the county level is the state or county. When serving as a state, the governor was an assassin; when it was called a county, the chief was Taishou. In the Tang Dynasty, the whole country was divided into twenty-two provinces, also known as the supervision area, and the central government sent officials to inspect them, called the deposed envoys, which were equivalent to the current inspection group officials.
During the Zhao and Song dynasties, the county magistrate was called Zhi County. The administrative unit above the county level is the state, and the state administration is managed by the central government, which is called Zhizhou. In the Song Dynasty, there was no name of too conservative, and the history of thorns was also a false title.
During the Yuan Dynasty, the highest local administrative organ was Xingzhongshu Province, which had a system similar to that of the central government, and there were also officials such as ministers and counselors.
County-level units still use the name of Zhi County in the Song Dynasty. However, in the Ming Dynasty, the highest local administrator was renamed the Cloth Political Envoy Division, referred to as the Cloth Political Envoy Division, which belonged to the provincial and ministerial level cadres, and the chief was the left and right cloth envoys.
In the Ming Dynasty, in the event of a war, the central government would send courtiers to tour the localities for the sake of patrolling. If it is inter-provincial, it becomes the governor. Both the Governor and the Governor are temporarily appointed. This position was finally established in the Qing Dynasty, which can be described as a feudal official.
During the Ming and Qing dynasties, a province was divided into several provinces, with provinces and prefectures under the provinces. The governor of the prefecture is the prefect, and the governor of the prefecture is the prefect.
Lord of the Rank
As long as people live in the group, there are comparisons, positions, and how were the ancient rank lords set up?
(1) Products - In ancient times, official positions were divided into several levels, commonly known as products. Both we often say on TV that Jiupinzhi County, Erpin Imperial Court is a senior member.
During the Han Dynasty, the number of Lu stones was used as a sign of official status. For example, Jiuqing is two thousand stones in the middle, Shi Taishou is also two thousand stones, and the county order is six hundred stones. Therefore, different Lu Shi, the moon is also different, which means that the grade is different.
During the Cao Wei period, officials were divided into nine pins, one with the highest and nine pins as the lowest.
During the Sui and Tang dynasties, the nine products were divided into positive and positive, and from the four products onwards, each product was divided into two steps, a total of thirty steps.
Officials within the nine pins are called liu nei, and those outside the nine pins become out of the stream. The out-of-line official is transferred to the flowing official after examination and is called the inflow.
Zheng Yipin: Taishi, Taiwei.
From Yipin: Prince Taishi, Hussar Grand General.
Zheng Erpin : DaxingTai Shangshu Ling, Auxiliary General.
From Erpin: Prince Young Division, Zhenjun Grand General.
Zheng Sanpin: Shangshu of the Bureaucracy, General of Huaihua.
From Sanpin: Imperial Master, General Guide.
Zheng Si Pin Shang: Zhongshu Shilang, General Chungmuro.
Zheng Si Pin Xia: Shang Shu Right Cheng, General Zhuang Wu. From the four products: Dadu Protectorate/Prince Prince's Mansion Changshi, General Xuanwei. From the Four Pins: Jingzhao/Henan/Taiyuan Province Shaoyin, General Mingwei.
Zheng Wu Pin Shang: Yushi Zhongcheng and General Dingyuan. Zheng Wu PinXia: Nei Chang Shi (内常侍), Zhongdu Governor/Shangdu Protector Sima (上都護府司馬), General Ningyuan (宁遠將軍).
From the five products: the prince washes horses, the ranger general. From Wupinxia: Taishi Ling, Guerrilla General.
Zheng Liu Pin Shang: Jing Zhao/Henan/Taiyuan Prefecture County Ling, Zhaowu Colonel.
Zheng Liu Pinxia: Sima of Zhongzhou, Deputy Lieutenant of Zhaowu.
From Liupin shang: Lieutenant Sima Zhenwei of Xiazhou.
From Liu Pin down: Shaofu / General / Guozi Supervisor, Zhenwei Vice Lieutenant.
Zheng QipinShang: Zhongxian Ling, Zhiguo Lieutenant.
Zheng Qipinxia: Admiral Shangfu /Si Shi, Vice Lieutenant of Zhiguo. From the Seven Pins: Shang Shu Du Shi, Lieutenant Yi Qi.
