▲Night view of Datong City Museum and the statue of King Wuling of Zhao in the museum
porcelain, bronze, jade,
Murals, statues, ancient buildings...
On every artifact,
They all embody the unique memories and histories of that era.
Memory mirrors the human world,
History is steeped in ancient and modern times.
Datong City Museum,
National First Class Museum,
It has 9 branches.
In this largest museum group in Shanxi,
More than 170,000 cultural relics have witnessed countless ups and downs,
It records the past of many historical figures.
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This issue
Continue to launch the Datong City Museum series of special topics
A short history of antiquities at that time, those people
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Who's fighting with the males!
King Wuling of Zhao: The vanguard of the fusion of the Three Jins
he
Is the political strongman in the "Seven Heroes of the Warring States",
He fought on the battlefield and exhausted his life's work,
Make zhao guo a first-class power.
He is a hero who has gone down in history,
With a military reform of "Hufu Riding and Shooting",
Pushing zhao guo to the highest peak in history,
It also opened the door to the integration of the three Jins.
Another very sad emperor,
The two sons are fratricidal, the dune palace changes,
In the end, he was starved to death.
"The martial spirit hated the sand dunes, and the name of the Zhao clan was suspended from then on",
Despite the fall of a generation of emperors,
But the legend about him never stops...
▲ Hufu riding shooting Image source: network
1
The herds chase the deer to show their edge
This is an era of herds and deer,
It is also an era of changing the pattern of changing the law and trying to change the pattern,
And this change is like a bright star,
Shine on the ancient land of China.
▲ The territory of the Zhao state before the reform
Image source: Network
King Wuling of Zhao's "Hufu Riding And Shooting" appeared in the context of such an era. Of course, the reason why King Wuling of Zhao carried out reforms was that the Zhao State at that time had reached the point where "reform can save the country". If viewed from the map of the Warring States, the Zhao State at this time is like a long-handled water spoon that has been squeezed and deformed. The curved long handle pierced straight into the Xiongnu territory in the northwest, and the spoon was tightly surrounded by Qin, Wei, Yan, Qi and other fiefdoms, while the Qin, Zhongshan, Qi, and Hu Di in the north posed the greatest threat to the Zhao state. In particular, the State of Qin became a neighbor of the State of Zhao after constantly annexing the territory of the State of Wei, the two armies fought, the State of Zhao was defeated, tens of thousands of soldiers of the State of Zhao were killed by the Qin army in Hexi, and Lin and Lishi (in present-day Shanxi) were also owned by the State of Qin. At this time, the national strength of the Zhao state was even inferior to that of South Korea, and of course it was weaker than the Zhongshan state that defeated the Zhao state and the Yan state in succession. The land of the Zhao kingdom was divided into two by the Zhongshan kingdom, and the end could not be connected.
In 326 BC, the zhao state king Zhao Suhou died, and the fifteen-year-old prince Yong (King Wuling of Zhao) took the throne, and the five kingdoms of Wei, Chu, Qin, Yan, and Qi each sent 10,000 elites to collectively appear at the funeral of Marquis Zhao Su in the name of mourning. With the assistance of the lonely minister Fei Yi, the young Zhao Wang Yong made careful arrangements, and the Zhao state completed the replacement of the old and new monarchs without any danger, and survived the political crisis safely. But this incident profoundly affected King Wuling of Zhao, and the seeds of reform must have been deeply rooted in his heart at that moment.
▲Warring States bronzes in the exhibition hall of Datong City Museum
2
Shoot the wolf with a bow
The political environment of internal and external troubles,
Tugged at the heartstrings of King Wuling's reforms,
And this change that affected future generations began with Hufu.
