At the time of Han, Zhao, and Wei Fenjin, in fact, there was no strict overall planning for each territory. The Han, Zhao, and Wei families were originally all members of the Jin Dynasty. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the various Qing clans obtained different fiefdoms from the office at different times, and they were scattered in all directions of the Jin State, east, west, south, and north, and it was impossible to ensure that the territories of each family were connected in a regular manner. What's more, the political struggles in the Jin Dynasty were frequent, and only three of the original more than a dozen Qing clans were finally left. In the long-term internal struggle, the land of each family was constantly divided and reorganized, which made the land of the Han, Zhao, and Wei families intertwined with each other at the time of the division of the Jin Dynasty, and the shape was extremely strange. In particular, the Han and Wei families not only divided the territory of the Yellow River into north and south halves, but also completely staggered the territory of the north and south. Therefore, speaking of one country, the territory of these two families on both sides of the Yellow River is almost completely isolated.
The land of a country, but it is geographically isolated, and many inconveniences must be formed in the governance. Because of this, the three families of Han, Zhao, and Wei after the Jin Dynasty inevitably had the need for land exchange. In the time of King Hui of Wei, the three families exchanged land frequently.
In 362 BC, King Hui of Wei exchanged Yuci (榆次, in present-day Yuci District, Jinzhong, Shanxi) and Yangyi (present-day Dongyangyi Village, Taigu, Yuci District, Jinzhong, Shanxi) with the State of Zhao for the Hui clan (present-day Gaoping, Shanxi). Yuci and Yangyi were close to the Zhao state of Jinyang, and the Hui clan was close to the Wei state of Shangdang; this land exchange, the two kingdoms of Wei and Zhao were for the convenience of administration.
In 358 BC, Marquis Zhaohou of Han formally succeeded to the throne. In the same year, a land exchange agreement was also reached between Han and Wei: Han exchanged it for Yudao (present-day Mountain Road from Jiyuan, Henan to Shanxi), Lu (in present-day eastern Jun[xùn] County, Henan) and Pingqiu (present-day southwest of Changyuan, Henan), Humu (northeast of present-day Lankao, Henan), and Shouyuan (northeast of present-day Changyuan, Henan). In this exchange, the Wei state won two places and The Koreans got three places; moreover, the citrus road was purely mountainous and completely unable to engage in agricultural production, and it seemed that the Wei people had suffered a big loss. However, at this time, the State of Wei had not yet suffered a major defeat at Maling, and its national strength was at its peak, and it was obviously impossible to suffer a big loss in the face of South Korea in the Three Jins. The Citrus Route was the main road to the Fenhe Valley, and controlling the Route would effectively prevent the enemy from attacking the political and economic core areas of the Wei State from south to north. Therefore, although the State of Wei gave away more land, it was given a key military strategic territory.
For the Han, Zhao, and Wei families, they were originally tied out of the same door. Although there were many conflicts between the three families after Wei Wuhou, after all, there were still some friendships, and it was not surprising that they exchanged land with peace of mind many times. However, just after the three families regarded land exchange as a normal thing, the next land exchange unexpectedly encountered strong obstacles.
In 322 BC, Korea, the weakest of the Three Jin Dynasties, also openly claimed the throne. Before Korea, Chu, Wei, Qi, Qin, Zhongshan, and other countries had long been kings; although all the countries of the Three Jin Dynasties agreed to be kings, King Wuling of Zhao was known as "no reality, dare to deal with his name?" "The reason for rejecting the king number. Under such circumstances, although King Xuanhui of Han was called king, after all, he still had some lack of confidence in his heart.
At present, the State of Qin is already the hegemon of Eastern Zhou recognized by the Zhou royal family. In order to ease relations with the State of Qin, King Xuanhui of Han sent a crown prince to go on a pilgrimage with Prince Hui of Wei. It was also in this year, at the urging of the Korean minister Gong zhong, that King Xuanhui of Han decided to run a new land exchange program: to exchange the Shangdang of the Wei state for the Lands of Sanchuan (the land around the Yellow River, the LuoHe River, and the Yi River) and Nanyang (in present-day Nanyang, Henan).