From the Seven Pins Down: Goshidai /Shaofu/Will/Kuniko Supervisor Master Book, Vice Lieutenant of Yi qi.
Masahachi Pin Shang: Inspector Of Imperial History, Lieutenant Xuanjie.
Zheng Ba PinXia: Jingzhao/Henan/Taiyuan Counties Cheng, Xuanjie Deputy Lieutenant.
From the eight pins: left and right, royal insult lieutenant.
From the Eight Pins: Zhongshu / Menxia / Shangshu Du Province / Bingbu / Official' Department / Examination Gong / Ceremonial Department Chief, Imperial Insult Deputy Lieutenant. Zheng Jiu Pin Shang: Lieutenant Zhongxia County, Ren Yong Colonel.
Zheng Jiu Pin Xia: XiaXian Cheng and Ren Yong's deputy lieutenants.
From the Nine Pins: Shangshu / Goshidai / Secretary Province / Dianzhong Province Chief, Lieutenant of the Escort School. From Jiupinxia: The chief of the Inner Servant Province, the deputy lieutenant of the Escort.
Exile First Class: Shangshu / Zhongshu / Menxia Province / History of the Imperial Household Order.
Second Class: Assistant Professor of Taibu Shubu.
Exile Third Class: History of the Imperial Household Chronicles.
Exile Fourth Class: Military History of Zhu Wei Yulin.
Fifth Class: History of Dali Temple's Division.
Sixth Class: Pharmacist of the Taiyi Medical Department.
Seventh Class: Menxia Province Main Festival.
Exile Eighth Class: The Shogunate is in charge.
Exile Ninth Class: GuoziXue /Taigong Temple Gan.
In the post-Tang dynasty, it was basically used. However, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the grades were simplified, and the nine grades were only divided into positive and subordinate, a total of eighteen grades. In the Qing Dynasty, officials who were not included in the Nine Pins were called unincorporated.
(2) Order
During the Sui Dynasty, officials with positions were called clergy officials, and officials without positions were called scattered officials.
During the Tang Dynasty, the official numbers of the former dynasty officials were sorted out and supplemented, and the grades were redefined as the titles that marked the status level of the officials, which was the rank, commonly known as the rank of the official. For example, the rank of civil servant is:
From the first product is called Kaifu Yi tongsan division, the second product is called Special Jin, from the second product is called Guanglu Doctor, and so on.
Simply put, it is to give officials a nickname outside the rank.
(3) Xun
In the Tang Dynasty, some of the official titles of the previous generations were slightly supplemented as rewards for military merit, called xun, commonly known as xunguan. For example, there are Shangzhu Guo, Zhu Guo, ShangBao, ShangBao, Escort, Light Vehicle Lieutenant, Xiao Knight Lieutenant, etc., a total of twelve levels. Later generations basically followed the Tang Dynasty, but the grade would be different. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, there was Wenxun Wuxun, and Wuxun was basically the same as the previous generation, and Wenxun added Zhengzhiqing and Zizhiyin. In the Qing Dynasty, Xun and Jue were merged into one.
(4) Knight
It used to be said that in the Zhou Dynasty, there was a fifth-class title of duke and uncle. In the Han Dynasty, there were only two kinds of princes, and the prince was crowned king, which was equivalent to the princely states in the pre-Qin period. After arriving in the Three Kingdoms, the knighthood system of successive dynasties was different, but the same surname was crowned king, and the marquis of the prince with a different surname did not change.
Of course, in the vast river of history, there are always some special people. For example, Yang Jian, the Emperor of Sui Wen, was given the title of King of a Different Surname during the Northern Zhou Dynasty. Li Yuan, the emperor of Tang Gaozu, was given the title of King of a Different Surname during the Sui Dynasty. The Tang general Guo Ziyi was made the Prince of Fenyang. So there is still a case.
After the Jin and Song dynasties, the title was added with the word "founding" to show honor, and it was called the founding lord, and the title without the word "founding" was called the sanjue. Later, it gradually evolved into a status symbol, a false name, with no actual power.
The text is a bit boring, but the living conditions, beauty, interests, rights, and fame are ultimately the center of people's contention, and human nature is vividly displayed on the road to rising and getting rich.