▲Ancient Hanfu Image source: Network
The so-called Hufu refers to the clothing and clothing of ethnic minorities in the ancient north and the western region, these areas due to the influence of geographical environment and lifestyle, the clothing material is relatively thick, the winter is mostly fur, the color is mainly intercolor, the type system is tight narrow sleeves, long pants and leather boots, riding shooting arrows, convenient and liso, and the Zhao Kingdom and even the Central Plains Han area popular "deep clothes" different. Regarding the shape of the "deep coat", there are different theories at present, but the specific characteristics are mainly manifested as: wide clothes, wide sleeves, and open hems, this kind of "short without seeing the skin, long without being soiled" large-sleeved deep clothes, although it looks beautiful, but compared with the beard clothes that can ride and shoot, it lacks practicality and convenience. As a result, a breakthrough idea was born in the mind of King Wuling of Zhao, that is, to let the Chinese people take off their wide robes and large sleeves, wear the short clothes of the Hu people, and learn to ride horses and shoot arrows.
In 307 BC, 19 years after king Wuling of Zhao ascended the throne, king Wuling had grown into a mature politician, and with a desperate decision, he launched another nationally consistent and grand military and political reform in the Warring States era - Hufu riding and shooting. Unlike the previous Li Slang Transformation Method of the State of Wei and the Shang Martingale Transformation Law of the State of Qin, this change was not led by the courtiers, but was completely determined by the Qian Gang of the Zhao Wuling King, the king.
In order to successfully complete the reform, King Wuling of Zhao made meticulous preparations, first summoning feiyi, Lou Huan and other important ministers to discuss reform matters; secondly, he studied the characteristics of Hu costumes and riding archery, and made Hu costumes for himself and officials; and finally conducted a detailed investigation of the border of the Zhao state, patrolled the four borders, reached the vast area of the Datong Basin to the north, and sent "drizzle" to the group of courtiers to publicize the benefits of Hu costume riding and shooting.
After a series of preparations, the King of Wuling was the first to put on a hu costume and ordered "generals, doctors, concubines, and officials" to wear hu costumes and learn to ride and shoot, emulating the northern nomads, reforming the outdated military system, and establishing an elite light cavalry that was unique in the Central Plains at that time.
Specifically, there are three main measures for the reform of "hufu riding and shooting": First, while retaining the characteristics of infantrymen who are good at shooting, they should change infantry into cavalry, so that soldiers can both ride horses and shoot arrows; second, they should change the clothing of Zhao soldiers, changing the robes and coats in the Central Plains to "Hufu" with narrow sleeves and short sleeves, so as to seek flexibility and ease of riding and shooting; third, to implement the principle that all the people are soldiers, so that the people of Zhao are also soldiers, and they all participate in the great cause of making Zhao guo strong and prosperous by wearing hu clothes and practicing riding and shooting.
After the "Hufu Riding and Shooting", the military strength of the Zhao State increased greatly, first swallowing the Zhao State's fierce enemy Zhongshan State, and then defeating the Lin Hu and Lou Fu clans, opening up the three counties of Yunzhong, Yanmen and Dai County, and building the "Great Wall of Zhao". In the past ten years, the Zhao state turned the decline of foreign wars, and its territory expanded threefold at once, laying the foundation for the territory of the Zhao state in the Warring States Seven Heroes Era. Shi Zai "Shi Zhao is strong, A is in the Three Jins", and Zhao Yong, the king of Wuling, is also known as one of the most talented monarchs in the history of the Warring States.
▲ Zhao Guo's territory after the reform Source: Network
3
The martial spirits hate dune dreams
Admittedly, this is a reform with a profound impact,
Costumes, tactics and even Huhan culture
All have been deeply integrated,
It will lay the cornerstone for the formation of the situation of Great Unification of China in the future.
▲Bronze round stem sword Warring States
Collection of Datong City Museum
Of course, the more important impact is that the implementation of Hufu riding and shooting directly changed the balance of power between the seven heroes of the Warring States, because the military strength of the Zhao state increased rapidly, breaking the situation of the two strong forces of Qi and Qin, the confrontation between east and west, and even once there was a situation in which Qin, Qi, and Zhao were strong, and the strength of the Zhao state in the Kanto gradually overwhelmed the state of Qi. By 284 BC, after Le Yi broke through, only the Zhao state was the strongest country in the Kanto region. Later, the generals of the State of Zhao, such as Zhao Hao, Lian Po, and Li Mu, inherited the tradition of Hufu riding and shooting, and constantly strengthened their armaments to break through the Eastern Hu and suppress Qin, making the State of Zhao the only country at that time to compete with Qin.