The Area around Sanchuan was close to the State of Qin and the area around Nanyang was close to the State of Chu; South Korea gave up these two lands with the obvious intention of avoiding direct confrontation with these two great powers on the premise of its own lack of strength. In addition, in the Shangdang area, South Korea occupied the north for a long time, and the Wei state occupied the southwest; once it was incorporated into the Wei State Shangdang, then the two Shangdang became one, and the strategic place known as the "Ridge of the World" was completely controlled by South Korea. Being able to avoid the aggressive Qin and Chu and control a strategic area between Zhao and Wei is naturally a very good deal for South Korea.
For the State of Wei, it was a different story.
Although King Hui of Wei was still in power at this time, the situation at this time was completely different from the previous two land exchanges. At this time, the State of Wei suffered two major defeats in Guiling and Maling, and its national strength was greatly reduced. The state of Qin in the west seized the opportunity to strengthen its offensive, not only capturing the land west of the Wei River, but also crossing the Yellow River and encroaching on the land east of the Wei River. In 329 BC, the State of Qin invaded Hedong in a big way and seized the Way of Kunhan in one fell swoop. Although after the Wei people sacrificed Shangjun, the Qin people returned the Kunhan passage to the Wei state three years later, but the signs of wei's decline have been revealed. The defeated state of Wei urgently needed a buffer space to cope with the tightening of the Qin state.
If the land of Sanchuan can be obtained, the border between Qin and Wei will increase the strategic depth, which is naturally precious to the State of Wei. Therefore, even though Nanyang was insignificant to the State of Wei, King Hui of Wei agreed to the exchange.
However, this land exchange plan took place on the border of the Qin State, and the Qin State was at a time when it was strong, and it was impossible not to foresee the Qin Hui King. Perhaps because of this, Han and Wei sent the crown prince to Qin for a pilgrimage at the same time, also to inform King Hui of Qin of this land exchange plan in advance.
Coincidentally, in the same year, Zhang Yi, a Wei man, left the Qin state and returned to the Wei state to serve. At this time, Zhang Yi's public identity was still Qin Chen, and he also came to wei to be a xiangguo. Qin Xiangguo's coming to Wei was enough to prove that King Hui of Qin did not care about the land exchange between Han and Wei. For the State of Qin, Korea and the State of Wei were not afraid, and the land was the same in the hands of any family.
From this point of view, the biggest obstacle to the land exchange between Han and Wei has been removed this time, and the land exchange is about to come to fruition.
No, at this time, a surprising opponent suddenly jumped out- the Western Zhou Kingdom.
Since Han and Wei proposed land exchange, Western Zhou immediately felt the crisis. Since the three families were divided into Jin, the relationship between the Zhou royal family and Han, Zhao, and Wei has always been not very harmonious. Later, the Han and Zhao families, because of their dissatisfaction with the royal family, dominated the division of the eastern and western two weeks. Therefore, the land exchange between Han and Wei triggered a high degree of sensitivity in Western Zhou.
Therefore, Western Zhou Jun immediately sent his master Fan Yu to the Chu state to persuade the king of Chu Huai to stop the transaction: "Zhou will definitely perish." Han and Wei exchanged land, And Korea gained two more counties, and Wei lost two more counties. The reason why the Wei people agreed to the exchange was because after the exchange, the territory of the State of Wei could completely encircle the eastern and western regions, so that the land obtained was much larger than that of the two counties. Moreover, Jiuding is still stored here. However, if the State of Wei had both Nanyang, Zhengdi (around present-day Zhengzhou, Henan), and Sanchuan, and besieged it for two weeks, then the land outside the Fangcheng City of the Chu State was dangerous; if Korea also had two upper parties and troops approaching the Zhao State, then the area above the Zhao State 's YangGu (present-day Taihang Mountain, Jincheng, Shanxi) was also dangerous. Therefore, once the transaction is completed, chu and zhao become insignificant! ”
This insight is completely from their own point of view and speculate on Han and Wei's thoughts. In fact, in terms of the actual situation of South Korea and Wei, it is unlikely that the two countries will have such great ambitions.
But in the eyes of King Huai of Chu, Zhou Ren's words did have some truth.
Although it suffered the defeat of Maling, the strength of the Wei state was still there. In the Battle of Mount Xian in 329 BC, with the help of the Qin army, the Wei people were defeated like the king of Chuwei in the middle of the day, causing the king of Chuwei to die with hatred. Although Chu Xiang Zhaoyang was humiliated at the Battle of Xiangling (襄陵, in present-day Sui County, Henan) six years later, after all, Chu and Wei still had victories and defeats between each other, and it was difficult to distinguish between them. Once Nanyang was occupied, the Wei forces approached the Nanyang Basin, posing a great threat to the core area of the political economy of the Chu state. If King Hui of Wei really annexed for two weeks and captured Jiuding, and then had the help of the State of Qin behind him, the land outside the Nanyang Basin of the State of Chu would be difficult to preserve!