However, although the reform of King Wuling of Zhao promoted the strength of military power and broadened the territory of the State of Zhao, his actions in some political aspects were failures, which laid a sad foreshadowing for the direction of the State of Zhao and even the fate of King Wuling of Zhao.
When King Wuling of Zhao chose an heir, he did not pass the throne to his eldest son Zhao Zhang, but to his younger son Zhao He, who was more beloved. In 299 BC, King Wuling of Zhao was officially seated in Gongzi He, and he himself was honored as the "Lord Father". However, in the following years, perhaps because of his apologies for Gongzi Zhang, or perhaps his lust for supreme power, King Wuling of Zhao, in 295 BC, gave The Dai Commandery to Gongzi Zhang and made him king, trying to use this measure to regain the real power of King Huiwen of Zhao (Gongzi He). Who knew that Gongzi He soon mastered the way of governing the country after succeeding to the throne, and recruited former courtiers including Fei Yi and Gongzi Cheng (the younger brother of King Wuling). Therefore, Gongzi Zhang, instead of claiming the title of king, was also chased by king Zhao Huiwen's soldiers and horses to the "main father's palace" in the sand dunes, and king Wuling of Zhao was also besieged in the dune palace for three months by this group of soldiers and horses, and finally starved to death, and a generation of emperors with such a tragic ending withdrew from the political stage.
More than 30 years after the death of King Wuling of Zhao, the Battle of Changping of Qin and Zhao, the largest, heaviest casualty and most far-reaching in the history of the Warring States, broke out. After a protracted confrontation and struggle between the Qin and Zhao armies, the Qin general Bai Qi dispatched "25,000 strange soldiers to cut off the Zhao army's grain route" and cut off the Zhao army's grain route. After forming an encirclement of the Zhao army, Bai Qi again issued a "light army (cavalry) attack, Zhao zhan unfavorable", the Zhao army lost the last opportunity to break through the encirclement, reverse defeat into victory. In this way, the Battle of Changping of Qin and Zhao won the key battle of the Qin cavalry, and also declared that the "Hufu Riding Shooting" painstakingly operated by King Wuling of Zhao had failed. In the end, the main force of the Zhao army of 400,000 was brutally killed by the Qin army, and the Zhao state also completely declined, unable to escape the doom of being destroyed by the Qin state.
▲Bronze pot Warring States
4
The scenery of Lingqiu is old and vast
But the story about him is still being sung,
Or Hu Di, or Zhao Di
All left behind the enduring legend of the Martial Spirit King.
▲Bronze bean Warring States
As a vassal of the Zhao Kingdom, the story of Datong and King Wuling of Zhao has been continuing. As early as the beginning of the reform, the King of Wuling patrolled the border of Datong and contacted local officials and people, and the descendants (Datong) became an important command center for King Wuling of Zhao to implement the "Hufu Riding Shooting", and also the base camp for training cavalry.
In recent years, many cultural relics of the Zhao State in the Warring States Period have been excavated in the ancient city of Datong, which fully proves that Pingcheng County is a subordinate county of the Zhao State. The statue of King Wuling of Zhao and the exquisitely crafted Warring States cultural relics erected at the Datong Museum are a direct reflection of the country's political and social life during this period.
After the death of King Wuling of Zhao, he was buried in Lingqiu, a territory of The Dai County at that time, and the Book of Han records that "the King of Wuling was buried here, because of the clan Yan". Kangxi's "Lingqiu County Chronicle and History" said: "The land is named because of the burial of King Wuling of Zhao. The name of the lingqiu is covered here." Although the names of many prefectures and counties have changed continuously in history, Datong Lingqiu County has never changed its name for more than 2,200 years due to the tomb of King Wuling of Zhao.
▲ Statue of King Wuling of Zhao
Wonders in the Clouds Datong City Museum
Consultant | Duan Xiaoli
Wen | Datong City Museum Wang Lixia
Figure | Datong City Museum Li Hang Network
The copyright of graphics and texts belongs to the original author or institution
Edited | Shanxi Evening News All-Media Editor Nanlijiang
Audit | Fang Tianji
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