Thinking of this, King Huai of Chu had to carefully consider this risk. Therefore, he immediately sent someone to the Zhao Kingdom and asked the Zhao Wuling King to intervene and stop the transaction.
It is not difficult to understand that the Western Zhou, Chu, and Zhao states wanted to prevent this land exchange from proceeding from their own interests. Surprisingly, there are people in South Korea who do not want this land deal to be concluded.
At this time, although the Song kingdom of South Korea was a Chu person, there were two powerful figures in Korean politics who were hostile to each other: Gong Zhong and Gong Shu. Gongzhong, mingpeng, is a Korean gong clan; gong uncle, is also a Korean gong clan. The two belong to the same clan, fighting each other endlessly, and the situation is the same as water and fire.
Gongzhong planned this exchange of land, and the uncle strongly opposed it from beginning to end, but it was unsuccessful. To this end, the disheartened uncle wanted to leave South Korea. However, his close confidant Shi Ti dissuaded: "If you run away, then the exchange will definitely be completed." That way, you won't have any excuse to return to South Korea. Moreover, it also shows the world that you don't matter in Korea, and you might as well go with the flow. If Han land is exchanged for the State of Wei, it will harm the State of Zhao; if the Land of Wei is exchanged for Korea, it will damage the State of Chu. You might as well tell Chu and Zhao Erguo about this, Chu and Zhao will definitely be worried. When Zhao Guo heard this, he would definitely raise an army to approach the sheep's intestines; if Chu Guo listened, he would definitely send troops outside FangCheng. In this way, this exchange is bound to fail! ”
Listening to Shi Ti's words, the uncle finally stayed. In this regard, although the history books do not say whether the uncle sent emissaries to Chu and Wei to prevent the transaction, he should have acted according to Shi Ti's plan. Compared with the Western Zhou's rhetoric, is it the uncle's teaching?
If yes, it can be said that the power struggle between the gongzhong and the uncle has made this land exchange a failure.
After shen does not harm the law, South Korea emphasized the use of techniques to govern the country. The Gongzhong and the Gong uncle are actually the two forces of mutual checks and balances that the gongfu deliberately cultivates. Under the pattern of long-term political struggle, it is impossible for anyone to subjectively judge that the promotion of this land exchange by the gongzhong is beneficial to South Korea, and the uncle's opposition to land exchange is to deliberately harm South Korea.
However, another thing may prove the pros and cons of this land exchange program.
Shortly after the failure of this land exchange plan, the State of Qin suddenly laid siege to The Korean empire of Jingyi (陉邑, in present-day northwestern Quwo, Shanxi). To this end, South Korea had to send emissaries to the Qin State on its own initiative to propose to the Qin State that Nanyang, a strategic place, be exchanged with the Qin State. No, although the State of Qin accepted the exchange, it continued to besiege Jingyi. In desperation, South Korea did not dare to mention the word "exchange" again, and directly ceded Nanyang to the Qin State! However, the State of Qin still refused to give up and continued to attack Yiyi. In the end, it was Chen Yi, who was in Qin at this time, who could not see it and came forward to dissuade it, that the Qin army temporarily stopped the attack. Nanyang was not exchanged to the State of Wei, but was given to the State of Qin for free, was King Xuanhui of Han dripping blood in his heart?
South Korea was originally weak, between the three great powers of Qin, Chu and Wei, like a lamb to be slaughtered. If this exchange can be successfully completed, the center of gravity of the national territory may be transferred to the Taihang Mountains in the southeast of Shanxi, and temporary security can be obtained. Unfortunately, all kinds of obstacles from the inside and outside finally made this exchange a failure, isn't it heavenly?
However, even if this exchange is completed, evasion will only be a temporary measure. Nearly seventy years after this attempted land exchange, the State of Qin annexed Shangdang with the help of the Changping War; if this exchange succeeded, South Korea would only have more than seventy years of comfortable life. Without radical change, how can permanent peace be achieved even if you hide in the sky?
——End——
The author | Desire Cloud: a science and engineering man who likes history and now lives in Shenzhen
Pictures | from the network,
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